Object-Oriented Software Engineering Using UML, Patterns, and Java
3rd Edition
Published on 19. October 2009
Book
Hardback
816 pages
978-0-13-606125-0 (ISBN)
Description
For courses in Software Engineering, Software Development, or Object-Oriented Design and Analysis at the Junior/Senior or Graduate level. This text can also be utilized in short technical courses or in short, intensive management courses.
Object-Oriented Software Engineering Using UML, Patterns, and Java, 3e, shows readers how to use both the principles of software engineering and the practices of various object-oriented tools, processes, and products.
Using a step-by-step case study to illustrate the concepts and topics in each chapter, Bruegge and Dutoit emphasize learning object-oriented software engineer through practical experience: readers can apply the techniques learned in class by implementing a real-world software project.
The third edition addresses new trends, in particular agile project management (Chapter 14 Project Management) and agile methodologies (Chapter 16 Methodologies).
Object-Oriented Software Engineering Using UML, Patterns, and Java, 3e, shows readers how to use both the principles of software engineering and the practices of various object-oriented tools, processes, and products.
Using a step-by-step case study to illustrate the concepts and topics in each chapter, Bruegge and Dutoit emphasize learning object-oriented software engineer through practical experience: readers can apply the techniques learned in class by implementing a real-world software project.
The third edition addresses new trends, in particular agile project management (Chapter 14 Project Management) and agile methodologies (Chapter 16 Methodologies).
More details
Edition
3rd edition
Language
English
Place of publication
United States
Publishing group
Pearson Education (US)
Target group
College/higher education
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Height: 10 mm
Width: 10 mm
Thickness: 10 mm
Weight
1320 gr
ISBN-13
978-0-13-606125-0 (9780136061250)
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Bernd Bruegge | Allen H. Dutoit
Object-Oriented Software Engineering
Using UML, Patterns and Java: United States Edition
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2nd Edition
Pearson
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Persons
Dr. Bernd Bruegge has been studying and teaching Software Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University for 20 years, where he received his masters and doctorate degrees. He received his Diplom from the University of Hamburg. He is now a university professor of Computer Science with a chair for Applied Software Engineering at the Technische Universitat Munchen and an adjunct faculty member of Carnegie Mellon University. He has taught object-oriented software engineering project courses on the text materials and website described in this book since 1988. He won the Herbert A. Simon Excellence in Teaching Award at Carnegie Mellon University in 1995. Bruegge is also an international consultant and has used the techniques in this book to design and implement many real systems, including an engineering feedback system for DaimlerChrysler, an environmental modeling system for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, an accident management system for a municipal police department and a 3-D visualization system for the Munich Airport, to name just a few.
Dr. Allen Dutoit works in the aerospace industry in the area of avionics systems. He received his M.S. and Ph.D. from Carnegie Mellon University and his Diplome d'Ingenieur from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne. He has taught software engineering project courses with Professor Bruegge since 1993, both at Carnegie Mellon University and the Technische Universitat Munchen, where they used and refined the methods described in this book. Dutoit's research covered several areas of software engineering and object-oriented systems, including requirements engineering, rationale management, distributed development, and prototype-based systems. He was previously affiliated with the Software Engineering Institute and the Institute for Complex Engineered Systems at Carnegie Mellon University.
Dr. Allen Dutoit works in the aerospace industry in the area of avionics systems. He received his M.S. and Ph.D. from Carnegie Mellon University and his Diplome d'Ingenieur from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne. He has taught software engineering project courses with Professor Bruegge since 1993, both at Carnegie Mellon University and the Technische Universitat Munchen, where they used and refined the methods described in this book. Dutoit's research covered several areas of software engineering and object-oriented systems, including requirements engineering, rationale management, distributed development, and prototype-based systems. He was previously affiliated with the Software Engineering Institute and the Institute for Complex Engineered Systems at Carnegie Mellon University.
Content
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
PART I Getting Started
Chapter 1 Introduction to Software Engineering
1.1 Introduction: Software Engineering Failures
1.2 What Is Software Engineering?
1.2.1 Modeling
1.2.2 Problem Solving
1.2.3 Knowledge Acquisition
1.2.4 Rationale
1.3 Software Engineering Concepts 1
1.3.1 Participants and Roles
1.3.2 Systems and Models
1.3.3 Work Products
1.3.4 Activities, Tasks, and Resources
1.3.5 Functional and Nonfunctional Requirements
1.3.6 Notations, Methods, and Methodologies
1.4 Software Engineering Development Activities
1.4.1 Requirements Elicitation
1.4.2 Analysis
1.4.3 System Design
1.4.4 Object Design
1.4.5 Implementation
1.4.6 Testing
1.5 Managing Software Development
1.5.1 Communication
1.5.2 Rationale Management
1.5.3 Software Configuration Management
1.5.4 Project Management
1.5.5 Software Life Cycle
1.5.6 Putting It All Together
1.6 ARENA Case Study
1.7 Further Reading
1.8 Exercises
Chapter 2 Modeling with UML
2.1 Introduction
2.2 An Overview of UML
2.2.1 Use Case Diagrams
2.2.2 Class Diagrams
2.2.3 Interaction Diagrams
2.2.4 State Machine Diagrams
2.2.5 Activity Diagrams
2.3 Modeling Concepts
2.3.1 Systems, Models, and Views
2.3.2 Data Types, Abstract Data Types, and Instances
2.3.3 Classes, Abstract Classes, and Objects
2.3.4 Event Classes, Events, and Messages
2.3.5 Object-Oriented Modeling
2.3.6 Falsification and Prototyping
2.4 A Deeper View into UML
2.4.1 Use Case Diagrams
2.4.2 Class Diagrams
2.4.3 Interaction Diagrams
2.4.4 State Machine Diagrams
2.4.5 Activity Diagrams
2.4.6 Diagram Organization
2.4.7 Diagram Extensions
2.5 Further Readings
2.6 Exercises
Chapter 3 Project Organization and Communication
3.1 Introduction: A Rocket Example
3.2 An Overview of Projects
3.3 Project Organization Concepts
3.3.1 Project Organizations
3.3.2 Roles
3.3.3 Tasks and Work Products
3.3.4 Schedule
3.4 Project Communication Concepts
3.4.1 Planned Communication
3.4.2 Unplanned Communication
3.4.3 Communication Mechanisms
3.5 Organizational Activities
3.5.1 Joining a Team
3.5.2 Joining the Communication Infrastructure
3.5.3 Attending Team Status Meetings
3.5.4 Organizing Client and Project Reviews
3.6 Further Readings
3.7 Exercises
PART II Dealing with Complexity
Chapter 4 Requirements Elicitation
4.1 Introduction: Usability Examples
4.2 An Overview of Requirements Elicitation
4.3 Requirements Elicitation Concepts
4.3.1 Functional Requirements
4.3.2 Nonfunctional Requirements
4.3.3 Completeness, Consistency, Clarity, and Correctness
4.3.4 Realism, Verifiability, and Traceability
4.3.5 Greenfield Engineering, Reengineering, and Interface Engineering
4.4 Requirements Elicitation Activities
4.4.1 Identifying Actors
4.4.2 Identifying Scenarios
4.4.3 Identifying Use Cases
4.4.4 Refining Use Cases
4.4.5 Identifying Relationships among Actors and Use Cases
4.4.6 Identifying Initial Analysis Objects
4.4.7 Identifying Nonfunctional Requirements
4.5 Managing Requirements Elicitation
4.5.1 Negotiating Specifications with Clients: Joint Application Design
4.5.2 Maintaining Traceability
4.5.3 Documenting Requirements Elicitation
4.6 ARENA Case Study
4.6.1 Initial Problem Statement
4.6.2 Identifying Actors and Scenarios
4.6.3 Identifying Use Cases
4.6.4 Refining Use Cases and Identifying Relationships
4.6.5 Identifying Nonfunctional Requirements
4.6.6 Lessons Learned
4.7 Further Readings
4.8 Exercises
Chapter 5Analysis
5.1 Introduction: An Optical Illusion
5.2 An Overview of Analysis
5.3 Analysis Concepts
5.3.1 Analysis Object Models and Dynamic Models
5.3.2 Entity, Boundary, and Control Objects
5.3.3 Generalization and Specialization
5.4 Analysis Activities: From Use Cases to Objects
5.4.1 Identifying Entity Objects
5.4.2 Identifying Boundary Objects
5.4.3 Identifying Control Objects
5.4.4 Mapping Use Cases to Objects with Sequence Diagrams
5.4.5 Modeling Interactions among Objects with CRC Cards
5.4.6 Identifying Associations
5.4.7 Identifying Aggregates
5.4.8 Identifying Attributes
5.4.9 Modeling State-Dependent Behavior of Individual Objects
5.4.10 Modeling Inheritance Relationships between Objects
5.4.11 Reviewing the Analysis Model
5.4.12 Analysis Summary
5.5 Managing Analysis
5.5.1 Documenting Analysis
5.5.2 Assigning Responsibilities
5.5.3 Communicating about Analysis
5.5.4 Iterating over the Analysis Model
5.5.5 Client Sign-Off
5.6 ARENA Case Study
5.6.1 Identifying Entity Objects
5.6.2 Identifying Boundary Objects
5.6.3 Identifying Control Objects
5.6.4 Modeling Interactions Among Objects
5.6.5 Reviewing and Consolidating the Analysis Model
5.6.6 Lessons Learned
5.7 Further Readings
5.8 Exercises
Chapter 6System Design: Decomposing the System
6.1 Introduction: A Floor Plan Example
6.2 An Overview of System Design
6.3 System Design Concepts
6.3.1 Subsystems and Classes
6.3.2 Services and Subsystem Interfaces
6.3.3 Coupling and Cohesion
6.3.4 Layers and Partitions
6.3.5 Architectural Styles
6.4 System Design Activities: From Objects to Subsystems
6.4.1 Starting Point: Analysis Model for a Route Planning System
6.4.2 Identifying Design Goals
6.4.3 Identifying Subsystems
6.5 Further Readings
6.6 Exercises
Chapter 7System Design: Addressing Design Goals
7.1 Introduction: A Redundancy Example
7.2 An Overview of System Design Activities
7.3 Concepts: UML Deployment Diagrams
7.4 System Design Activities: Addressing Design Goals
7.4.1 Mapping Subsystems to Processors and Components
7.4.2 Identifying and Storing Persistent Data
7.4.3 Providing Access Control
7.4.4 Designing the Global Control Flow
7.4.5 Identifying Services
7.4.6 Identifying Boundary Conditions
7.4.7 Reviewing System Design
7.5 Managing System Design
7.5.1 Documenting System Design
7.5.2 Assigning Responsibilities
7.5.3 Communicating about System Design
7.5.4 Iterating over the System Design
7.6 ARENA Case Study
7.6.1 Identifying Design Goals
7.6.2 Identifying Subsystems
7.6.3 Mapping Subsystems to Processors and Components
7.6.4 Identifying and Storing Persistent Data
7.6.5 Providing Access Control
7.6.6 Designing the Global Control Flow
7.6.7 Identifying Services
7.6.8 Identifying Boundary Conditions
7.6.9 Lessons Learned
7.7 Further Readings
7.8 Exercises
Chapter 8Object Design: Reusing Pattern Solutions
8.1 Introduction: Bloopers
8.2 An Overview of Object Design
8.3 Reuse Concepts: Solution Objects, Inheritance, and Design Patterns
8.3.1 Application Objects and Solution Objects
8.3.2 Specification Inheritance and Implementation Inheritance
8.3.3 Delegation
8.3.4 The Liskov Substitution Principle
8.3.5 Delegation and Inheritance in Design Patterns
8.4 Reuse Activities: Selecting Design Patterns and Components
8.4.1 Encapsulating Data Stores with the Bridge Pattern
8.4.2 Encapsulating Legacy Components with the Adapter Pattern
8.4.3 Encapsulating Context with the Strategy Pattern
8.4.4 Encapsulating Platforms with the Abstract Factory Pattern
8.4.5 Encapsulating Control Flow with the Command Pattern
8.4.6 Encapsulating Hierarchies with the Composite Design Pattern
8.4.7 Heuristics for Selecting Design Patterns
8.4.8 Identifying and Adjusting Application Frameworks
8.5 Managing Reuse
8.5.1 Documenting Reuse
8.5.2 Assigning Responsibilities
8.6 ARENA Case Study
8.6.1 Applying the Abstract Factory Design Pattern
8.6.2 Applying the Command Design Pattern
8.6.3 Applying the Observer Design Pattern
8.6.4 Lessons Learned
8.7 Further Readings
8.8 Exercises
Chapter 9 Object Design: Specifying Interfaces
9.1 Introduction: A Railroad Example
9.2 An Overview of Interface Specification
9.3 Interface Specification Concepts
9.3.1 Class Implementor, Class Extender, and Class User
9.3.2 Types, Signatures, and Visibility
9.3.3 Contracts: Invariants, Preconditions, and Postconditions
9.3.4 Object Constraint Language
9.3.5 OCL Collections: Sets, Bags, and Sequences
9.3.6 OCL Quantifiers: forAll and exists
9.4 Interface Specification Activities
9.4.1 Identifying Missing Attributes and Operations
9.4.2 Specifying Types, Signatures, and Visibility
9.4.3 Specifying Pre- and Postconditions
9.4.4 Specifying Invariants
9.4.5 Inheriting Contracts
9.5 Managing Object Design
9.5.1 Documenting Object Design
9.5.2 Assigning Responsibilities
9.5.3 Using Contracts During Requirements Analysis
9.6 ARENA Case Study
9.6.1 Identifying Missing Operations in TournamentStyle and Round
9.6.2 Specifying the TournamentStyle and Round Contracts
9.6.3 Specifying the KnockOutStyle and KnockOutRound Contracts
9.6.4 Lessons Learned
9.7 Further Readings
9.8 Exercises
Chapter 10 Mapping Models to Code
10.1 Introduction: A Book Example
10.2 An Overview of Mapping
10.3 Mapping Concepts
10.3.1 Model Transformation
10.3.2 Refactoring
10.3.3 Forward Engineering
10.3.4 Reverse Engineering
10.3.5 Transformation Principles
10.4 Mapping Activities
10.4.1 Optimizing the Object Design Model
10.4.2 Mapping Associations to Collections
10.4.3 Mapping Contracts to Exceptions
10.4.4 Mapping Object Models to a Persistent Storage Schema
10.5 Managing Implementation
10.5.1 Documenting Transformations
10.5.2 Assigning Responsibilities
10.6 ARENA Case Study
10.6.1 ARENA Statistics
10.6.2 Mapping Associations to Collections
10.6.3 Mapping Contracts to Exceptions
10.6.4 Mapping the Object Model to a Database Schema
10.6.5 Lessons Learned
10.7 Further Readings
10.8 Exercises
Chapter 11Testing 437
11.1 Introduction: Testing The Space Shuttle
11.2 An Overview of Testing
11.3 Testing Concepts
11.3.1 Faults, Erroneous States, and Failures
11.3.2 Test Cases
11.3.3 Test Stubs and Drivers
11.3.4 Corrections
11.4 Testing Activities
11.4.1 Component Inspection
11.4.2 Usability Testing
11.4.3 Unit Testing
11.4.4 Integration Testing
11.4.5 System Testing
11.5 Managing Testing
11.5.1 Planning Testing
11.5.2 Documenting Testing
11.5.3 Assigning Responsibilities
11.5.4 Regression Testing
11.5.5 Automating Testing
11.5.6 Model-based Testing
11.6 Further Readings
11.7 Exercises
PART III Managing Change
Chapter 12 Rationale Management
12.1 Introduction: Slicing Ham
12.2 An Overview of Rationale
12.3 Rationale Concepts
12.3.1 Centralized Traffic Control
12.3.2 Defining the Problem: Issues
12.3.3 Exploring the Solution Space: Proposals
12.3.4 Evaluating the Solution Space: Criteria and Arguments
12.3.5 Collapsing the Solution Space: Resolutions
12.3.6 Implementing Resolutions: Action Items
12.3.7 Examples of Issue-Based Models and Systems
12.4 Rationale Activities: From Issues to Decisions
12.4.1 CTC System Design
12.4.2 Capturing Rationale in Meetings
12.4.3 Capturing Rationale Asynchronously
12.4.4 Capturing Rationale when Discussing Change
12.4.5 Reconstructing Rationale
12.5 Managing Rationale
12.5.1 Documenting Rationale
12.5.2 Assigning Responsibilities
12.5.3 Heuristics for Communicating about Rationale
12.5.4 Issue Modeling and Negotiation
12.5.5 Conflict Resolution Strategies
12.6 Further Readings
12.7 Exercises
Chapter 13 Configuration Management
13.1 Introduction: An Aircraft Example
13.2 An Overview of Configuration Management
13.3 Configuration Management Concepts
13.3.1 Configuration Items and CM Aggregates
13.3.2 Versions and Configurations
13.3.3 Change Requests
13.3.4 Promotions and Releases
13.3.5 Repositories and Workspaces
13.3.6 Version Identification Schemes
13.3.7 Changes and Change Sets
13.3.8 Configuration Management Tools
13.4 Configuration Management Activities
13.4.1 Configuration Item and CM Aggregate Identification
13.4.2 Promotion Management
13.4.3 Release Management
13.4.4 Branch Management
13.4.5 Variant Management
13.4.6 Change Management
13.5 Managing Configuration Management
13.5.1 Documenting Configuration Management
13.5.2 Assigning Configuration Management Responsibilities
13.5.3 Planning Configuration Management Activities
13.5.4 Continuous Integration: Testing and Promotion Management
13.6 Further Readings
13.7 Exercises
Chapter 14Project Management
14.1 Introduction: The STS-51L Launch Decision
14.2 An Overview of Project Management
14.3 Project Management Concepts
14.3.1 Tasks and Activities
14.3.2 Work Products, Work Packages, and Roles
14.3.3 Work Breakdown Structure
14.3.4 Task Model
14.3.5 Skill Matrix
14.3.6 The Software Project Management Plan
14.4 Classical Project Management Activities
14.4.1 Planning the Project
14.4.2 Organizing the Project
14.4.3 Controlling the Project
14.4.4 Terminating the Project
14.5 Agile Project Management Activities
14.5.1 Planning the Project: Create Product and Sprint Backlogs
14.5.2 Organizing the Project
14.5.3 Controlling the Project: Daily Scrums and Burn Down Charts
14.5.4 Terminating the Project: Sprint Reviews
14.6 Further Readings
14.7 Exercises
Chapter 15Software Life Cycle
15.1 Introduction: Polynesian Navigation
15.2 IEEE 1074: Standard for Developing Life Cycle Processes
15.2.1 Processes and Activities
15.2.2 Life Cycle Modeling
15.2.3 Project Management
15.2.4 Pre-Development
15.2.5 Development
15.2.6 Post-Development
15.2.7 Integral Processes (Cross-Development)
15.3 Characterizing the Maturity of Software Life Cycle Models
15.4 Life Cycle Models
15.4.1 Sequential Activity-Centered Models
15.4.2 Iterative Activity-Centered Models
15.4.3 Entity-Centered Models
15.5 Further Readings
15.6 Exercises
Chapter 16Methodologies: Putting It All Together
16.1 Introduction: The First Ascent of K2
16.2 Project Environment
16.3 Methodology Issues
16.3.1 How Much Planning?
16.3.2 How Much Reuse?
16.3.3 How Much Modeling?
16.3.4 How Much Process?
16.3.5 How Much Control and Monitoring?
16.3.6 When to Redefine Project Goals?
16.4 A Spectrum of Methodologies
16.4.1 Royce's Methodology
16.4.2 Extreme Programming
16.4.3 Rugby methodologies
16.5 Case Studies
16.5.1 XP Project: ATRACT
16.5.2 Local King Client: FRIEND
16.5.3 Distributed Project: JAMES
16.5.4 Case Studies Summary
16.6 Further Readings
16.7 Exercises
PART IV Appendices
Appendix ADesign Patterns
A.1 Abstract Factory: Encapsulating Platforms
A.2 Adapter: Wrapping Around Legacy Code
A.3 Bridge: Allowing for Alternate Implementations
A.4 Command: Encapsulating Control Flow
A.5 Composite: Representing Recursive Hierarchies
A.6 Facade: Encapsulating Subsystems
A.7 Observer: Decoupling Entities from Views
A.8 Proxy: Encapsulating Expensive Objects
A.9 Strategy: Encapsulating Algorithms
A.10 Heuristics for Selecting Design Patterns
Appendix B Glossary
Appendix CBibliography
Index
Preface
Acknowledgments
PART I Getting Started
Chapter 1 Introduction to Software Engineering
1.1 Introduction: Software Engineering Failures
1.2 What Is Software Engineering?
1.2.1 Modeling
1.2.2 Problem Solving
1.2.3 Knowledge Acquisition
1.2.4 Rationale
1.3 Software Engineering Concepts 1
1.3.1 Participants and Roles
1.3.2 Systems and Models
1.3.3 Work Products
1.3.4 Activities, Tasks, and Resources
1.3.5 Functional and Nonfunctional Requirements
1.3.6 Notations, Methods, and Methodologies
1.4 Software Engineering Development Activities
1.4.1 Requirements Elicitation
1.4.2 Analysis
1.4.3 System Design
1.4.4 Object Design
1.4.5 Implementation
1.4.6 Testing
1.5 Managing Software Development
1.5.1 Communication
1.5.2 Rationale Management
1.5.3 Software Configuration Management
1.5.4 Project Management
1.5.5 Software Life Cycle
1.5.6 Putting It All Together
1.6 ARENA Case Study
1.7 Further Reading
1.8 Exercises
Chapter 2 Modeling with UML
2.1 Introduction
2.2 An Overview of UML
2.2.1 Use Case Diagrams
2.2.2 Class Diagrams
2.2.3 Interaction Diagrams
2.2.4 State Machine Diagrams
2.2.5 Activity Diagrams
2.3 Modeling Concepts
2.3.1 Systems, Models, and Views
2.3.2 Data Types, Abstract Data Types, and Instances
2.3.3 Classes, Abstract Classes, and Objects
2.3.4 Event Classes, Events, and Messages
2.3.5 Object-Oriented Modeling
2.3.6 Falsification and Prototyping
2.4 A Deeper View into UML
2.4.1 Use Case Diagrams
2.4.2 Class Diagrams
2.4.3 Interaction Diagrams
2.4.4 State Machine Diagrams
2.4.5 Activity Diagrams
2.4.6 Diagram Organization
2.4.7 Diagram Extensions
2.5 Further Readings
2.6 Exercises
Chapter 3 Project Organization and Communication
3.1 Introduction: A Rocket Example
3.2 An Overview of Projects
3.3 Project Organization Concepts
3.3.1 Project Organizations
3.3.2 Roles
3.3.3 Tasks and Work Products
3.3.4 Schedule
3.4 Project Communication Concepts
3.4.1 Planned Communication
3.4.2 Unplanned Communication
3.4.3 Communication Mechanisms
3.5 Organizational Activities
3.5.1 Joining a Team
3.5.2 Joining the Communication Infrastructure
3.5.3 Attending Team Status Meetings
3.5.4 Organizing Client and Project Reviews
3.6 Further Readings
3.7 Exercises
PART II Dealing with Complexity
Chapter 4 Requirements Elicitation
4.1 Introduction: Usability Examples
4.2 An Overview of Requirements Elicitation
4.3 Requirements Elicitation Concepts
4.3.1 Functional Requirements
4.3.2 Nonfunctional Requirements
4.3.3 Completeness, Consistency, Clarity, and Correctness
4.3.4 Realism, Verifiability, and Traceability
4.3.5 Greenfield Engineering, Reengineering, and Interface Engineering
4.4 Requirements Elicitation Activities
4.4.1 Identifying Actors
4.4.2 Identifying Scenarios
4.4.3 Identifying Use Cases
4.4.4 Refining Use Cases
4.4.5 Identifying Relationships among Actors and Use Cases
4.4.6 Identifying Initial Analysis Objects
4.4.7 Identifying Nonfunctional Requirements
4.5 Managing Requirements Elicitation
4.5.1 Negotiating Specifications with Clients: Joint Application Design
4.5.2 Maintaining Traceability
4.5.3 Documenting Requirements Elicitation
4.6 ARENA Case Study
4.6.1 Initial Problem Statement
4.6.2 Identifying Actors and Scenarios
4.6.3 Identifying Use Cases
4.6.4 Refining Use Cases and Identifying Relationships
4.6.5 Identifying Nonfunctional Requirements
4.6.6 Lessons Learned
4.7 Further Readings
4.8 Exercises
Chapter 5Analysis
5.1 Introduction: An Optical Illusion
5.2 An Overview of Analysis
5.3 Analysis Concepts
5.3.1 Analysis Object Models and Dynamic Models
5.3.2 Entity, Boundary, and Control Objects
5.3.3 Generalization and Specialization
5.4 Analysis Activities: From Use Cases to Objects
5.4.1 Identifying Entity Objects
5.4.2 Identifying Boundary Objects
5.4.3 Identifying Control Objects
5.4.4 Mapping Use Cases to Objects with Sequence Diagrams
5.4.5 Modeling Interactions among Objects with CRC Cards
5.4.6 Identifying Associations
5.4.7 Identifying Aggregates
5.4.8 Identifying Attributes
5.4.9 Modeling State-Dependent Behavior of Individual Objects
5.4.10 Modeling Inheritance Relationships between Objects
5.4.11 Reviewing the Analysis Model
5.4.12 Analysis Summary
5.5 Managing Analysis
5.5.1 Documenting Analysis
5.5.2 Assigning Responsibilities
5.5.3 Communicating about Analysis
5.5.4 Iterating over the Analysis Model
5.5.5 Client Sign-Off
5.6 ARENA Case Study
5.6.1 Identifying Entity Objects
5.6.2 Identifying Boundary Objects
5.6.3 Identifying Control Objects
5.6.4 Modeling Interactions Among Objects
5.6.5 Reviewing and Consolidating the Analysis Model
5.6.6 Lessons Learned
5.7 Further Readings
5.8 Exercises
Chapter 6System Design: Decomposing the System
6.1 Introduction: A Floor Plan Example
6.2 An Overview of System Design
6.3 System Design Concepts
6.3.1 Subsystems and Classes
6.3.2 Services and Subsystem Interfaces
6.3.3 Coupling and Cohesion
6.3.4 Layers and Partitions
6.3.5 Architectural Styles
6.4 System Design Activities: From Objects to Subsystems
6.4.1 Starting Point: Analysis Model for a Route Planning System
6.4.2 Identifying Design Goals
6.4.3 Identifying Subsystems
6.5 Further Readings
6.6 Exercises
Chapter 7System Design: Addressing Design Goals
7.1 Introduction: A Redundancy Example
7.2 An Overview of System Design Activities
7.3 Concepts: UML Deployment Diagrams
7.4 System Design Activities: Addressing Design Goals
7.4.1 Mapping Subsystems to Processors and Components
7.4.2 Identifying and Storing Persistent Data
7.4.3 Providing Access Control
7.4.4 Designing the Global Control Flow
7.4.5 Identifying Services
7.4.6 Identifying Boundary Conditions
7.4.7 Reviewing System Design
7.5 Managing System Design
7.5.1 Documenting System Design
7.5.2 Assigning Responsibilities
7.5.3 Communicating about System Design
7.5.4 Iterating over the System Design
7.6 ARENA Case Study
7.6.1 Identifying Design Goals
7.6.2 Identifying Subsystems
7.6.3 Mapping Subsystems to Processors and Components
7.6.4 Identifying and Storing Persistent Data
7.6.5 Providing Access Control
7.6.6 Designing the Global Control Flow
7.6.7 Identifying Services
7.6.8 Identifying Boundary Conditions
7.6.9 Lessons Learned
7.7 Further Readings
7.8 Exercises
Chapter 8Object Design: Reusing Pattern Solutions
8.1 Introduction: Bloopers
8.2 An Overview of Object Design
8.3 Reuse Concepts: Solution Objects, Inheritance, and Design Patterns
8.3.1 Application Objects and Solution Objects
8.3.2 Specification Inheritance and Implementation Inheritance
8.3.3 Delegation
8.3.4 The Liskov Substitution Principle
8.3.5 Delegation and Inheritance in Design Patterns
8.4 Reuse Activities: Selecting Design Patterns and Components
8.4.1 Encapsulating Data Stores with the Bridge Pattern
8.4.2 Encapsulating Legacy Components with the Adapter Pattern
8.4.3 Encapsulating Context with the Strategy Pattern
8.4.4 Encapsulating Platforms with the Abstract Factory Pattern
8.4.5 Encapsulating Control Flow with the Command Pattern
8.4.6 Encapsulating Hierarchies with the Composite Design Pattern
8.4.7 Heuristics for Selecting Design Patterns
8.4.8 Identifying and Adjusting Application Frameworks
8.5 Managing Reuse
8.5.1 Documenting Reuse
8.5.2 Assigning Responsibilities
8.6 ARENA Case Study
8.6.1 Applying the Abstract Factory Design Pattern
8.6.2 Applying the Command Design Pattern
8.6.3 Applying the Observer Design Pattern
8.6.4 Lessons Learned
8.7 Further Readings
8.8 Exercises
Chapter 9 Object Design: Specifying Interfaces
9.1 Introduction: A Railroad Example
9.2 An Overview of Interface Specification
9.3 Interface Specification Concepts
9.3.1 Class Implementor, Class Extender, and Class User
9.3.2 Types, Signatures, and Visibility
9.3.3 Contracts: Invariants, Preconditions, and Postconditions
9.3.4 Object Constraint Language
9.3.5 OCL Collections: Sets, Bags, and Sequences
9.3.6 OCL Quantifiers: forAll and exists
9.4 Interface Specification Activities
9.4.1 Identifying Missing Attributes and Operations
9.4.2 Specifying Types, Signatures, and Visibility
9.4.3 Specifying Pre- and Postconditions
9.4.4 Specifying Invariants
9.4.5 Inheriting Contracts
9.5 Managing Object Design
9.5.1 Documenting Object Design
9.5.2 Assigning Responsibilities
9.5.3 Using Contracts During Requirements Analysis
9.6 ARENA Case Study
9.6.1 Identifying Missing Operations in TournamentStyle and Round
9.6.2 Specifying the TournamentStyle and Round Contracts
9.6.3 Specifying the KnockOutStyle and KnockOutRound Contracts
9.6.4 Lessons Learned
9.7 Further Readings
9.8 Exercises
Chapter 10 Mapping Models to Code
10.1 Introduction: A Book Example
10.2 An Overview of Mapping
10.3 Mapping Concepts
10.3.1 Model Transformation
10.3.2 Refactoring
10.3.3 Forward Engineering
10.3.4 Reverse Engineering
10.3.5 Transformation Principles
10.4 Mapping Activities
10.4.1 Optimizing the Object Design Model
10.4.2 Mapping Associations to Collections
10.4.3 Mapping Contracts to Exceptions
10.4.4 Mapping Object Models to a Persistent Storage Schema
10.5 Managing Implementation
10.5.1 Documenting Transformations
10.5.2 Assigning Responsibilities
10.6 ARENA Case Study
10.6.1 ARENA Statistics
10.6.2 Mapping Associations to Collections
10.6.3 Mapping Contracts to Exceptions
10.6.4 Mapping the Object Model to a Database Schema
10.6.5 Lessons Learned
10.7 Further Readings
10.8 Exercises
Chapter 11Testing 437
11.1 Introduction: Testing The Space Shuttle
11.2 An Overview of Testing
11.3 Testing Concepts
11.3.1 Faults, Erroneous States, and Failures
11.3.2 Test Cases
11.3.3 Test Stubs and Drivers
11.3.4 Corrections
11.4 Testing Activities
11.4.1 Component Inspection
11.4.2 Usability Testing
11.4.3 Unit Testing
11.4.4 Integration Testing
11.4.5 System Testing
11.5 Managing Testing
11.5.1 Planning Testing
11.5.2 Documenting Testing
11.5.3 Assigning Responsibilities
11.5.4 Regression Testing
11.5.5 Automating Testing
11.5.6 Model-based Testing
11.6 Further Readings
11.7 Exercises
PART III Managing Change
Chapter 12 Rationale Management
12.1 Introduction: Slicing Ham
12.2 An Overview of Rationale
12.3 Rationale Concepts
12.3.1 Centralized Traffic Control
12.3.2 Defining the Problem: Issues
12.3.3 Exploring the Solution Space: Proposals
12.3.4 Evaluating the Solution Space: Criteria and Arguments
12.3.5 Collapsing the Solution Space: Resolutions
12.3.6 Implementing Resolutions: Action Items
12.3.7 Examples of Issue-Based Models and Systems
12.4 Rationale Activities: From Issues to Decisions
12.4.1 CTC System Design
12.4.2 Capturing Rationale in Meetings
12.4.3 Capturing Rationale Asynchronously
12.4.4 Capturing Rationale when Discussing Change
12.4.5 Reconstructing Rationale
12.5 Managing Rationale
12.5.1 Documenting Rationale
12.5.2 Assigning Responsibilities
12.5.3 Heuristics for Communicating about Rationale
12.5.4 Issue Modeling and Negotiation
12.5.5 Conflict Resolution Strategies
12.6 Further Readings
12.7 Exercises
Chapter 13 Configuration Management
13.1 Introduction: An Aircraft Example
13.2 An Overview of Configuration Management
13.3 Configuration Management Concepts
13.3.1 Configuration Items and CM Aggregates
13.3.2 Versions and Configurations
13.3.3 Change Requests
13.3.4 Promotions and Releases
13.3.5 Repositories and Workspaces
13.3.6 Version Identification Schemes
13.3.7 Changes and Change Sets
13.3.8 Configuration Management Tools
13.4 Configuration Management Activities
13.4.1 Configuration Item and CM Aggregate Identification
13.4.2 Promotion Management
13.4.3 Release Management
13.4.4 Branch Management
13.4.5 Variant Management
13.4.6 Change Management
13.5 Managing Configuration Management
13.5.1 Documenting Configuration Management
13.5.2 Assigning Configuration Management Responsibilities
13.5.3 Planning Configuration Management Activities
13.5.4 Continuous Integration: Testing and Promotion Management
13.6 Further Readings
13.7 Exercises
Chapter 14Project Management
14.1 Introduction: The STS-51L Launch Decision
14.2 An Overview of Project Management
14.3 Project Management Concepts
14.3.1 Tasks and Activities
14.3.2 Work Products, Work Packages, and Roles
14.3.3 Work Breakdown Structure
14.3.4 Task Model
14.3.5 Skill Matrix
14.3.6 The Software Project Management Plan
14.4 Classical Project Management Activities
14.4.1 Planning the Project
14.4.2 Organizing the Project
14.4.3 Controlling the Project
14.4.4 Terminating the Project
14.5 Agile Project Management Activities
14.5.1 Planning the Project: Create Product and Sprint Backlogs
14.5.2 Organizing the Project
14.5.3 Controlling the Project: Daily Scrums and Burn Down Charts
14.5.4 Terminating the Project: Sprint Reviews
14.6 Further Readings
14.7 Exercises
Chapter 15Software Life Cycle
15.1 Introduction: Polynesian Navigation
15.2 IEEE 1074: Standard for Developing Life Cycle Processes
15.2.1 Processes and Activities
15.2.2 Life Cycle Modeling
15.2.3 Project Management
15.2.4 Pre-Development
15.2.5 Development
15.2.6 Post-Development
15.2.7 Integral Processes (Cross-Development)
15.3 Characterizing the Maturity of Software Life Cycle Models
15.4 Life Cycle Models
15.4.1 Sequential Activity-Centered Models
15.4.2 Iterative Activity-Centered Models
15.4.3 Entity-Centered Models
15.5 Further Readings
15.6 Exercises
Chapter 16Methodologies: Putting It All Together
16.1 Introduction: The First Ascent of K2
16.2 Project Environment
16.3 Methodology Issues
16.3.1 How Much Planning?
16.3.2 How Much Reuse?
16.3.3 How Much Modeling?
16.3.4 How Much Process?
16.3.5 How Much Control and Monitoring?
16.3.6 When to Redefine Project Goals?
16.4 A Spectrum of Methodologies
16.4.1 Royce's Methodology
16.4.2 Extreme Programming
16.4.3 Rugby methodologies
16.5 Case Studies
16.5.1 XP Project: ATRACT
16.5.2 Local King Client: FRIEND
16.5.3 Distributed Project: JAMES
16.5.4 Case Studies Summary
16.6 Further Readings
16.7 Exercises
PART IV Appendices
Appendix ADesign Patterns
A.1 Abstract Factory: Encapsulating Platforms
A.2 Adapter: Wrapping Around Legacy Code
A.3 Bridge: Allowing for Alternate Implementations
A.4 Command: Encapsulating Control Flow
A.5 Composite: Representing Recursive Hierarchies
A.6 Facade: Encapsulating Subsystems
A.7 Observer: Decoupling Entities from Views
A.8 Proxy: Encapsulating Expensive Objects
A.9 Strategy: Encapsulating Algorithms
A.10 Heuristics for Selecting Design Patterns
Appendix B Glossary
Appendix CBibliography
Index