Civilization Past and Present, Concise Version, Single Volume Edition

I. THE ANCIENT WORLD. 1. Stone Age Societies and the Earliest Civilizations of the Near East. The Development of Humankind. Preliterate Cultures. Paleolithic Cultures. Mesolithic, or Transitional, Cultures. The Neolithic Revolution and Advent of Agriculture. Preliterate Society and Religion. Social Organization. Mesopotamia: The First Civilization. The Emergence of Civilization in Sumer, c. 3200-2800 B.C.E. The Old Sumerian Period, c. 2800-2300 B.C.E. The Akkadian Period, c. 2300-2150 B.C.E. The Neo-Sumerian Period, c. 2150-2000 B.C.E. The Old Babylonian Period, c. 2000-1600 B.C.E. Mathematics and Science. Literature and Religion. The End of an Era. Egypt: Gift of the Nile. Predynastic Egypt. The Middle Kingdom, c. 2050-1800 B.C.E. The New Kingdom or Empire, 1570-1090 B.C.E. Third Intermediate Period, 1090-332 B.C.E. Nubia and the Kingdom of Kush. Egyptian Society and Economy. Egyptian Religion. Mathematics and Science. Architecture and Art. Writing and Literary Texts. The Hittites, c. 2000-1200 B.C.E. The Hittite Empire. Hittite Civilization. The Era of Small States, 1200-700 B.C.E. The Phoenicians. The Hebrews. Hebrew Religion. The Aramaeans. Later Empires of Western Asia, c. 700-500 B.C.E. The Assyrian Empire. Assyrian Culture. Downfall of the Assyrian Empire. The Lydians and the Medes. The Chaldean (Neo-Babylonian) Empire. The Persian Empire. Persian Government. Persian Religion and Art. Documents. The Conception of Space in Primeval Art. The Majesty of Darius the Great: A Persian Royal Inscription. Discovery Through Maps. Oldest Known Map. 2. India and China to 300 B.C.E. Early India. The Indus Civilization, c. 2500-1500 B.C.E. The Aryan Immigration and the Vedic Age, 1500-600 B.C.E. The Later Vedic Age, c. 1000-600 B.C.E. Village, Caste, and Family. Indian Religious Traditions, 600-300 B.C.E. The Hindu Synthesis. The Epics. The Jains, Friends of All Beings. The Middle Way of Gautama Buddha. Buddhism After the Buddha. The Mauryan Empire and Its Aftermath, 320-300 B.C.E. Ashoka, India's Greatest King. Fall of the Mauryan Empire. Bactrian Greeks and Kushans. The Creation of China. The Bronze Age: China to the Fifth Century . The "Feudal" Age 1027-221 B.C.E. The Philosophic Schools. Confucianism: Rationalized Hierarchy. Taoism: Intuitive Mysticism. Mencius's Contribution to Confucianism. Legalism. The First Chinese Empire. China United. The Han Dynasty: The Empire Consolidated. Han Scholarship, Art, and Technology. Popular Taoism and Buddhism. The Meeting of East and West: Networks of Exchange. China and Foreign Trade. India's Trading Empire. Documents. The Ramayana: The Trial of Sita. Mencius on Human Nature. Discovery Through Maps. An Ancient Chinese Map. 3. The Greek Achievement: Minoan, Mycenaean, Hellenic, and Hellenistic Civilizations. Minoan and Mycenaean Civilizations, 2000-1200 B.C.E. The Minoans. The Mycenaens. The Rise of Hellenic Civilization, 1150-500 B.C.E. The Influence of Geography. The Homeric Age. From Oligarchy to Tyranny. Athens to 500 B.C.E. Sparta to 500 B.C.E. Unity and Strife in the Hellenic World, 500-336 B.C.E. The Persian Wars. Culmination of Athenian Democracy. Athenian Imperialism. The Peloponnesian War. Aftermath of the War. The Macedonian Unification of Greece. The Greek Genius. The Greek Character. Greek Religious Development. Early Greek Philosophy. Socrates, a Martyr to Truth. Plato and His Theory of Ideas. Aristotle, the Encyclopedic Philosopher. Medicine. The Writing of History. Hellenic Poetry and Drama. Hellenic Architecture. The Hellenistic Age, 336-30 B.C.E. Alexander the Great. The Division of Alexander's Empire. Hellenistic Economy and Society. Hellenistic Philosophy. Science and Mathematics. Hellenistic Art and Literature. The Hellenistic Contribution. Documents. Aristotle Criticizes Communism. Aristophanes on the Shortcomings of Athenian Democracy. Discovery Through Maps. The World According to Herodotus, c. 450 B.C.E. 4. Roman Civilization. The Roman World, 509 B.C.E.-568 C.E. Rome to 509 B.C.E. Geography and Early Settlers of Italy. Rome's Origins. The Roman Monarchy, 753-509 B.C.E. The Early Republic, 509-133 B.C.E.: Domestic Affairs. Establishment of the Republic. Struggle for Equal Rights. Society and Religion. The Early Republic, 509-133 B.C.E.: Foreign Affairs. Roman Conquest of Italy. Treatment of Conquered Peoples. The First Punic War. The Contest with Hannibal. Roman Intervention in the East. The Late Republic, 133-30 B.C.E. Effects of Roman Expansion. Reform Movement of the Gracchi. The First Civil War: Marius Versus Sulla. The Second Civil War: Pompey Versus Caesar. The Third Civil War: Antony Versus Octavian. The Early Empire, 30 B.C.E.-180 C.E. Reconstruction Under Augustus (Octavian). The Julio-Claudian and Flavian Emperors. The Antonines: "Five Good Emperors". The Rise of Christianity. The Jewish Background. Development of Jewish Religious Thought. The Life and Teaching of Jesus. The Work of Paul. Persecution of the Christians. Official Recognition and Acceptance. Church Organization. Foundations of Christian Doctrine and Worship. The Regular Clergy. The Pax Romana. Economic Prosperity. Early Evidence of Economic Stagnation. Social Life. The Roman Crisis of the Third Century. The Germanic Tribes. The Germanic Invasions. The End of the West Roman Empire, 395-568 C.E. The Roman Contribution. Impact of Roman Law. Roman Engineering and Architecture. Sculpture and Painting. Literary Rome. The Golden and Silver Ages of Latin Literature. The Writing of History. Religion and Philosophy. Science in the Roman Empire. Documents. Livy: Horatius at the Bridge. Hannibal's Character. This World or the Other World. Discovery Through Maps. The Farnese Atlas. II. THE MIDDLE AGES. 5. Byzantium, Eastern Europe, and Russia, 325-1500. From West Rome to East Rome. Constantine's Foundations. Justinian and the End of the Latin Phase. The Byzantine Empire. Heraclius: The Empire Redefined. Iconoclasm and Schism. Byzantium's Golden Age, 842---1071. Decline and Crusades. Eastern European and Russian Romes. The Geographic Context. The Roman Catholic and Orthodox Orbits. Kiev Rus'. Novgorod, Moscow, and the Mongols. Ivan III and the Third Rome. Documents. The Acceptance of Christianity. Discovery Through Maps. A Sixth-Century Map: The Madaba Mosaic. 6. Medieval Europe, 500-1500. A New Empire in the West. Europe Under Attack. Feudalism and Manorialism. Feudalism. Manorialism. The Church in the Early Middle Ages, 500---1000. The Preservation of Knowledge. The High Middle Ages, 1000---1300. The Capetians and the Beginnings of France. England to 1300. The Reconquista and Medieval Spain. Disunity in Germany and Italy. Revival of Trade and Towns. Factors in the Revival of Towns. Merchant and Craft Guilds. Church Dominance, 1000-1300. Church Administration. Heresy. Franciscans and Dominicans. The Crusades. Significance of the Crusades. Thought and Culture During the High Middle Ages. The Revival of Learning. Origin of European Universities. Scholasticism. The Contributions of Abelard and Aquinas. New Knowledge and the Task of Reconciliation. The Decline of Scholasticism. Arts and Letters in the Middle Ages. Medieval Architecture and Sculpture. The Later Middle Ages, 1300-1500. The Black Death and Economic Depression. Decline of the Medieval Church, 1300---1500. Boniface VIII. The Avignon Papacy. The Great Schism of the Roman Catholic Church. The Conciliar Movement. Wycliffe and Hus. Politics in the Later Middle Ages. Germany: The Early Habsburgs. Spain: Ferdinand and Isabella. Crisis in England and France. The Hundred Years' War. Aftermath of the War in England. France After the Hundred Years' War. Documents. Charlemagne: A Firsthand Look. Pope Boniface VIII, Unam Sanctam. Discovery Through Maps. The Danelaw: When Half of England Was Viking. 7. Islam: From Its Origins to 1300. Arabia Before the Prophet. Mecca and Its Prophet. Muhammad's Message and Its Early Followers. The Foundation of the Islamic State. The Death of Muhammad. Islamic Faith and Law. The Qur'an. The Tenets of Islamic Faith. The Five Pillars. Islamic Law. The Expansion of Community and State. Expansion Under the First Four Caliphs. Defining the Community. Umayyad Rule. The Abbasid Era, Zenith of Classical Islamic Civilization. Challenges to Abbasid Authority. Arts and Sciences. The Sciences. Islamic Literature and Scholarship. The Sufis. Art and Architecture. Documents. The Qur'an. Ibn Sina's Path to Wisdom. Discovery Through Maps. An Islamic Map of the World. 8. Africa to 1500. The African Environment. Physical Environment. General Cultural Patterns. The Peopling of Africa. Bantu Dispersions. Ethiopia and Northeastern Africa. Empires of the Western Sudan. Ghana. Mali. Songhai. Kanem-Bornu and the Hausa States. West African Forest Kingdoms. Swahili City-States in East Africa. Kingdoms of Central and Southern Africa. Documents. Emperor Zara Yakob's Coronation and His Concern for the Church. Mali as Described by Ibn Battuta. Discovery Through Maps. The Catalan Atlas. 9. The Growth and Spread of Asian Culture, 300-1300. India's Politics and Culture. Gupta Art, Literature, and Science. New Political Configurations. Muslims in India. Chinese Continuity: T'ang and Sung. Before the T'ang Dynasty. Political Developments Under the Rising T'ang Dynasty, 618-756. T'ang Economy and Society. T'ang Literature, Scholarship, and the Arts. T'ang Decline. Political Developments During the Sung Era, 960-1279. Sung Economic and Social Conditions. Sung Philosophy, Literature, and Art. The Emergence of Japan. The Taika Reforms. A New Japanese Order: The Heian Period, 794-1185. Culture of the Heian Period. The Kamakura Shogunate. The Mongol Impact. Nomads of Central Asia. The Mongol Empire. China Under the Mongols. Pax Mongolica: Relinking East and West. The Mongol Legacy. Documents. Fa-Hsien: A Chinese Buddhist Monk in Gupta India. A Mamluk Officer in Huleg's Camp. Discovery Through Maps. Gog and Magog in the Ebstorf Mappamundi. 10. The Americas to 1500. Origins of Americans and Their Cultures. Emerging Civilizations in Mesoamerica. The Formative Period. The Classical Period in Northern Mesoamerica. Classical Mayan Civilization. The Postclassical Era in Mesoamerica. The Toltecs. The Aztecs. The Inca Empire. The Amerindians of North America. The Iroquois of the Northeast Woodlands. The Adena and Hopewell Cultures of the Ohio Valley. The Mississippian Culture. The Mogollon, Hohokam, and Anasazi Cultures of the Southwest. The Navajo, the Apache, and the Mandan. The Far North: Inuit and Aleuts. Document. Father Bernabe Cobo, "Pachacuti, the Greatest Inca". Discovery Through Maps. Toltec Map of a Mayan City. III. THE TRANSITION TO MODERN TIMES. 11. The Islamic Gunpowder Empires, 1300-1650. New Polities in Eurasia. Background: The Steppe Frontier. The Ottoman Empire. The Empire Under Suleiman. Artistic Production. Challenges to Ottoman Supremacy. The Safavid Empire in Persia. The Reign of Abbas the Great. The Mughul Empire in South Asia. Origins. The Reign of Akbar. Akbar's Successors: Contesting the Hindu-Muslim Synthesis. The Mughul Social Order. Networks of Trade and Communication. Documents. Evliya Celebi, "An Ottoman Official's Wedding Night". The Coming of Ismail Safavi Foretold. Discovery Through Maps. The World Map of Piri Reis. 12. The Pacific Rim, 1300-1600. China: Political Recovery and the Ming Dynasty. The Early Ming Era. Ming Society and Culture in the Sixteenth Century. Ming Decline. Korea: The Restless Satellite. The Beginning of the Yi Dynasty. Japan: From Feudal Conflicts to the Tokugawa Shogunate. The End of Central Power. The Tokugawa Shogunate. Economic and Social Changes: The Western Factor. Cultural Expressions. The Competing States of Southeast Asia. Burma and the Thais. Vietnam. Indonesia. Arrival of the Europeans. Documents. Polygamy in a Ming Household. Father Xavier's Difficulties as a Missionary in Sixteenth-Century Japan. Discovery Through Maps. A Korea-Centered View of the World. 13. The Renaissance, 1300-1600. The Italian Renaissance. Emergence of the Italian City-States. Renaissance Patrons. Humanism and the Classical Revival. The Classical Revival. Petrarch and Boccaccio. Revival of Platonism. Aristotelianism. Evaluation of Humanism. Italian Renaissance Art. Transitional Period in Painting. Quattrocento Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture. The High Renaissance, 1500-1530. Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo. The Venetian School. Mannerism: The "Anti-Renaissance" Style. Renaissance Music. The Northern Renaissance. The Influence of Printing. Erasmus and Northern Humanism. Sir Thomas More's Utopia. Rabelais's Gargantua and Pantagruel. Ulrich von Hutten: German Humanist and Patriot. Montaigne's Essays. Cervantes's Don Quixote. Secular Drama. William Shakespeare. Northern Painting. Documents. Of the Education of Children. Discovery Through Maps. The Power and Glory of Renaissance Venice. 14. The Reformation and Religious Wars to 1648. The Protestant Reformations. The European Context for Change. Wyclif, Hus, and the Humanists. The Lutheran Reformation. The Protestant Reformation in England. The Protestant Reformation in Switzerland, France, and the Rhine Valley. The Catholic Counter-Reformation. Impact on the Arts: Mannerism and Baroque Styles. Wars of Religion and Emergence of the Modern State System. The Spanish Habsburgs' Drive for Dominance. Revolt in the Netherlands. Religious Wars in France. Elizabethan England, 1558-1603. The Spanish Bid for Supremacy. The Thirty Years' War: The Austrian Habsburgs' Quest for Central. European Hegemony. The Habsburg's High Tide to 1630: The Bohemian and. Danish Phases of the Thirty Years' War. The Swedish and French Phases and the Balance of Power, 1630-1648. The Peace of Westphalia. Documents. John Calvin on God's Omniscience and Predestination. Hardships in a German Town During the Thirty Years' War. Discovery Through Maps. The Road to Eternity. 15. Global Encounters: The New World Economy, 1300-1600. The Iberian Golden Age. Staking Claims. The Developing Portuguese Empire. The Growth of New Spain. The Development of Spanish South America. Iberian Systems in the New World. The General Nature of Regimes. Iberian Economies in America. The Iberian Impact on Amerindian Life. Spanish Colonial Society and Culture. The Portuguese Impact on Africa. The Portuguese in West Africa. The Portuguese and the Kongo Kingdom. The Portuguese in East Africa. Beginnings of Northern European Expansion. The Shifting Commercial Revolution. The Dutch Empire. The French Empire. The English Empire. Documents. Cortes Meets Montezuma. Afonso Appeals to the King of Portugal. Discovery Through Maps. Sebastian Munster's Map of Africa. IV. THE RISING EUROPEAN TIDE. 16. Global Encounters: The Clash of Cultures, 1600-1800. Sub-Saharan Africa. Africans and Dutch Settlement in South Africa. The Atlantic Slave Trade. African States and the Atlantic Slave Trade. African State Formation in Eastern and Northeastern Africa. Islamic Africa. Challenges to the Muslim World Order. Ottoman Reorganization and Reform. The Tulip Period. Eighteenth-Century War, Relations, and Reform. The Reforms of Selim III. Muslim Polities in Persia. Indigenous Challenges to the Mughul Empire. The British in India. European Encroachments in Eastern Asia. Southeast Asia. Europeans on New Pacific Frontiers. Change and Crisis in East Asia. The Rise and Decline of Manchu China. Tensions in Japan Under the Mature Tokugawa Shogunate. Documents. A Slave's Memoir. Father Ripa, Family Relations in Manchu China. Discovery Through Maps. The African Coast: The Dangers of Seafaring. 17. European Political Choices in an Age of Change: Absolutism and Limited Power, 1650-1774. Louis XIV, the Sun King: The Model for European Absolutism. Foundations of Absolutism. The Functioning of French Absolutism. The Gravitational Pull of French Absolutism. The Germanic Satellites. Scandinavia. Spain and Portugal: Irregular Orbits. The Habsburgs. Poland: The Last Medieval State. Absolutism in Prussia. Russian Autocracy. Holland and England: Limited Central Power. The Dutch Experiment. The English Debate. The Establishment of Democratic Precedents. Breaking the Bank: War and Diplomacy Between 1648 and 1763. From Westphalia to Utrecht: The Dominance of France. From Utrecht to Paris: An Unstable Balance. Social and Economic Challenges. Expanding Capitalism. The Growth of Free Enterprise. Demographic Changes and Their Consequences. The Middle Classes: Rising Expectations. The Continuation of Privilege. Discontent. Inadequate Responses. Cultural Reflections of the Times. Classicism. Rococo. Neoclassicism. Classical Music. Literature: Classical Poetry and the Arrival of the Novel. Documents. Frederick the Great, Religion and the State in A Political Testament. Conditions Among Eighteenth-Century French Peasants. Discovery Through Maps. The Elegant Destruction of Poland. 18. The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment: New Ideas and Their Consequences in Europe and North America. Revolution in Science: The Laws of Nature. Astronomy and New Ways of Thinking. The Newtonian Universe. The Enlightenment. The Age of Reason: English and Dutch Phases. The French Philosophes and the Radical Enlightenment. Enlightenment Thought and Women. International Responses to the French Enlightenment. Faith or Reason? Critiquing Mercantilism: The Physiocrats and Adam Smith. Enlightenment of the Heart: Philosophical, Religious, and Humanitarian Movements. The Political Critique: Absolutism as an Irrational Institution. The Failure of Monarchical Reform. The French Debacle. "Enlightened Despotism" Outside France. The American Revolution. The Decision to Rebel. The Revolutionary War. Creating a Nation: The Logic of Locke. From Theory to Reality. Documents. The Widening Scope of Scientific Discovery. Adam Smith on Labor and Self-Interest. Discovery Through Maps. The Heliocentric Cosmos of Copernicus. 19. The French and Napoleonic Revolutions and Their Impact on Europe and the Americas, 1789-1825. The French Revolution. Versailles and the Estates-General: May-June 1789. Suffering and Explosion in Paris and the Provinces: July-August 1789. Moderate Phase of the Revolution: August 1789-September 1791. The Drift Toward Radicalism: September 1791-June 1793. The Jacobin Republic. Conservative Reaction and the End of the Terror. The Napoleonic Revolution. The Opportunist. New Foundations. Napoleon as Military Leader. Napoleon's Revolution in Europe. The Invasion of Russia and Napoleon's Downfall. Napoleon and the Americas. The United States of America. Latin American Revolutions. The Social and Economic Consequences of the Revolutions. The Vienna Settlement and the Concert of Europe. Reconstructing Europe. The Congress System and the Search for Stability. Documents. Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. Metternich on His Political Principles. Discovery Through Maps. France Triumphant. V. THE CENTURY OF WESTERN DOMINANCE. 20. Western Economic Domination and the Rise of the Middle Classes, 1815-1914. The European Middle Classes and Their Influences. The English Model. Middle-Class Christianity. The New Political Vocabulary. Industrialization. British Origins. The Revolution in Making Cloth. Industrialization on the Continent. Scientific Advances. Technological Growth and Advances. The Human Cost of Industrialization. The Labor Movement. Economic Bases for Global Dominance. The "New Science," Racism, and Anti-Semitism. Positivism and Pragmatism. The New Science and Modern Racism. Modern Anti-Semitism. The Roots of Fascism. Cultural Reflections of the Age. Romanticism. Realism. Modernism. Popular Culture. Documents. Industrialization and Children. Houston Stuart Chamberlain on the Characteristics of the German Race. Discovery Through Maps. An American View of the World in the 1820s. 21. Power Politics in the Western World, 1815-1914. The Search for a Political Status Quo: Western and Central Europe to Midcentury. France to 1848. The French Influence in Belgium and Poland. German and Italian Nationalism. 1848: The Revolutionary Year. Germany and the Frankfurt Assembly. Italy. The Habsburg Monarchy. Realpolitik in Western and Central Europe to 1914. Italian Unification. France: The Search for Stability. Austria and Prussia to 1861. Germany United. The Second Reich. Kaiser William II. The Dual Monarchy. Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, 1815-1914. Russia: Reform and Revolution. The Revolution of 1905 and Its Aftermath. The United Kingdom. The United States. The United States and the World. The Failure of European Diplomacy. The End of Bismarck's System. Britain Ends Its Isolation. Documents. The Ems Despatch. Mazzini on the Duties of the Individual. "With Malice Toward None": Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address. Discovery Through Maps. The British Empire in 1886. 22. Africa and the Middle East, 1800-1914. State Formation and the End of the Slave Trade in Africa. West Africa. East and Central Africa. Southern Africa. The Great Trek and British-Afrikaner Relations. The Mineral Revolution and the Anglo-Boer War. European Conquest of Africa. The Scrambling of Africa. European Technology and the African Response to Conquest. The Middle East. Challenges to Ottoman Power. Ottoman Reform. Challenging Ottoman Sovereignty in Europe. Egypt and the Rule of Muhammad Ali. The Suez Canal. Lord Cromer and the Dinshaway Incident. North Africa West of Egypt. Young Ottomans and Constitutional Reform. Abdulhamid II and the Young Turk Revolution. Qajar Rule and the Tobacco Rebellion. The Persian Constitutional Revolution. The Great Power Struggle for the East. Documents. That Was No Brother. A Middle Eastern Vision of the West. Discovery Through Maps. Reverend Ashmun's Map of Liberia. 23. Four Faces of Imperialism: Latin America, East Asia, India, and the "Eastern Question". Latin America. A Region of Diversity. The Creation of the Latin American States. Mexico. Argentina. Brazil. Other Latin American Nations. Foreign Dominance. Southeast Asia. China The Central Kingdom. China's Response. Carving Up China. The Japanese Alternative. The Western Challenge. The Meiji Restoration. India. Dual Control Under the British. Rebellion and Reform. The Balkans Awaken. The Crimean War. The Unanswered Question. Document. Lin Tse-hsu on the Opium Trade. Discovery Through Maps. Western Designs on China, 1885-1900. VI. THE NEW THIRTY YEARS' WAR. 24. Winning the War and Losing the Peace: The Democracies, 1914-1939. World War I. The Balkan Crises. Assassination at Sarajevo. The Alliances' Inevitable War. Total War. The First Two Years of War. Stalemate. The Home Front. Allied Fatigue and American Entry. Germany's Last Drive. The Allied Peace Settlement. Idealism and Reality. The League of Nations. Dealing with Germany. Dictated Treaties. Economic Disasters. The Debt Problem. Weimar Germany: Debt, Reparations, Inflation, and Recovery. Danger Signs and the Great Crash. The World Depression. Politics in the Democracies. Britain, 1919-1939. Interwar France. Eastern Europe. Portugal and Spain. The United States. Interwar Latin America. The Western Tradition in Transition. Science and Society. The Testimony of Artists. Documents. John Maynard Keynes on Clemenceau. Alex de Jonge on Inflation in Weimar Germany. Discovery Through Maps. International Air Travel. 25.Authoritarian Alternatives: Russia, Italy, and Germany, 1917-1939. Revolution in Russia, 1917 and 1928. The February-March Revolution of 1917. Lenin's Opportunity and the October-November Revolution of 1917. Power, Allied Intervention, and Civil War. Theory, Reality, and the State. War Communism and the NEP. Trotsky Versus Stalin. Economics and Totalitarianism: Revolution from Above, 1928-1939. War on the Peasants. The Five-Year Plans. The Great Purges. Changes in Soviet Society. Italy and Mussolini. The Path to Power. Building the Fascist State. State and Struggle: Mussolini's Legacy. The German Tragedy. Failure of the Weimar Republic. Adolf Hitler. Hitler's Chance. War on the Jews. The Nazi Impact on Culture, Church, Education, and Society. Economic Policies. Document. Stalin and State Terror. Discovery Through Maps. German Racial Types. 26. Western Weakness, Diplomatic Failure, and World War II. The Troubled Calm: The West in the 1920s. The League of Nations. The French Quest for Security. Soviet and German Cooperation. Epoch of the Aggressors. Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931. Italy Attacks Ethiopia. The Rhineland and the Axis. The Spanish Tragedy. Appeasement and Weakness. Toward Austria and the Sudetenland. Munich and Democratic Betrayal. The Nazi-Soviet Pact. World War II. Blitzkrieg and Sitzkrieg. "Blood, Toil, Tears, and Sweat". Mastery of Europe. War with the Soviet Union. The United States Enters the War. The Apogee of the Axis. The Russian Turning Point. Axis Collapse. The Holocaust. The Atomic Bomb. Documents. The Hossbach Memorandum. The Nazi Death Camps. Discovery Through Maps. U.S. Air Force Survival Maps. VII. FROM BIPOLAR IDEOLOGY TO GLOBAL COMPETITION. 27. Emerging National Movements in Asia and Africa, 1920s-1950. Japan. Authoritarian Victory. The Asian Great Power. China: Revolution and Republic. Sun Yat-sen and Revolution. Chiang Kai-shek's "United" China. The New Culture Movement and Chinese Communism. Nationalism in Southeast Asia. Indochina. The Philippines. Dutch East Indies. Siam (Thailand). Burma and Malaya. India: The Drive for Independence. Gradual Steps Toward Self-Rule. Gandhi and Civil Disobedience. The Continuing Struggle. The Hindu-Muslim Divide. The Middle East Divided. The War Years. Mustafa Kemal and the New Secular Model of Turkey. Iran. Arabia. Egypt. The Mandates. The Question of Palestine. Africa. Colonial Rule in Africa. The Colonial Economy. Social and Religious Change. European Settler Colonies. Pan-Africanism. African Movements for Independence. Documents. Memorandum of the General Syrian Congress. The Awakening of a Pan-African Spirit. Discovery Through Maps. What's in a Name? Siam or Thailand? 28. The Bipolar World and Decolonization. No War-No Peace, 1945-1953. Postwar Problems. A Postwar Solution: The United Nations. The Beginnings of Bipolarity, 1945-1953. Postwar Stalinism. The Cold War in Eastern Europe to 1953. The Marshall Plan and Containment. Rival Systems. From Peaceful Coexistence to the Cuban Missile Crisis, 1953-1962. Khrushchev: The "Uncultured" Man. De-Stalinization. Peaceful Coexistence. The Vietnam Era, 1945-1975. The Americanization of the War. Repercussions of the U.S. Failure. Detente and Decay, 1962-1985. The Last of Stalin's Proteges. Diplomacy and Arms Control Agreements. The USSR's "Vietnam": Afghanistan. The End of Bipolarity, 1985---1999. The Gorbachev Revolution: The Domestic Phase. Gorbachev's Contribution to the End of the Cold War. The Yeltsin Years: Social, Political, and Economic Crises. The Soviet Bloc and After. Yugoslavia and After. Documents. The Truman Doctrine. Khrushchev's Address to the Twentieth Party Congress. Discovery Through Maps. Massive Retaliatory Power, 1954. 29. The Capitalist World Since 1945. The Modern Global Economy. A New International Framework. Interdependence in a Changing World. Technological Revolutions. Environmental Challenges. The Postwar Social Revolution: Women and Family. The United States Since 1945. Postwar Leadership. The Crisis of the Presidency. The Limited Presidency. Japan: From Defeat to Dominance to Doubt. Postwar Japan. Political and Social Change. Economic Dominance and Doubt. The Western European States. Great Britain. France: Grandeur and Reality. West Germany: Recovery to Reunification. Italy: Political Instability, Economic Growth. Portugal. Spain. Greece. Documents. Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex. Henry Kissinger, The White House Years. Discovery Through Maps. The Euro and Its Map. 30. The Developing World: The Struggle for Survival. China. Civil War and the Communist Victory. Mao's Government. The Cultural Revolution and After. China Since 1976. Southeast Asia. The Subcontinent. Partition. India: The Largest Democracy. Pakistan. The Middle East. The Arab-Israeli Conflict. Oil Politics. Egyptian-Israeli Dtente. Separate Destinies: The Evolution of Turkey and Lebanon. The Iranian Revolution. Toward a New Balance. Islamist Factions. Africa. North Africa. Middle Africa. Southern Africa. Latin America. Reform or Revolt. Document. Mao on Communism in China. Discovery Through Maps. Borders and Identities: The UN Partition Plan. Credits. Index.