Materials

Foreword by Ulf W. Gedde xv Preface xvii Acknowledgments xix Part 1 Foundations 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 History of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE), 3 1.2 Role of MSE in Society, 4 1.3 Teaching MSE, 5 1.4 Basic Rules of MSE, 5 1.5 States of Matter, 6 1.6 Materials in Everyday Life, 7 1.7 How to Make New Materials, 8 1.8 How to Use this Book, 9 1.9 Self?-Assessment Questions, 9 References, 9 2 Intermolecular Forces 11 2.1 Interactions: The First Vertex of the Triangle, 11 2.2 Primary Chemical Bonds, 12 2.3 Physical Interactions, 12 2.4 Force and Energy, 15 2.5 Interactions and States of Matter, 16 2.6 Contactless Transport, 18 2.7 Self?-Assessment Questions, 19 References, 19 3 Thermodynamics and Phase Diagrams 21 3.1 What is Thermodynamics and Why is it Useful? 21 3.2 Definitions, 22 3.3 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics, 23 3.4 First Law of Thermodynamics, 23 3.5 Second Law of Thermodynamics, 24 3.6 The So?-Called Third Law of Thermodynamics, 25 3.7 Still More Laws of Thermodynamics? 26 3.8 Thermodynamic Potentials, 26 3.9 Thermodynamic Stability Criteria, 28 3.10 Unary Phase Diagrams and Supercritical States, 29 3.11 Liquid?-Vapor Equilibria, 32 3.12 Liquid?-Liquid Equilibria, 37 3.13 Solid?-Liquid Equilibria, 38 3.14 Self?-Assessment Questions, 42 References, 43 4 Crystal Structures 45 4.1 The Nature of Solid Phases, 45 4.2 Formation of Solid Phases, 48 4.3 Crystal Structures, 50 4.4 Defects in Crystals, 60 4.5 Self?-Assessment Questions, 65 References, 66 5 Non?-Crystalline and Porous Structures 67 5.1 Quasicrystals, 67 5.2 Mineraloids, 68 5.3 Diffractometry, 69 5.4 The Binary Radial Distribution Function, 70 5.5 Voronoi Polyhedra, 73 5.6 The Glass Transition, 76 5.7 Glasses and Liquids, 79 5.8 Aging of Glasses, 81 5.9 Porous Materials and Foams, 82 5.10 Self?-Assessment Questions, 86 References, 86 Part 2 Materials 89 6 Metals 91 6.1 History and Composition, 91 6.2 Methods of Metallurgy, 94 6.3 Alloys, 104 6.4 Phase Diagrams of Metal Systems, 105 6.5 Ferrous Metals: Iron and Steel, 105 6.6 Non?-Ferrous Metallic Engineering Materials, 107 6.7 Structures of Metals in Relation to Properties, 109 6.8 Glassy Metals and Liquid Metals, 110 6.9 Self?-Assessment Questions, 116 References, 116 7 Ceramics 119 7.1 Classification of Ceramic Materials, 119 7.2 History of Ceramics, 120 7.3 Crystalline Ceramics, 121 7.4 Network Ceramics: Silicates and Sialons, 127 7.5 Carbon, 129 7.6 Glassy Ceramics, 133 7.7 Glass?-Bonded Ceramics, 136 7.8 Cements, 139 7.9 Advanced and Engineering Ceramics, 141 7.10 General Properties of Ceramics, 146 7.11 Self?-Assessment Questions, 147 References, 148 8 Organic Raw Materials 151 8.1 Introduction, 151 8.2 Natural Gas, 152 8.3 Petroleum, 154 8.4 Coal and Coal Tar, 158 8.5 General Remarks, 160 8.6 Self?-Assessment Questions, 161 References, 162 9 Polymers 163 9.1 Polymers among other Classes of Materials, 165 9.2 Inorganic and Organic Polymers, 166 9.3 Thermoplastics and Thermosets, 167 9.4 Polymerization Processes, 172 9.5 Molecular Mass Distribution, 177 9.6 Molecular Structures of Important Polymers, 178 9.7 Spatial Structures of Macromolecules and Associated Properties, 178 9.8 Computer Simulation of Polymers, 183 9.9 Polymer Solutions, 184 9.10 Polymer Processing and the Role of Additives, 185 9.11 Applications of Specialty Polymers, 187 9.12 Self?-Assessment Questions, 188 References, 188 10 Composites 191 10.1 Introduction, 191 10.2 Fiber Reinforced Composites, 193 10.3 Cermets and other Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs), 196 10.4 Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs), 198 10.5 Carbon-Carbon Composites, 199 10.6 Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs), 199 10.7 Hybrid Composites, 200 10.8 Laminar and Sandwich Composites, 200 10.9 Concretes and Asphalts, 202 10.10 Natural Composites, 205 10.11 A Comparison of Composites, 208 10.12 Self?-Assessment Questions, 209 References, 209 11 Biomaterials 211 11.1 Definitions, 211 11.2 Overview of Biomaterials and Applications, 213 11.3 Joint Replacements, 214 11.4 Dental Materials, 218 11.5 Vascularization in Cardiac and other Applications, 219 11.6 Intraocular Lenses and Contact Lenses, 222 11.7 Drug Delivery Systems, 224 11.8 Biological and Natural Materials, 226 11.9 Bio?-Based Materials, 231 11.10 Other Aspects of Biomaterials, 233 11.11 Self?-Assessment Questions, 236 References, 236 12 Liquid Crystals and Smart Materials 241 12.1 Introduction, 241 12.2 Liquid Crystals, 242 12.3 Field?-Responsive Composites, 248 12.3.1 Magnetorheological Fluids, 249 12.3.2 Electrorheological (ER) Fluids, 252 12.3.3 Electrorheological and Magnetorheological Elastomers, 254 12.4 Electrochromic Materials, 255 12.5 Piezoelectric and Pyroelectric Materials, 256 12.6 Shape?-Memory Materials, 260 12.7 Self?-Assessment Questions, 263 References, 263 Part 3 Behavior and Properties 267 13 Rheological Properties 269 13.1 Introduction, 269 13.2 Laminar and Turbulent Flow and the Melt Flow Index, 270 13.3 Viscosity and How it is Measured, 273 13.4 Linear and Nonlinear Viscoelasticity, 277 13.5 Drag Reduction, 281 13.6 Suspensions, Slurries, and Flocculation, 285 13.7 Self?-Assessment Questions, 287 References, 288 14 Mechanical Properties 289 14.1 Mechanics at the Forefront, 289 14.2 Quasi?-Static Testing, 290 14.3 Properties: Strength, Stiffness, and Toughness, 298 14.4 Creep and Stress Relaxation, 299 14.5 Viscoelasticity, Dynamic Mechanical Analysis, and Brittleness, 302 14.6 Fracture Mechanics, 305 14.7 Impact Testing, 309 14.8 Hardness and Indentation, 312 14.9 Self?-Assessment Questions, 315 References, 316 15 Thermophysical Properties 319 15.1 Introduction, 319 15.2 Volumetric Properties and Equations of State, 320 15.3 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), 323 15.4 Thermogravimetric Analysis, 326 15.5 Thermal Conductivity, 327 15.6 Negative Temperatures, 330 15.7 Self?-Assessment Questions, 333 References, 334 16 Color and Optical Properties 335 16.1 Introduction, 335 16.2 Atomic Origins of Color, 335 16.3 Color and Energy Diagrams, 339 16.4 Light and Bulk Matter, 344 16.5 Optical Properties and Testing Methods, 345 16.6 Lasers, 348 16.7 Electro?-Optical Effects and Luminescence, 348 16.8 Photoinduction, 351 16.9 Invisibility, 352 16.10 Self?-Assessment Questions, 355 References, 355 17 Electronic Properties 357 17.1 Introduction, 357 17.2 Conductivity, Resistivity, and Band Theory, 358 17.3 Conductivity in Metals, Semiconductors, and Insulators, 363 17.4 Semiconductors: Types and Electronic Behavior, 364 17.5 Superconductivity, 371 17.6 Phenomena of Dielectrical Polarization, 371 17.7 Self?-Assessment Questions, 375 References, 375 18 Magnetic Properties 379 18.1 Magnetic Fields and their Creation, 379 18.2 Classes of Magnetic Materials, 383 18.3 Diamagnetic Materials, 384 18.4 Paramagnetic Materials, 384 18.5 Ferromagnetic and Antiferromagnetic Materials, 384 18.6 Ferrimagnetic Materials, 386 18.7 Applications of Magnetism, 386 18.8 Self?-Assessment Questions, 389 References, 389 19 Surface Behavior and Tribology 391 19.1 Introduction and History, 391 19.2 Surfaces: Topography and Interactions, 393 19.3 Oxidation, 395 19.4 Corrosion, 399 19.5 Adhesion, 400 19.6 Friction, 404 19.7 Scratch Resistance, 411 19.8 Wear, 418 19.9 Lubrication and Nanoscale Tribology, 419 19.10 Final Comments, 421 19.11 Self?-Assessment Questions, 422 References, 423 20 Materials Recycling and Sustainability 427 20.1 Introduction, 427 20.2 Water, 428 20.3 Nuclear Energy, 430 20.4 Energy Generation from Sunlight, 432 20.5 Energy Generation from Thermoelectricity, 435 20.6 Degradation of Materials, 437 20.7 Recycling, 438 20.8 Final Thoughts, 439 20.9 Self?-Assessment Questions, 440 References, 441 21 Materials Testing and Standards 443 21.1 Introduction, 443 21.2 Standards and Metrics, 443 21.3 Testing, 444 21.4 Microscopy Testing, 445 21.5 Sensors in Testing, 447 21.6 Summary, 448 21.7 Self?-Assessment Questions, 448 References, 448 Numerical Values of Important Physical Constants 449 Name Index 451 Subject Index 455