Introduction to World Philosophy

PART I: ETHICS ; 1. ETHICS IN THE PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS OF INDIA ; 1.1. Karma and Dharma in Hindu thought ; 1.1.1. From the Bhagavad Gita ; 1.2. The Bhakti Movement ; 1.2.1. Akka Mahadevi ; 1.2.2. Janabai ; 1.2.3. Lalla ; 1.2.4. Mirabai ; 1.3. Early Buddhism ; 1.3.1. The Buddha, from The First Sermon ; 1.3.2. From The Dhammapada ; 1.4. Songs of the Buddhist Nuns ; 1.4.1. From Psalms of the Sisters ; 1.5. Buddhist Virtues ; 1.5.1. From The Lankavatara Sutra ; 1.6. Jainism ; 1.6.1. From the Acaranga Sutra ; 1.7. The Skepticism and Materialism of Charvaka ; 1.7.1. From Sarva-Darsana-Samgraha ; 2. CHINESE ETHICS ; 2.1. The Virtue Ethics of Confucius ; 2.1.1. Confucius, from The Analects ; 2.2. The Intuitionism of Mencius ; 2.2.1. From Mencius ; 2.3. Xunzi's Pessimistic View of Human Nature ; 2.3.1. Xunzi, from "That the Nature is Evil" ; 2.4. Confucian and Neo-Confucian Women Writers ; 2.4.1. Ban Zhao, from Lessons for My Daughters ; 2.4.2. Ban Zhao, "Traveling Eastward" ; 2.4.3. Li Qingzhao, from Hou Hsu ; 2.4.4. Li Qingzhao, from Complete Poems ; 2.5. The Virtue Ethics of Daoism ; 2.5.1. Laozi, from Dao-de-Jing ; 2.6. Daoist Women Writers ; 2.6.1. Yu Xuanji, from Poems ; 2.6.2. Sun Bu-er, from Poems ; 3. ANCIENT GREEK ETHICS ; 3.1. Socrates on Virtue ; 3.1.1. Plato, from Laches ; 3.2. Plato's Conception of Virtue ; 3.2.1. Plato, from the Republic ; 3.3. Aristotle on Virtue ; 3.3.1. Aristotle, from Nicomachean Ethics ; 4. MEDIEVAL CHRISTIAN, JEWISH, AND ISLAMIC ETHICS ; 4.1. The Ethics of the Fathers ; 4.1.1. From the Babylonian Talmud ; 4.2. Augustine on Weakness of Will ; 4.2.1. Augustine, from Confessions ; 4.2.2. Augustine, from On the Trinity ; 4.3. Al-Farabi on Happiness ; 4.3.1. Al-Farabi, from The Attainment of Happiness ; 4.4. Maimonides on Happiness and Virtue ; 4.4.1. Moses Maimonides, from Guide of the Perplexed ; 4.5. Aquinas on Law and Virtue ; 4.5.1. St. Thomas Aquinas, from Summa Theologica ; 4.6. St. Catherine of Siena on the Paradoxes of Wisdom ; 4.6.1. Letter to Monna Alessa Dei Saracini ; 4.6.2. Letter to the Venerable Religious Brother Antonio of Nizza, of the Order of the Hermit Brothers of St. Augustine at the Wood of the Lake ; 4.7. Christine de Pizan's Feminism ; 4.7.1. Christine de Pizan, from The Treasury of the City of Ladies ; 4.8. Virtue in St. Teresa of Avila ; 4.8.1. St. Teresa of Avila, from The Ways of Perfection ; 5. ETHICS IN MODERN PHILOSOPHY ; 5.1. Princess Elizabeth's Critique of Reason in Ethics ; 5.1.1. Elizabeth to Descartes-The Hague, August 16, 1645 ; 5.1.2. Elizabeth to Descartes-The Hague, September 13, 1645 ; 5.1.3. Elizabeth to Descartes-Riswyck, September 30, 1645 ; 5.1.4. Elizabeth to Descartes-The Hague, April 25, 1646 ; 5.2. Hume's Empiricist Ethics: From Is to Ought ; 5.2.1. David Hume, from A Treatise of Human Nature ; 5.3. Kant's Deontology ; 5.3.1. Immanuel Kant, from Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals ; 5.4. Madame de Stael on the Passions ; 5.4.1. Madame de Stael, from Influence of the Passions upon the Happiness of Individuals and of Nations ; 5.5. Utilitarianism ; 5.5.1. John Stuart Mill, from Utilitarianism ; 6. AFRICAN ETHICS ; 6.1. The Ethiopian Enlightenment ; 6.1.1. Zera Yacob, from The Treatise of Zera Yacob ; 6.2. The Communitarian Utilitarianism of the Akan ; 6.2.1. Kwame Gyekye, from An Essay in African Philosophy: The Akan Conceptual Scheme ; 6.3. East African Islamic Ethics ; 6.3.1. Kai Kresse, from Philosophising in Mombasa ; PART II: PHILOSOPHY OF MIND AND SELF ; 7. THE SELF IN INDIAN PHILOSOPHY ; 7.1. The Upanishads on a Higher Self ; 7.1.1. From the Brhadaranyaka Upanishad ; 7.1.2. From the Chandogya Upanishad ; 7.1.3. From the Mundaka Upanishad ; 7.1.4. From the Svetasvatara Upanishad ; 7.1.5. From the Maitri Upanishad ; 7.1.6. From the Taittiriya Upanishad ; 7.1.7. From the Katha Upanishad ; 7.2. Vedanta, Samkhya, and Yoga: Hindu Paths to Self-Awareness ; 7.2.1. Shankara, from the Brahmasutra Commentary ; 7.2.2. Ishvarakrishna, from Verses on the Analysis of Nature (Samkhyakarika) ; 7.2.3. From The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali ; 7.3. Indian Buddhism: No-Self, Bundle Self, and Impermanence ; 7.3.1. From Questions to King Milinda ; 7.4. Exegesis, Logic, and Materialism: The Everyday Self ; 7.4.1. Kumarila, from Notes on the Verses ; 7.4.2. Madhava, from Compendium of Philosophy ; 7.4.3 From the Nyaya Sutra ; 7.4.4. Udayana, from Atmatattvaviveka ; 8. THE SELF IN CHINESE BUDDHISM ; 8.1. Chinese Buddhism: The Consciousness-Only School ; 8.1.1. Xuanzang, from The Treatise on the Establishment of the Doctrine of Consciousness-Only ; 8.2. Tibetan Buddhism: The Self as Transcendent ; 8.2.1. Yeshe Tsogyal, from Autobiography ; 8.3. Zen Buddhism: The Self as Empty ; 8.3.1. From the Heart Sutra ; 8.3.2. From The Recorded Conversations of Zen Master Yixuan ; 9. ANCIENT GREEK PHILOSOPHY OF MIND ; 9.1. Plato: The Eternal, Tripartite Soul ; 9.1.1. Plato, from Phaedo ; 9.1.2. Plato, from Phaedrus ; 9.2. Aristotle on the Self and Human Function ; 9.2.1. Aristotle, from De Anima ; 10. MIND AND BODY IN EARLY MODERN PHILOSOPHY ; 10.1. Descartes's Dualism of Mind and Body ; 10.1.1. Rene Descartes, from Meditations on First Philosophy ; 10.2. Princess Elizabeth's Critique of Descartes's Dualism ; 10.2.1. Princess Elizabeth, Letter to Descartes-The Hague, May 16, 1643 ; 10.2.2. Princess Elizabeth, Letter to Descartes-The Hague, June 20, 1643 ; 10.2.3. Princess Elizabeth, Letter to Descartes-The Hague, July 1, 1643 ; 10.2.4. Princess Elizabeth, Letter to Descartes-The Hague, April 25, 1646 ; 10.3. Locke on Criteria of Personal Identity ; 10.3.1. John Locke, from An Essay Concerning Human Understanding ; 10.4. Hume: The Constructed Self ; 10.4.1. David Hume, from A Treatise of Human Nature ; 11. AFRICAN PHILOSOPHY OF MIND ; 11.1. Amo's Critique of Descartes ; 11.1.1. Anton Wilhelm Amo, from The Apatheia of the Human Mind ; 11.2. The Akan Conception of Mind and Self ; 11.2.1. Kwasi Wiredu, from "The Concept of Mind" ; 11.2.2. N. K. Dzobo, from "The Image of Man in Africa" ; 11.3. African Perspectives on Personal Identity ; 11.3.1. Leke Adeofe, from "Personal Identity in African Metaphysics" ; PART III: EPISTEMOLOGY ; 12. INDIAN THEORIES OF KNOWLEDGE ; 12.1. Indian Realism: Nyaya and Vaisheshika ; 12.1.1. From the Nyaya Sutra, with Commentary by Vatsyayana ; 12.2. Nagarjuna's Skeptical Regress ; 12.2.1. Nagarjuna, from Averting the Arguments ; 12.3. New Logic Responses to Skepticism ; 12.3.1. Ganghesa, from The Jewel of Thought about Epistemology ; 13. CHINESE THEORIES OF KNOWLEDGE ; 13.1. Daoist Skepticism ; 13.1.1. From Zhuangzi ; 13.2. The Empiricism of Wang Chong ; 13.2.1. Wang Chong, from Balanced Enquiries ; 14. ANCIENT GREEK THEORIES OF KNOWLEDGE ; 14.1. Plato's Internalism ; 14.1.1. Plato, from Meno ; 14.1.2. Plato, from Theaetetus ; 14.2. Aristotle on Thought and Inference ; 14.2.1. Aristotle, from On the Soul ; 14.3. Sextus Empiricus's Skepticism ; 14.3.1. Sextus Empiricus, from Outlines of Pyrrhonism ; 15. JEWISH, CHRISTIAN, AND ISLAMIC THEORIES OF KNOWLEDGE ; 15.1. The Skepticism of Philo of Alexandria ; 15.1.1. Philo, from On Drunkenness ; 15.2. Augustine's Foundationalism ; 15.2.1. Augustine, from Answer to Skeptics ; 15.2.2. Augustine, The City of God ; 15.3. Avicenna (ibn Sina) on Logic and Science ; 15.3.1. Avicenna, from A Treatise on Logic ; 15.3.2. Avicenna, from The Book of Healing ; 15.3.3. Avicenna, from On the Soul ; 16. MODERN THEORIES OF KNOWLEDGE ; 16.1. Descartes's Foundationalism ; 16.1.1. Rene Descartes, from Meditations on First Philosophy ; 16.2. John Locke's Empiricism ; 16.2.1. John Locke, from Essay Concerning Human Understanding ; 16.3. Leibniz's Rationalism ; 16.3.1. G. W. Leibniz, from New Essays Concerning Human Understanding ; 16.4. Hume's Empiricism ; 16.4.1. David Hume, from An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding ; 17. SPANISH, PORTUGUESE, AND LATIN AMERICAN THEORIES OF KNOWLEDGE ; 17.1. The Skepticism of Francisco Sanches ; 17.1.1. Francisco Sanches, from That Nothing is Known ; 17.2. The Contextualism of Unamuno ; 17.2.1. Miguel de Unamuno, from The Tragic Sense of Life ; PART IV: METAPHYSICS ; 18. CLASSICAL INDIAN METAPHYSICS ; 18.1. Classical Realist Ontology ; 18.1.1. From the Vaisheshika Sutras of Kanada ; 18.2. Hindu Idealism ; 18.2.1. Shankara, from the Brahmasutra Commentary ; 18.3. Buddhist Idealism ; 18.3.1. Dignaga, from the Investigation of the Object of Awareness ; 18.4. Jainist Perspectivism ; 18.4.1. Vadi Devasuri, from Ornament Illuminating the Means and Principles of Awareness ; 19. ANCIENT GREEK METAPHYSICS ; 19.1. Plato's Forms (Universals) ; 19.1.1. Plato, from Republic ; 19.2. Aristotle: Categories and Causes ; 19.2.1. Aristotle, from Categories ; 19.2.2. Aristotle, from Metaphysics ; 19.2.3. Aristotle, from Physics ; 20. METAPHYSICS IN EARLY MODERN PHILOSOPHY ; 20.1. Primary and Secondary Qualities ; 20.1.1. Rene Descartes, from Meditations on First Philosophy ; 20.1.2. John Locke, from An Essay Concerning Human Understanding ; 20.2. The Idealism of Berkeley and Hume ; 20.2.1. George Berkeley, from Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous ; 20.2.2. George Berkeley, from Principles of Human Knowledge ; 20.2.3. David Hume, from A Treatise of Human Nature ; 21. METAPHYSICS IN KANT AND POST-KANTIAN PHILOSOPHY ; 21.1. Kant's Copernican Revolution ; 21.1.1. Immanuel Kant, from Critique of Pure Reason ; 21.2. Hegel's Historicism ; 21.2.1. G. W. F. Hegel, from Phenomenology of Mind ; 21.3. Peirce's Pragmatism ; 21.3.1. Charles Sanders Peirce, from "How to Make Our Ideas Clear" ; 21.4. Nietzsche's Perspectivism ; 21.4.1. Friedrich Nietzsche, from Human, All Too Human ; 21.4.2. Friedrich Nietzsche, from The Cheerful Science ; 21.5. Russell's Rejection of Idealism ; 21.5.1. Bertrand Russell, from Problems of Philosophy ; 22. SPANISH AND LATIN AMERICAN METAPHYSICS ; 22.1. The Logic of Peter of Spain ; 22.1.1. Peter of Spain, Tractatus ; 22.2. The Perspectivism of Ortega y Gasset ; 22.2.1. Jose Ortega y Gasset, from The Modern Theme ; 22.3. The Metaphysical Labyrinths of Jorge Luis Borges ; 22.3.1. Jorge Luis Borges, from "Tlon, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius" ; PART V: PHILOSOPHICAL THEOLOGY ; 23. Classical Christian Theology ; 23.1. Augustine ; 23.1.1. Augustine, from Confessions ; 23.1.2. Augustine, from Enchiridion ; 23.2. Anselm's Ontological Arguments ; 23.2.1. Anselm, from Proslogion ; 23.3. The Cosmological Arguments of St. Thomas Aquinas ; 23.3.1. Thomas Aquinas, from Summa Theologica ; 23.4. The Christian Mysticism of Julian of Norwich ; 23.4.1. Julian of Norwich, from Revelations of Divine Love ; 24. Medieval Islamic Theology ; 24.1. Ibn Sina (Avicenna) on the Existence of God ; 24.1.1. Avicenna, from On the Nature of God ; 24.2. Al-Ghazali's Critique of Theology, and Averroes' Defense ; 24.2.1. Averroes, from The Incoherence of the Incoherence; Al-Ghazali, from The Incoherence of the Philosophers ; 24.3. Sufi Mysticism ; 24.3.1. Rabi'a al-'Adawiyya, from Readings from the Mystics of Islam ; 24.3.2. Zeb-un-Nissa, from Poetry from the Hidden One ; 25. Modern Theology ; 25.1. Descartes's Arguments for God's Existence ; 25.1.1. Rene Descartes, from Meditations on First Philosophy ; 25.2. Pascal's Wager ; 25.2.1. Blaise Pascal, from Thoughts ; 25.3. Leibniz and the Problem of Evil ; 25.3.1. G. W. Leibniz, from Theodicy ; 25.4. Paley's Argument from Design ; 25.4.1. William Paley, from Natural Theology ; 25.5. Hume's Counterarguments and Refutations ; 25.5.1. David Hume, from Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion