Protection and Switchgear
1st Edition
Published on 15. December 2011
Book
Paperback/Softback
576 pages
978-0-19-807550-9 (ISBN)
Description
The book describes in detail the protection principles of each element of the power system network. The details of relay design and relay setting have also been covered. Further, the book contains a wide coverage of digital/numerical relaying scheme. Besides the relays, the book covers detailed theories of circuit breaking phenomenon and the construction and working of switchgears.
The book is pedagogically rich with detailed relay and circuit diagrams, numerous solved examples, review questions, multiple-choice questions, and numerical exercises in each chapter. At the end of the book, an additional chapter on recent developments in protective relays covers the application of AI techniques in protective relays and discusses the concept of synchronized phasor measurements, wide area protection, along with other important topics.
The book is pedagogically rich with detailed relay and circuit diagrams, numerous solved examples, review questions, multiple-choice questions, and numerical exercises in each chapter. At the end of the book, an additional chapter on recent developments in protective relays covers the application of AI techniques in protective relays and discusses the concept of synchronized phasor measurements, wide area protection, along with other important topics.
More details
Language
English
Place of publication
New Delhi
India
Target group
Professional and scholarly
Primary: B.E., B. Tech. Electrical Engineering
Illustrations
Approx. 350
Dimensions
Height: 242 mm
Width: 161 mm
Thickness: 24 mm
Weight
656 gr
ISBN-13
978-0-19-807550-9 (9780198075509)
Copyright in bibliographic data and cover images is held by Nielsen Book Services Limited or by the publishers or by their respective licensors: all rights reserved.
Schweitzer Classification
Persons
Bhavesh Bhalja is currently Professor and Head, Department of Electrical Engineering, A D Patel Institute of Technology, New Vidyanagar, Gujarat. A Ph D from IIT Roorkee, he has close to a decade of teaching experience.
R. P. Maheshwari is currently Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Roorkee. A Ph D from Roorkee University (now IIT Roorkee), he have over 15 years of teaching experience.
Nilesh Chothani is currently Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, A D Patel Institute of Technology, New Vidyanagar, Gujarat. His areas of interest are digital protection, system modelling and simulation, and artificial intelligence techniques.
R. P. Maheshwari is currently Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Roorkee. A Ph D from Roorkee University (now IIT Roorkee), he have over 15 years of teaching experience.
Nilesh Chothani is currently Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, A D Patel Institute of Technology, New Vidyanagar, Gujarat. His areas of interest are digital protection, system modelling and simulation, and artificial intelligence techniques.
Content
CHAPTER 1: PROTECTIVE RELAYING FUNDAMENTALS; 1.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND; 1.2 ZONES OF PROTECTION; 1.3 REQUIREMENTS OF PROTECTION SYSTEM; 1.4 UNIT AND NON-UNIT PROTECTION; 1.5 PRIMARY AND BACK-UP PROTECTION; 1.6 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTOTECTION; 1.7 CLASSIFICATION OF PROTECTIVE RELAYS; 1.7 ELECTROMECHNICAL (ELECTROMAGNETIC) RELAYS; 1.7.1 THERMAL RELAYL (ELECTROMAGNETIC) RELAYS; 1.7.2 ATTRACTED ARMATURE RELAY; 1.7. 3INDUCTION RELAYS; 1.7.3.1 INDUCTION DISC RELAY; 1.7.3.2 INDUCTION CUP RELAY; 1.7.4 BALANCE BEAM RELAY; 1.7.5 UNIVERSAL TORQUE EQUATION; 1.8 SOLID STATE RELAYS; 1.8.1 INTRODUCTION; 1.8.2 COMPARISON BETWEEN STATIC AND ELECTROMECHANICAL RELAYS; 1.8.3 CLASSIFICATION OF STATIC RELAYS; 1.8.4 GENERALIZED STATIC TIME-OVERCURRENT RELAYS; 1.9 DIGITAL RELAYING; 1.9.1 MERITS AND DEMERITS OF DIGITAL RELAY; 1.9.2 GENERALIZED BLOCK DIAGRAM OF DIGITAL RELAY; 1.9.3 SAMPLING AND DATA WINDOW; 1.10 ADAPTIVE RELAYING; 1.11 TRIPPING MECHANISM OF RELAY; 1.12 DIFFERENT RELAY ALGORITHMS; 1.12.1 ALGORITHMS ASSUMING PURE SINUSOIDAL RELAYING SIGNAL; 1.12.2 ALGORITHMS BASED ON SOLUTION OF SYSTEM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS; 1.12.3 ALGORITHMS APPLICABLE TO DISTORTED RELAYING SIGNALS; 1.12.3.1 FOURIER ANALYSIS BASED ALGORITHM; 1.12.3.2 WALSH FUNCTION TECHNIQUE; 1.12.3.3 LEAST ERROR SQUARE TECHNIQUE; 1.13 SUMMARY; EXERCISE; MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS; REFERENCES; CHAPTER 2: CURRENT BASED RELAYING SCHEME FOR TRANSMISSION LINE; 2.1 INTRODUCTION; 2.2 VARIOUS TYPES OF TRANSMISSION LINE FAULTS; 2.3 OVERCURRENT PROTECTION OF TRANSMISSION LINE; 2.3.1 INSTANTANEOUS OVERCURRENT RELAY; 2.3.2 DEFINITE TIME OVERCURRENT RELAY; 2.3.3 INVERSE TIME OVERCURRENT RELAY; 2.3.4 INVERSE DEFINITE MINIMUM TIME OVERCURRENT RELAY; 2.4 APPLICATION OF OVERCURRENT RELAY USING DIFFERENT RELAY CHARACTERISTICS; 2.4.1 INSTANTANEOUS RELAYS; 2.4.2 DEFINITE TIME RELAYS; 2.4.3 INVERSE TIME OVERCURRENT RELAYS; 2.5 PHASE AND GROUND RELAYS; 2.5.1 SETTING RULES FOR PHASE AND GROUND RELAYS; 2.5.2 SCHEME USED IN PRACTICE; 2.6 DIRECTIONAL PROTECTIONONAL PROTECTION; 2.6.1 NECESSITY OF DIRECTIONAL PROTECTION RELAYS; 2.6.2 DIRECTIONAL RELAY CHARACTERISTICS; 2.6.3 POLARIZING QUANTITY; 2.6.4 DIRECTIONAL GROUND-FAULT RELAYS; 2.6.5 DIRECTIONAL OVER CURRENT PROTECTION SCHEME FOR A TRANSMISSION LINE (67); 2.7 MODERN DIGITAL/NUMERICAL OVERCURRENT & EARTH FAULT RELAY; 2.8 OVER CURRENT RELAY COORDINATION IN AN INTERCONNECTED POWER SYSTEM; 2.8.1 INTRODUCTION; 2.8.2 LINKNET STRUCTURE; 2.8.3 DETERMINATION OF PRIMARY/BACK-UP RELAY PAIRS; 2.9 EXAMPLES; 2.10 SUMMERY; EXERCISE; MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS; UNSOLVED EXAMPLE; REFERENCES; CHAPTER 3: PILOT INDEPENDENT DISTANCE RELAYING SCHEME; 3.1 INTRODUCTION; 3.2 TRANSMISSION LINE PROTECTION; 3.3 DISTANCE PROTECTION; 3.3.1 FAULT DISTANCE MEASUREMENT; 3.3.2 STEPPED DISTANCE CHARACTERISTICS; 3.4 REACH OF DISTANCE RELAY; 3.5 SELECTION OF MEASURING UNIT; 3.6 CURRENT AND VOLTAGE CONNECTIONS; 3.6.1 CONNECTION FOR PHASE-FAULT RELAYS; 3.6.2 CONNECTION FOR EARTH-FAULT RELAYS; 3.7 DISTANCE PROTECTION USING STATIC COMPARATORS; 3.7.1 COMPARATOR FOR IMPEDANCE RELAY; 3.8 PROBLEMS & REMEDIES IN DISTANCE PROTECTION; 3.8.1 CLOSE-IN FAULT; 3.8.2 FAULT RESISTANCE; 3.8.3 REMOTE INFEED; 3.8.4 MUTUAL COUPLING; 3.8.5 SERIES COMPENSATED TRANSMISSION LINES; 3.8.6 POWER SWING; 3.8.7 OVERLOAD; 3.8.8 TRANSIENT CONDITION; 3.9 EXAMPLES ON SETTING OF DISTANCE PROTECTION; 3.10 SYMMETRICAL COMPONENT BASED DISTANCE RELAY; 3.11 DIGITAL DISTANCE RELAYING SCHEME; 3.12 SUMMERY; EXERCISE; MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS; EXAMPLES; REFERENCES; CHAPTER 4: PILOT RELAYING SCHEME FOR TRANSMISSION LINE; 4.1 INTRODUCTION; 4.2 PILOT PROTECTION SYSTEM; 4.3 TYPES OF PILOT COMMUNICATIONS; 4.3.1 PILOT COMMUNICATION BASED ON SIGNAL; 4.3.2 PILOT COMMUNICATION BASED ON FREQUENCY; 4.4 WIRE PILOT RELAYING SCHEME; 4.4.1 CIRCULATING CURRENT BASED WIRE PLOT RELAYING SCHEME; 4.4.2 VOLTAGE BALANCE TYPE WIRE PILOT RELAYING SCHEME; 4.5 CARRIER CURRENT PROTECTION SCHEME; 4.5.1 PHASE COMPARISON SCHEME; 4.5.2 DIRECTIONAL COMPARISON SCHEME; 4.6 BLOCKING AND UNBLOCKING CARRIER AIDED DISTANCE SCHEME; 4.6.1 CARRIER BLOCKING SCHEME; 4.6.2 CARRIER UNBLOCKING SCHEME; 4.7 TRANSFER TRIPPING CARRIER AIDED DISTANCE SCHEME; 4.7.1 UNDER REACH TRANSFER TRIPPING SCHEME; 4.7.2 OVER REACH TRANSFER TRIPPING SCHEME; 4.8 SUMMERY; EXERCISE; MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS; REFERENCES; CHAPTER 5: GENERATOR PROTECTION; 5.1 INTRODUCTION; 5.2 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION; 5.2.1 MERTZ-PRICE DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION; 5.2.2 HIGH IMPEDANCE DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION; 5.2.3 BIASED PERCENTAGE DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION; 5.2.4 RELAY SETTING; 5.3 STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION; 5.3.1 STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION FOR LOW IMPEDANCE GROUNDING; 5.3.2 STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION FOR HIGH IMPEDANCE GROUNDING; 5.4 STATOR WINDING TURN TO TURN FAULT PROTECTION; 5.5 ROTOR GROUND FAULT PROTECTIONAULT PROTECTION; 5.6 LOSS OF EXCITATION (FIELD FAILURE) PROTECTION; 5.7 NEGATIVE PHASE SEQUENCE (UNBALANCE LOADING) PROTECTION; 5.8 OUT OF STEP PROTECTION; 5.9 REVERSE POWER PROTECTION; 5.10 ABNORMAL FREQUENCY AND VOLTAGE PROTECTION; 5.10.1 OVER FREQUENCY PROTECTION; 5.10.2 UNDER FREQUENCY PROTECTION; 5.10.3 OVER VOLTAGE PROTECTION; 5.10.4 UNDER VOLTAGE PROTECTION; 5.10.5 VOLTAGE DEPENDANT OVERCURRENT PROTECTION; 5.10.6 NEUTRAL VOLTAGE DISPLACEMENT PROTECTION; 5.10.7 PROTECTION AGAINST UNINTENTIONAL ENERGIZATION AT STANDSTILL; 5.10.8 THERMAL PROTECTION USING RTD; 5.11 NUMERICAL PROTECTION OF GENERATOR; 5.11.1 FUNCTIONS OF MODERN NUMERICAL/DIGITAL GENERATOR PROTECTION RELAY; 5.11.2 NUMERICAL DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION OF GENERATOR; 5.12 SUMMARY; EXERCISE; MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS; EXAMPLES; REFERENCES; CHAPTER 6: TRANSFORMER PROTECTION; 6.1 INTRODUCTION; 6.2 ABNORMAL CONDITION IN TRANSFORMER; 6.2.1 MAGNETIZING INRUSH; 6.2.2 OVER FLUXING; 6.2.3 LOW OIL LEVEL IN TRANSFORMER TANK; 6.3 NON ELECTRICAL PROTECTION; 6.3.1 BUCHHOLZ RELAY; 6.3.2 SUDDEN PRESSURE RELAY (SPR); 6.3.3 OIL AND WINDING TEMPERATURE RELAY; 6.4 OVERCURRENT PROTECTION; 6.4.1 OVERCURRENT RELAY WITH HRU SUPPLEMENT; 6.5 EARTH FAULT PROTECTION; 6.6 INTER-TURN FAULT; 6.7 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION; 6.7.1 BASIC CONSIDERATIONS FOR TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION; 6.7.2 STABILIZING OF DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION DURING MAGNETIZING INRUSH CONDITIONS; 6.7.2.1 TIME DELAY; 6.7.2.2 HARMONICS RESTRAINT; 6.8 DIGITAL/NUMERICAL PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMER; 6.8.1 NUMERICAL RELAY; 6.8.2 FEATURE OF DIGITAL/ NUMERICAL RELAYS; 6.9 SUMMARY; EXERCISE; MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS; UNSOLVED EXAMPLE; REFERENCE OF BOOKS; CHAPTER 7: INDUCTION MOTOR PROTECTION; 7.1 INTRODUCTION; 7.2 FAULTS/ABNORMAL CONDITIONS IN INDUCTION MOTOR; 7.3 PROTECTION SCHEMES OF INDUCTION MOTOR; 7.3.1 THERMAL OVERLOAD PROTECTION (49); 7.3.2 PROTECTION AGAINST UNBALANCE CURRENTS (46); 7.3.3 PROTECTION AGAINST PHASE REVERSAL; 7.3.4 PHASE FAULT PROTECTION (87); 7.3.5 EARTH FAULT PROTECTION (50N); 7.3.6 STALLING PROTECTION (LOCKED ROTOR) (51); 7.3.7 LOSS OF LOAD PROTECTION; 7.3.8 UNDER VOLTAGE (27); 7.4 NUMERICAL PROTECTION OF INDUCTION MOTOR; 7.5 EXAMPLES; 7.6 SUMMERY; EXERCISE; MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS; UNSOLVED EXAMPLE; REFERENCES; CHAPTER 8: PROTECTION OF BUSBAR; 8.1 INTRODUCTION; 8.2 BUSBAR ARRANGEMENTS; 8.2.1 SINGLE BUSBAR ARRANGEMENT; 8.2.2 SINGLE BUSBAR ARRANGEMENT WITH SECTIONALIZE; 8.2.3 MAIN AND TRANSFER BUS-BAR ARRANGEMENT; 8.2.4 DOUBLE BUS-BAR ARRANGEMENT; 8.2.5 ONE AND HALF BREAKER ARRANGEMENT; 8.3 BUSBAR FAULTS AND PROTECTION REQUIREMENT; 8.4 IMPACT OF CT SATURATION ON BUSBAR PROTECTION; 8.4.1 ISSUE; 8.4.2 CT SATURATION; 8.4.3 RATIO MISMATCH; 8.4.4 REMEDIES; 8.5 CLASSIFICATION OF BUSBAR PROTECTION SCHEMES; 8.5.1 DIRECTIONAL COMPARISON PROTECTION SCHEME; 8.5.2 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION SCHEME; 8.5.2.1 CIRCULATING CURRENT DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION; 8.5.2.2 BIASED PERCENTAGE DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION; 8.5.3 HIGH IMPEDANCE VOLTAGE DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION; 8.5.4 PROTECTION USING LINEAR COUPLERS; 8.6 DIGITAL/NUMERICAL PROTECTION OF BUSBAR; 8.6.1 DECENTRALIZED BUSBAR PROTECTION; 8.6.2 CENTRALIZED BUSBAR PROTECTION; 8.7 RECENT TRENDS IN BUSBAR PROTECTION; 8.8 COMMERCIALLY USED TECHNIQUE; 8.9 EXERCISE; SUMMARY; MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS; REFERENCE; CHAPTER 9: CURRENT AND POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER FOR RELAYING SCHEMES; 9.1 INTRODUCTION; 9.2 OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF CT AND PT; 9.3 CONSTRUCTION AND PERFORMANCE OF CT; 9.3.1 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT AND VECTOR DIAGRAM OF CT; 9.3.2 MAGNETIZATION (EXCITATION) CURVES; 9.3.3 CT SATURATION CHARACTERISTIC; 9.3.4 CT BURDEN; 9.3.5 CT ACCURACY; 9.3.6 OPEN CIRCUIT CT SECONDARY VOLTAGE; 9.4 PERFORMANCE OF POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER (PT); 9.4.1 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF ELECTROMAGNETIC TYPE PT; 9.4.2 CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER (CVT); 9.4.2.1 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A CVT; 9.4.2.2 CVT TRANSIENT RESPONSE AND FERRO RESONANCE; 9.5 SPECIFICATION OF CT & PT; 9.5.1 SPECIFICATION OF CT; 9.5.2 SPECIFICATION OF PT; 9.6 SUMMARY; EXERCISE; MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS; REFERENCES; CHAPTER 10: PROTECTION AGAINST TRANSIENTS AND SURGES; 10.1 INTRODUCTION; 10.2 SOURCES OF TRANSIENTS OR SURGES IN EHV LINE; 10.2.1 SWITCHING OF TRANSMISSION LINE; 10.2.2 SWITCHING OF CAPACITOR BANK; 10.2.3 SWITCHING OF COUPLING CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER (CCVT); 10.2.4 SWITCHING OF REACTOR; 10.2.5 ARCING GROUND; 10.2.6 LIGHTNING STROKES; 10.3 OVERVOLTAGE PHENOMENON DUE TO LIGHTNING AND SWITCHING; 10.3.1 SURGES AND TRAVELLING WAVES; 10.3.2 WAVE PROPAGATION ON TRANSMISSION LINE; 10.3.3 REFLECTION AND ATTENUATION; 10.3.3.1 REFLECTION; 10.3.3.2 ATTENUATION OF TRANSIENTS; 10.3.3.2.1 ATTENUATION OF TRANSIENTS USING FILTER; 10.3.3.2.2 ATTENUATION OF TRANSIENTS USING ISOLATION TRANSFORMER; 10.4 NEUTRAL GROUNDING; 10.4.1 EFFECTS OF UNGROUNDED NEUTRAL ON SYSTEM PERFORMANCE; 10.4.2 METHODS OF NEUTRAL GROUNDING; 10.4.2.1 SOLID GROUNDING; 10.4.2.2 RESISTANCE GROUNDING; 10.4.2.3 REACTANCE GROUNDING; 10.4.2.4 RESONANT GROUNDING; 10.4.3 GROUNDING PRACTICES; 10.5 PROTECTION AGAINST TRANSIENTS AND SURGES; 10.5.1 PROTECTION AGAINST LIGHTNING; 10.5.1.1 EARTHING SCREEN (OVERHEAD SHIELDING); 10.5.1.2 OVERHEAD GROUND WIRES; 10.5.1.3 SURGE MODIFIER OR ABSORBER; 10.5.1.4 LIGHTNING ARRESTER (SURGE DIVERTER); 10.6 TYPES OF LIGHTNING ARRESTERS; 10.6.1 ROD GAP ARRESTER; 10.6.2 HORN GAP ARRESTER; 10.6.3 MULTI GAP ARRESTER; 10.6.4 EXPULSION TYPE ARRESTER; 10.6.5 VALVE TYPE ARRESTER; 10.6.5.1 SILICON CARBIDE (SIC) LIGHTNING ARRESTER; 10.6.5.2 METAL OXIDE (MO) LIGHTNING ARRESTER; 10.6.6 SELECTION PROCEDURE FOR LIGHTNING/SURGE ARRESTERS; 10.6.7 COMMON RATINGS OF LIGHTNING/SURGE ARRESTERS; 10.7 CONCEPTS OF BASIC INSULATION LEVEL; 10.7.1 SELECTION OF BASIC INSULATION LEVEL (BIL); 10.7.2 IMPULSE RATIO; 10.7.3 STANDARD IMPULSE TEST VOLTAGE; 10.7.4 VOLT-TIME CHARACTERISTIC; 10.8 INSULATION COORDINATION; 10.9 SUMMARY; EXERCISE; MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS; REFERENCES; CHAPTER 11: AUTORECLOSING AND SYNCHRONIZING; 11.1 INTRODUCTION; 11.2 HISTORY OF AUTORECLOSING; 11.3 ADVANTAGES OF AUTORECLOSING; 11.4 CLASSIFICATION OF AUTORECLOSING RELAY; 11.4.1 AUTORECLOSING BASED ON NUMBER OF PHASES; 11.4.2 AUTORECLOSING BASED ON NUMBER OF ATTEMPTS; 11.4.3 AUTORECLOSING BASED ON SPEED; 11.5 SEQUENCE OF EVENTS OF A TYPICAL SINGLE-SHOT AUTORECLOSING SCHEME; 11.6 FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED DURING RECLOSING; 11.6.1 CHOICE OF ZONE IN CASE OF DISTANCE RELAY; 11.6.2 DEAD TIME/ DEIONIZING TIME; 11.6.3 RECLAIM TIME; 11.6.4 INSTANTANEOUS LOCK OUT; 11.6.5 INTERMEDIATE LOCK OUT; 11.6.6 BREAKER SUPERVISION FUNCTION; 11.7 SYNCHRONISM CHECK; 11.7.1 PHASING VOLTAGE METHOD; 11.7.2 ANGULAR METHOD; 11.8 AUTOMATIC SYNCHRONIZING; 11.9 SUMMARY; EXERCISE; MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS; REFERENCES; CHAPTER 12: SYSTEM RESPONSE TO SEVERE UPSETS; 12.1 INTRODUCTION; 12.2 NATURE OF SYSTEM RESPONSE TO SEVERE UPSETS; 12.2.1 SYSTEM RESPONSE TO ISLANDING CONDITIONS; 12.2.2 UNDERGENERATED ISLANDS; 12.2.3 OVERGENERATED ISLANDS; 12.2.4 REACTIVE POWER BALANCE; 12.2.5 POWER PLANT AUXILIARIES; 12.2.6 POWER SYSTEM RESTORATION; 12.3 LOAD SHEDDING; 12.4 FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED FOR LOAD SHEDDING SCHEME; 12.4.1 MAXIMUM ANTICIPATED OVERLOAD; 12.4.2 NUMBER OF LOAD SHEDDING STEPS; 12.4.3 SIZE OF LOAD SHED AT EACH STEP; 12.4.4 FREQUENCY SETTING; 12.4.5 TIME DELAY; 12.5 RATE OF FREQUENCY DECLINE; 12.6 FREQUENCY RELAYS (81); 12.7 ISLANDING; 12.7.1 ISSUES WITH ISLANDING; 12.7.2 METHODS OF ISLANDING DETECTION; 12.8 SUMMARY; EXERCISE; MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS; REFERENCES; CHAPTER 13: THEORY OF ARC INTERRUPTION; 13.1 INTRODUCTION; 13.2 FUNDAMENTAL OF CIRCUIT BREAKING; 13.3 ARC PHENOMENON; 13.4 CHARACTERISTIC OF ARC; 13.5 THEORY OF ARC QUENCHING IN AC CIRCUIT; 13.5.1 RESTRIKING VOLTAGE; 13.5.2 ARC VOLTAGE; 13.5.3 TRANSIENT RESTRIKING VOLTAGE (TRV); 13.5.4 RATE OF RISE OF RESTRIKING VOLTAGE (RRRV); 13.5.5 RECOVERY VOLTAGE; 13.6 ARC INTERRUPTION THEORIES; 13.6.1 HIGH RESISTANCE INTERRUPTION; 13.6.2 LOW RESISTANCE INTERRUPTION; 13.6.2.1 SLEPIAN'S THEORY (RACE THEORY); 13.6.2.2 CASSIE'S THEORY (ENERGY BALANCE THEORY); 13.7 FACTORS AFFECTING RRRV, RECOVERY VOLTAGE AND TRV; 13.7.1 POWER FACTOR OF THE CIRCUIT; 13.7.2 CIRCUIT CONDITION AND TYPES OF FAULT; 13.7.3 ASYMMETRY OF SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT; 13.7.4 SHORT LINE FAULT; 13.8 CURRENT CHOPPING (INTERRUPTION OF SMALL INDUCTIVE CURRENT); 13.9 INTERRUPTION OF CAPACITIVE CURRENT; 13.10 RESISTANCE SWITCHING; 13.11 THEORY OF ARC INTERRUPTION IN DC CIRCUIT; 13.11.1 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION; 13.11.2 EFFECT OF CIRCUIT INDUCTANCE; 13.12 EXAMPLES; 13.13 SUMMARY; EXERCISE; MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS; UNSOLVED EXAMPLES; REFERENCES; CHAPTER 14: TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS; 14.1 INTRODUCTION; 14.2 RATINGS OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS; 14.2.1 RATED CURRENT AND RATED VOLTAGE; 14.2.2 RATED BREAKING CAPACITY; 14.2.3 RATED MAKING CAPACITYTY; 14.2.4 SHORT TIME RATINGCITY; 14.2.5 RATED STANDARD DUTY CYCLE; 14.3 FUNCTION OF HIGH RATING CIRCUIT BREAKERS; 14.4 LOW VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKER; 14.4.1 SWITCHESE CIRCUIT BREAKERS; 14.4.1.1 LOAD BREAK SWITCH; 14.4.1.2 ISOLATING SWITCHH; 14.4.2 FUSES; 14.4.2.1 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF FUSES; 14.4.2.2 MATERIALS OF FUSE ELEMENT; 14.4.2.3 PROPERTIES OF FUSE ELEMENT; 14.4.2.4 CHARACTERISTICS OF FUSE; 14.4.2.5 KIT-KAT FUSE; 14.4.2.6 HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY (HRC) FUSE; 14.4.2.7 EXPULSION TYPE FUSE; 14.4.2.8 LIQUID QUENCHED FUSE (LQF); 14.4.3 MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKERS (MCB); 14.4.4 EARTH LEAKAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS (ELCB); 14.5 HIGH VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS; 14.5.1 AIR BREAK CIRCUIT BREAKER; 14.5.2 OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER; 14.5.2.1 BULK OIL CIRCUIT BREAKERS (BOCB); 14.5.2.2 MINIMUM OIL CIRCUIT BREAKERS (MOCB); 14.5.3 AIR-BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKER; 14.5.4 SULPHUR HEXAFLUORIDE (SF6) CIRCUIT BREAKER; 14.5.4.1 NON-PUFFER TYPE SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER; 14.5.4.2 PUFFER TYPE SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER; 14.5.4.3 SELF BLAST TYPE SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER; 14.5.5 VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER; 14.5.6 HIGH VOLTAGE DIRECT CURRENT (HVDC) CIRCUIT BREAKERS; 14.6 MAINTENANCE OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS; 14.6.1 MAINTENANCE OF MEDIUM VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKER; 14.6.2 MAINTENANCE OF HIGH VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKER; 14.7 TESTING OF CIRCUIT BREAKER; 14.8 EXAMPLES; 14.9 SUMMARY; EXERCISE; MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS; REFERENCES; CHAPTER 15: TESTING, COMMISSIONING AND MAINTENANCE OF RELAYS; 15.1 INTRODUCTION; 15.2 TYPE TESTS; 15.2.1 OPERATING VALUE TEST; 15.2.2 OPERATING TIME TEST; 15.2.3 RESET VALUE TEST; 15.2.4 RESET TIME TEST; 15.2.5 TEMPERATURE RISE TEST; 15.2.6 CONTACT CAPACITY TEST; 15.2.7 OVERLOAD TEST; 15.2.8 MECHANICAL TEST; 15.3 COMMISSIONING AND ACCEPTANCE TESTS; 15.3.1 INSULATION RESISTANCE TEST; 15.3.2 SECONDARY INJECTION TEST; 15.3.3 PRIMARY INJECTION TEST; 15.3.4 TRIPPING TEST; 15.3.5 IMPULSE VOLTAGE TEST; 15.4 MAINTENANCE TESTS; 15.4.1 REQUIREMENT OF ROUTINE MAINTENANCE TEST; 15.4.2 FREQUENCY OF ROUTINE MAINTENANCE; 15.4.3 RECORDS OF COMMISSIONING AND MAINTENANCE; 15.5 TEST SETUP OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF RELAYS; 15.5.1 OVERCURRENT RELAY TEST BENCH; 15.5.2 OVERVOLTAGE RELAY TEST BENCH; 15.5.3 BIASED DIFFERENTIAL RELAY TEST BENCH; 15.5.4 DISTANCE RELAY TEST BENCH; 15.6 DIFFERENT TESTING METHODS; 15.6.1 STEADY STATE TESTING; 15.6.2 DYNAMIC TESTING; 15.6.3 SYSTEM MODEL TESTING; 15.7 COMPUTER BASED RELAY TESTING; 15.8 SUMMARY; EXERCISE; MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS; REFERENCES; CHAPTER 16: RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN PROTECTIVE RELAYS; 16.1 INTRODUCTION; 16.2 FAULT DETECTION, CLASSIFICATION AND LOCATION SCHEME; 16.3 CONCEPT OF SYNCHRONIZED PHASOR MEASUREMENT; 16.4 CONCEPT OF WIDE AREA PROTECTION AND MEASUREMENT; 16.5 WAVELET TRANSFORM BASED ALGORITHM; 16.6 TRAVELLING WAVE BASED SCHEME; 16.7 APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) TECHNIQUES IN PROTECTIVE RELAYS; 16.7.1 NEURAL NETWORK BASED SCHEME; 16.7.2 FUZZY LOGIC BASED SCHEME; 16.7.3 EXPERT SYSTEM BASED SCHEME; 16.7.4 GENETIC ALGORITHM BASED SCHEME; 16.8 SUMMARY; EXERCISE; MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS; REFERENCES; CHAPTER 17: INTRODUCTION TO PSCAD; 17.1 INTRODUCTION; 17.2 DIFFERENT LIBRARY MODELS; 17.2.1 VOLTAGE SOURCE MODEL; 17.2.1.1 DATA FORMAT FOR INTERNAL CONTROL; 17.2.1.2 SOURCE CONTROL MODES; 17.2.2 TRANSMISSION LINES; 17.2.3 MACHINES AND TRANSFORMERS; 17.2.4 ON-LINE FREQUENCY SCANNER (FFT); 17.2.5 SEQUENCE FILTER; 17.2.6 PROTECTION COMPONENTS; 17.2.7 LINE TO GROUND IMPEDANCE; 17.2.8 LINE TO LINE IMPEDANCE; 17.2.9 CSMF (CONTINUOUS SYSTEM MODEL FUNCTIONS); 17.2.10 BREAKERS; 17.2.11 CONTROL PANELS; 17.3 MAKING A SIMPLE CIRCUIT IN PSCAD; 17.4 CASE STUDY OF OVERCURRENT RELAY COORDINATION; 17.5 CASE STUDY OF IMPLEMENTATION OF DISTANCE RELAYING SCHEME; 17.5.1 EMTP/PSCAD MODELS; 17.5.2 STUDY OF SIMULATION CASE; 17.5.3 PSCAD VIEW OF DISTANCE RELAY; 17.5.3.1 SIGNAL PROCESSING BLOCK; 17.5.3.2 PROTECTION SCHEME BLOCK; 17.5.4 PHASE 'A' TO GROUND FAULT; 17.5.5 THREE PHASE FAULT; TUTORIAL-17.1; TUTORIAL-17.2; TUTORIAL-17.3; ANNEXURE -A; ANNEXURE -B; REFERENCES; APPENDICES