Building Systems for Interior Designers

Preface xi Acknowledgments xii PART I THE BUILDING, THE ENVIRONMENT, AND HEALTH AND SAFETY CHAPTER 1 Environmental Conditions and the Site 3 Introduction 3 Climate Change 4 Energy Sources 5 Electricity 5 Renewable Energy Sources 5 Non-Sustainable Energy Sources 9 Global Climate Change 10 Energy Consumption by Buildings 11 Building Site Conditions 12 Building Placement 12 Climates 12 Site Conditions 14 Interior Layout 18 Existing Buildings 18 CHAPTER 2 Designing for the Environment 19 Introduction 19 Building Envelope 19 History 20 Dynamic Building Envelope 20 Building Envelope and Codes 21 Exterior Walls 21 Roofs 22 Heat Flow and the Building Envelope 24 Terminology 24 Thermodynamics 24 Heat Flow and Building Envelope 25 Moisture Flow through Building Envelope 27 Envelope Thermal Performance 28 Insulation Materials 28 Air Films and Air Spaces 29 Insulation Types and Forms 30 Energy-Efficient Design 32 Passive Systems 32 Active Solar and Hybrid Systems 34 The Design Process 34 The Design Team 34 Integrated Design 36 Sustainable Design 36 Energy Efficiency and Conservation 36 Sustainability and Green Design 36 Energy and Materials 37 Setting Sustainability Goals 38 Sustainable Design Strategies 38 LEED System 39 High Performance Buildings 39 CHAPTER 3 Designing for Human Health and Safety 41 Introduction 41 Human Body and the Built Environment 41 Maintaining Thermal Equilibrium 41 Visual and Acoustic Comfort 44 Other Human Environmental Requirements 45 Hazardous Materials 46 Renovation Considerations 46 Lead 46 Asbestos 46 Mold 47 Building Codes and Standards 47 Building Codes 47 Standards and Organizations 48 Federal Codes and Regulations 49 Energy Efficiency Requirements 50 PART II BUILDING COMPONENTS CHAPTER 4 Building Forms, Structures, and Elements 53 Introduction 53 History 53 Building Form 54 Structural System 54 Foundations 54 Building Loads 55 Types of Building Loads 56 Compression, Defl ection, and Tension 56 Spanning Openings 56 Vertical Supports 59 Lateral Forces 61 Shearing Forces 61 Grid Frameworks 62 Service Cores 62 Structural Types 63 Light Frame Structures 63 Post-and-Beam and Heavy Timber 63 Masonry Structures 64 Concrete Structures 67 Metal Structures 68 Other Structural Types 69 CHAPTER 5 Floor/Ceiling Assemblies, Walls, and Stairs 70 Introduction 70 Horizontal Structural Units 70 Floor/Ceiling Assemblies 70 Interior Design Concerns 72 Floor Systems 72 Wall Systems 74 Load-Bearing Walls and Frames 74 Interior Walls and Partitions 75 Stairs and Ramps 75 Stairs 75 Ramps 81 CHAPTER 6 Windows and Doors 83 Introduction 83 History 83 Windows 84 Window Selection 84 Window Types 85 Glazing 87 Window Frames 89 Storm Windows and Screens 89 Thermal Transmission 90 Shading and Solar Control 92 Toplighting and Skylights 94 Toplighting 94 Doors 96 Thermal Performance 96 Exterior Doors 96 Interior Doors 97 Door Types 99 Fire Doors 101 Door Hardware 102 PART III ACOUSTICS CHAPTER 7 Acoustic Design Principles 105 Introduction 105 Sound Basics 105 Sound Propagation 105 Sound Waves 106 Frequency 106 Sound Magnitude 106 Hearing 107 Human Ear 107 Loudness 107 Sound Masking 108 Directivity and Discrimination 109 Sound Sources 109 Speech 109 Music 109 Noise 109 Vibration 110 Sound Paths 110 Attenuation 110 Reflected Sound 110 Natural Sound Reinforcement 112 Absorbed Sound 113 CHAPTER 8 Architectural Acoustics 114 Introduction 114 History 114 Acoustic Codes and Standards 115 Acoustic Design 115 Design Process 115 Room Acoustics 115 Building Noise Control 116 Controlling Exterior Noise 116 Controlling Interior Noise 117 Background Noise 118 Sound Transmission 118 Airborne and Structure-Borne Sound 118 Measuring Sound Transmission 120 Sound Absorption 121 Reducing Acoustic Energy 121 Measuring Sound Absorption 121 Reverberation 124 Sound Isolation 124 Mass 124 Resiliency 125 Tightness 125 Compound Barriers 125 Floor/Ceiling Assemblies 125 Special Acoustic Devices 126 Sound Transmission Between Spaces 126 Walls and Partitions 126 Flanking Paths 126 Impact Noise 129 Materials and Acoustics 130 Acoustic Products 130 Ceiling Products 130 Wall Panels 133 Flooring 133 Window Treatments and Upholstery 134 Acoustic Applications 134 Acoustic Criteria 135 Offices 135 Music Performance Spaces 138 Auditoriums 138 Lecture Rooms 139 Schools 139 Public Toilet Rooms 139 Residential Buildings 139 Electronic Sound Systems 141 Sound Reinforcement Systems 141 Sound Systems for Specifi c Spaces 141 PART IV WATER AND WASTE SYSTEMS CHAPTER 9 Water Supply Systems 145 Introduction 145 History 145 Codes and Testing 146 Plumbing and Construction Drawings 146 Water Sources and Use 146 Water Use 146 Hydrologic Cycle 148 Precipitation 148 Surface Water, Groundwater, and Stormwater 149 Conservation 150 Protecting the Water Supply 151 Water Distribution 151 Well Water 151 Municipal Water Supply Systems 152 Water Quality 152 Distribution within Buildings 153 Hot Water 158 Hot Water Heaters 160 Chilled Water 163 Gas Supply and Distribution 163 CHAPTER 10 Waste and Reuse Systems 164 Introduction 164 History 165 Sanitary Waste Systems 165 Sanitary Piping Elements 165 Residential Waste Piping 170 Large Building Waste Piping 170 Treating and Recycling Wastewater 171 Recycled Water 171 Rural Sewage Treatment 172 Centralized Sewage Treatment Systems 174 Solid Waste Systems 174 Recycling 174 Small Building Solid Waste Collection 174 Large Building Solid Waste Collection 175 CHAPTER 11 Fixtures and Appliances 176 Introduction 176 History of Bathrooms 176 Plumbing Fixtures 177 General Code Requirements 177 Bathroom Fixtures 178 Water Closets 179 Urinals 182 Bidets 183 Lavatories and Sinks 184 Bathtubs 186 Showers 191 Steam Rooms and Saunas 194 Residential Bathroom Design 194 Bathroom Design History 195 Bathroom Planning 195 Designing Public Toilet Rooms 196 Toilet Room Accessibility 196 Drinking Fountains 196 Appliances and Equipment 197 Residential Kitchens 197 Residential Appliances 198 Laundry Areas 201 Compressed Air 202 PART V HEATING, COOLING, AND VENTILATION SYSTEMS CHAPTER 12 Principles of Thermal Comfort 205 Introduction 205 History 205 Thermal Comfort 206 Designing for Thermal Comfort 206 Comfort Range 209 Principles of Heat Transfer 211 Thermal Energy Transfer 211 Air Temperature and Air Motion 214 Water Vapor and Heat Transfer 215 Thermal Capacity and Resistance 216 Thermal Mass 216 Thermal Conductivity 218 Thermal Resistance 218 Thermal Feel 218 Mechanical Engineering Design Process 219 Phases of Design Process 219 Thermal Comfort Zones 220 Heating and Cooling Loads 220 CHAPTER 13 Indoor Air Quality, Ventilation, and Moisture Control 222 Introduction 222 ASHRAE Standards and LEED 222 Indoor Air Quality 223 Illnesses Related to Buildings 223 Sources of Pollution 224 Indoor Air Quality Equipment 226 Plants and Indoor Air Quality 228 Controls for Indoor Air Quality 229 Infiltration and Ventilation 229 Infiltration 229 Ventilation 229 Natural Ventilation 230 Attic and Roof Ventilation 232 Mechanical Ventilation 233 Residential Ventilation Systems 233 Fans 235 Humidity and Moisture Control 239 Water Movement 239 Humidity 239 Condensation 240 Dehumidification 242 CHAPTER 14 Heating and Cooling 243 Introduction 243 Architectural and Engineering Considerations 243 HVAC Design Process 244 History 245 Building Energy Conservation 246 Codes and Standards 247 Heating Systems 247 Central Heating Systems 248 Building Heating Fuels 248 Solar Space Heating 249 Fireplaces and Wood-Burning Stoves 250 Mechanical Heating Systems 253 Radiant Heating 255 Electric-Resistance Heat 257 Natural Convection Heating Units 258 Warm-Air Heating 259 Cooling Systems 262 History of Cooling 262 Passive Cooling 263 Mechanical Cooling 263 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Systems 267 HVAC Zones 268 HVAC System Components 268 HVAC Distribution 269 Terminal Delivery Devices 270 Control Systems 271 PART VI ELECTRICAL AND LIGHTING SYSTEMS CHAPTER 15 Electrical System Basics 275 Introduction 275 History 275 Electrical System Design Process 276 Codes and Standards 276 Principles of Electricity 277 Types of Electricity 277 Electrical Current 278 Electrical Power Sources 280 Photovoltaic (PV) Power 281 Other Electrical Energy Sources 283 Electricity and Safety 283 Electrical Shocks 283 Grounding 284 Electrical Fire Safety 285 Circuit Protection 285 CHAPTER 16 Electrical Distribution 288 Introduction 288 Electrical System Design Procedure 288 Electrical Service Equipment 289 Electrical Power Distribution Systems 289 Interior Distribution 293 Branch Circuits 293 Electrical Wiring and Distribution 294 Interior Wiring Systems 295 Full Access Floors and Wiring 297 Low-Voltage Wiring 298 Power Line Carrier Systems 298 Electrical Emergency Systems 298 Wireless Systems 299 Electrical Design for Residences 299 Residential Code Requirements 299 Residential Branch Circuits 300 Wiring Devices 302 Outlet and Device Boxes 303 Electrical Plugs 304 Electrical Receptacles 304 Switches 305 Electrical Loads 306 Residential Appliances 307 Appliance Control and Energy Conservation 311 CHAPTER 17 Lighting Systems 313 Introduction 313 History of Lighting 313 Lighting Design Team 314 Lighting Calculation Methods 314 Lighting Design Process 315 Lighting Codes and Standards 316 Light and Vision 317 Physics of Light 318 Vision 319 Color and Light 321 Quantity of Light 322 Glare 322 Lighting Effects 324 Daylighting 324 History of Daylighting 324 Characteristics of Daylight 324 Daylighting Design 325 Daylighting and Fenestration 326 Electric Lighting 328 History of Electric Lighting 328 Electric Lighting Design 328 Electric Light Sources 329 Characteristics of Sources 330 Selecting Light Sources 330 Luminaire Light Control 334 Light Source Controls 335 Remote Source Lighting 335 Luminaires 336 Characteristics of Lighting Fixtures 336 Lighting Fixture Selection 338 Lighting Controls 340 Tuning and Maintenance 341 Emergency Lighting 342 Lighting Design Applications 343 Residential Applications 343 Commercial Applications 343 PART VII FIRE SAFETY, CONVEYANCE, SECURITY, AND COMMUNICATIONS CHAPTER 18 Fire Safety Design 347 Introduction 347 History 347 Design for Fire Safety 348 Basic Principles 348 Fire Risk 348 Combustion 349 Fire Safety Codes 350 Construction Types 351 Occupancy Hazard Classifications 351 Means of Egress 352 Building Types 352 Means of Egress Components 353 Protecting the Building 359 Compartmentation 360 Construction Assemblies and Elements 361 Materials and Fire Protection 364 Codes and Standards 364 Finish Classes and Test Ratings 365 Firefi ghting 366 Smoke Management 366 Fire Detection 367 Residential Detectors 368 Fire Alarm Systems 369 Residential Alarm Systems 369 Commercial and Institutional Systems 370 Alarm System Operation 370 Fire Suppression 371 Sprinkler Systems 372 Other Fire Suppression Systems 374 Portable Fire Extinguishers 374 CHAPTER 19 Conveyance Systems 376 Introduction 376 History 376 Codes and Standards 377 Elevators 377 Elevator Design 377 Elevator Machines 381 Passenger Elevators 381 Freight Elevators 383 Service Cars and Special Elevators 383 Elevator Security 384 Elevator Systems 384 Elevator Lobbies 384 Escalators and Moving Walks 384 Escalators 384 Moving Walks and Ramps 387 Materials Handling 388 Dumbwaiters 388 Conveyors 388 Pneumatic Systems 389 Automated Container Delivery Systems 389 CHAPTER 20 Communications, Security, and Control Equipment 390 Introduction 390 Signal Systems 390 Communication Systems 391 Residential Communications 391 Office Building Communications 392 School Communication Systems, 392 Data and Communications Wiring 392 Premise Wiring 393 Television 393 Telecommunications 394 Security Systems 394 Security Equipment 395 Control and Automation Equipment 396 Automation 396 Intelligent Buildings 396 Building Controls 397 Bibliography 398 Index 399