Elementary Statistics

1 The Nature of Probability and Statistics 1-1 Introduction 1-2 Descriptive and Inferential Statistics 1-3 Variables and Types of Data 1-4 Data Collection and Sampling Techniques 1-5 Observational and Experimental Studies 1-6 Uses and Misuses of Statistics 1-7 Computers and Calculators 1-8 Summary 2 Frequency Distributions and Graphs 2-1 Introduction 2-2 Organizing Data 2-3 Histograms, Frequency Polygons, and Ogives 2-4 Other Types of Graphs 2-5 Summary3 Data Description 3-1 Introduction 3-2 Measures of Central Tendency 3-3 Measures of Variation 3-4 Measures of Position 3-5 Exploratory Data Analysis 3-6 Summary4 Probability and Counting Rules 4-1 Introduction 4-2 Sample Spaces and Probability 4-3 The Addition Rules for Probability 4-4 The Multiplication Rules and Conditional Probability 4-5 Counting Rules 4-6 Probability and Counting Rules 4-7 Summary5 Discrete Probability Distributions 5-1 Introduction 5-2 Probability Distributions 5-3 Mean, Variance, Standard Deviation, and Expectation 5-4 The Binomial Distribution 5-5 Other Types of Distributions (Optional) 5-6 Summary6 The Normal Distribution 6-1 Introduction 6-2 Properties of the Normal Distribution 6-3 The Standard Normal Distribution 6-4 Applications of the Normal Distribution 6-5 The Central Limit Theorem 6-6 The Normal Approximation to the Binomial Distribution 6-7 Summary 7 Confidence Intervals and Sample Size 7-1 Introduction 7-2 Confidence Intervals for the Mean (s Known or nA30) and Sample Size 7-3 Confidence Intervals for the Mean (s Unknown or n<30) 7-4 Confidence Intervals and Sample Size for Proportions 7-5 Confidence Intervals for Variances and Standard Deviations 7-6 Summary 8 Hypothesis Testing 8-1 Introduction 8-2 Steps in Hypothesis Testing - Traditional Method 8-3 z Test for a Mean 8-4 t Test for a Mean 8-5 z Test for a Proportion 8-6 Chi Square test for a Variance or Standard Deviation 8-7 Additional Topics Regarding Hypothesis Testing 8-8 Summary9 Testing the Difference Between Two Means, Two Variances, and Two Proportions 9-1 Introduction 9-2 Testing the Difference Between Two Means: Large Samples 9-3 Testing the Difference Between Two Variances 9-4 Testing the Difference Between Two Means: Small Independent Samples 9-5 Testing the Difference Between Two Means: Small Dependent Samples 9-6 Testing the Difference Between Proportions 9-7 Summary 10 Correlation and Regression 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Scatter Plots 10-3 Correlation 10-4 Regression 10-5 Coefficient of Determination and Standard Error of the Estimate 10-6 Multiple Regression (Optional) 10-7 Summary 11 Other Chi-Square Tests 11-1 Introduction 11-2 Test for Goodness of Fit 11-3 Tests Using Contingency Tables 11-4 Summary12 Analysis of Variance 12-1 Introduction 12-2 One-Way Analysis of Variance 12-3 The Scheffe Test and the Tukey Test 12-4 Two-Way Analysis of Variance 12-5 Summary 13 Nonparametric Statistics 13-1 Introduction 13-2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Nonparametric Methods 13-3 The Sign Test 13-4 The Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test 13-5 The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test 13-6 The Kruskal-Wallis Test 13-7 The Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient and the Runs Test 13-8 Summary 14 Sampling and Simulation 14-1 Introduction 14-2 Common Sampling Techniques 14-3 Surveys and Questionnaire Design 14-4 Simulation Techniques 14-5 The Monte Carlo Method 14-6 Summary Appendix A: Algebra Review Appendix B-1: Writing the Research Report Appendix B-2: Bayes's Theorem Appendix B-3: Alternate Method for the Standard Normal Distribution Appendix C: Tables Appendix D: Data Bank Appendix E: Glossary Appendix F: Bibliography Appendix G: Photo Credits Appendix H: Selected Answers