Progress in Botany

A. Structural Botany.- I. Cell Architecture and Cellular Morphogenesis of Eukariotic Algae (Chlorophyta).- 1. Introduction.- 2. Endomembrane Systems.- a) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and Derivatives.- b) Golgi Apparatus (GA).- 3. Semiautonomous Organelles.- a) Chloroplasts.- b) Mitochondria.- 4. Interphase Nucleus.- 5. Cytoskeleton.- a) Phytoflagellates, Zoospores, Gametes.- b) Walled Cells and Giant Coenocytes.- ?) Motility Phenomena with Uncertain Mechanism.- ?) Actin-Based Organelle Transport.- ?) Actin-Based Contraction and Wound Response in Giant Green Coenocytes.- ?) MT-Based Organelle Transport.- ?) Nuclear Rotation in Constricted Desmids.- ?) Mixed Mechanism for Chloroplast Transport.- 6. Cell Division.- 7. Cell Wall.- a) Scales and Thecae.- b) Glycoprotein Walls in the Chlamydophyceae.- c) Noncellulosic and Mixed Polysaccharide Walls.- d) Cellulosic Walls.- ?) Terminal Cellulose Synthetase Complexes (TCs).- ?) Cellulose Microfibril Orientation.- e) Wall Appendages.- 8. Morphogenesis.- a) Morphogenesis by Shaping the Protoplast.- b) Morphogenesis by Spatial Control of Wall Deposition.- c) Morphogenesis by Modification of the Wall.- ?) Spatial Control of Exocytosis.- ?) Sensing the Direction of Strain.- References.- II. Comparative Morphology, Anatomy, and Function of the Stem and Root of the Flowering Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Relationship of Cells to Organisms in Plants.- 3. Interpretations of the Shoot (Organography).- 4. Shoot Architecture and Biomechanics.- a) Patterns of Shoot Growth.- b) Biomechanics.- 5. Stem Anatomy and Function.- a) Apical Meristems.- ?) Shoot Regeneration.- b) Stem Structure.- ?) Lateral Meristems of Monocots.- ?) Dilatation Growth.- c) Nodal Anatomy.- d) Vascular Differentiation.- 6. Root Architecture.- 7. Root Anatomy and Function.- a) Apical Meristem.- b) Root Structure.- ?) Endodermis.- c) Tissue Differentiation.- 8. Wood Evolution.- a) Vessel Element Structure and Evolution.- b) Systematic and Ecological Wood Anatomy.- 9. Hydraulic Conductivity.- a) Stems.- b) Roots.- References.- B. Physiology.- I. Electrophysiology of Stomata.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Benefits and Drawbacks of Various Methods.- a) Voltage Clamp on Cells.- b) Patch Clamp on Protoplasts.- c) Combination of Methods.- 3. Major Transport Elements.- a) Proton Pump.- b) K+Inward Rectifier.- c) K+ Outward Rectifier.- d) (2H-Cl)+ Symporter.- e) Cl- Channel.- 4. Additional Transporters.- a) Ca2+Translocators.- b) K+ Translocators.- c) Mechano-Sensitive Channels.- d) Cl- Channels.- 5. Comparative Aspects.- 6. Integrated Model: Electrocoupling.- a) Description of Algorithm.- b) Physiological Voltage Ranges.- c) Osmotic Problem and Dynamic Solution.- d) Experimental Evidence.- e) Range of Validity.- f) Surprises.- g) Limitations.- 7. Final Remark.- References.- II. Exchange of Energy and Vapor Between Plants and the Atmosphere.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Energy Balance and Radiation Perception of the Vegetation.- a) Absorption and Partitioning of Incoming Radiation.- b) Exchange and Partitioning of Sensible Heat.- c) Heat Storage.- 3. Convective and Turbulent Heat and Mass Transfer.- a) Wind Effects and Canopy Structure.- b) Heat and Momentum Exchange by Kinetic Energy Transfer.- 4. Evapotranspiration from Canopy Surfaces.- 5. Large-Scale Assessment of Vegetation Structure and Energy and Matter Exchange by Satellite-Based Remote Sensing.- Appendix: Symbols, Abbreviations, and Physical Constants.- References.- III. Secondary Plant Substances: Ornithine-Derived Alkaloids.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Tobacco Alkaloids.- 3. Tropane Alkaloids.- 4. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids.- References.- IV. Mineral Nutrition: Humid Tropical Forests.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Previous Reviews and Scope.- 3. Nutrient Inventories and Nutrient Balance.- a) Nutrient Input Through Precipitation and Throughfall Enrichment by Nutrient Leaching.- b) Nutrient Concentration in Leaves.- c) Biomass Accumulation, Species Distribution, and Soil Fertility.- 4. Epiphytic Communities and the Dynamics of Nutrients in Humid Tropical Forests.- 5. Nutrient Fluxes in Litterfall, Nutrient Availability and Efficiency of Nutrient Utilization.- 6. Evaluation of Soil Fertility: Fertilization Experiments and Bioassays.- 7. Mineralization of Organic Matter and Nitrogen Availability.- 8. Denitrification.- 9. Assimilation of Inorganic Nitrogen.- 10. Symbiotic Interactions and Nutrient Uptake.- 11. Final Remarks.- References.- V. Geosiphon pyriforme (Kützing) von Wettstein, a Promising System for Studying Endocyanoses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Organism.- 3. Cytological Structure of the Geosiphon Coenocyte.- 4. Establishment of the Symbiosis, Ontogeny, and Senescense of the Coenocyte.- a) Life Cycle of Nostoc.- b) The Cytosis of Nostoc by the Fungus.- c) Maturation of the Coenocyte.- d) Specificity of Nostoc as Endosymbiont in Geosiphon.- 5. Culturing of Geosiphon.- 6. Metabolism of Geosiphon.- 7. Conclusion.- References.- VI. Significance of Glutathione Metabolism in Plants Under Stress.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Glutathione Synthesis and Degradation.- a) Glutathione Synthesis.- b) Glutathione Degradation.- 3. Glutathione and Heavy Metal Stress.- a) Heavy Metal Binding Peptides.- b) Heavy Metals and Glutathione Metabolism.- 4. Glutathione-Mediated Conjugation of Xenobiotics.- 5. Glutathione in the Compensation of Oxidative Stress.- 6. Glutathione in Plant-Pathogen Interactions.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- VII. A Stress Physiological Role for Abscisic Acid (ABA) in Lower Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Abscisic Acid in Algae.- a) Distribution of Abscisic Acid Within the Algal Kingdom.- b) Abscisic Acid Content and Permeability Coefficients.- c) Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Abscisic Acid.- d) Effect of Stress on the Endogenous ABA Level.- e) The Physiological Role of Abscisic Acid.- 3. Abscisic Acid in Bryophytes.- a) Biosynthesis and Metabolism.- b) The Physiological Role of ABA.- ?) Developmental Processes-The Conversion of Submerged Thalli into Terrestrial Forms.- ?) Stomatal Reactions.- ?) Induction of Desiccation Tolerance.- 4. Abscisic Acid in Fungi.- a) Biosynthesis and Metabolism.- b) Transport of ABA Across Fungal Membranes.- c) Functions of Fungal ABA.- ?) ABA of Pathogenic Fungi.- ?) ABA in Mycorrhizal and Rhizospheric Fungi.- 5. ABA in Lichens.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- VIII. UV-B Effects on Terrestrial Plants and Aquatic Organisms.- 1. General Introduction.- 2. Effects on Terrestrial Plants.- a) Growth.- b) Photosynthesis and Yield.- c) UV-Protection and Adaptation.- d) Combination Effects.- 3. Effects on Aquatic Organisms.- a) Orientation and Motility.- b) Photosynthesis.- c) Nitrogen Assimilation.- d) UV-B Protection.- e) Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Increase.- References.- IX. Molecular Aspects of Natural and Induced Incompatibility in Flowering Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Gametophytic Self-Incompatibility.- 3. Sporophytic Self-Incompatibility.- 4. Cytoplasmic and Nuclear Male Sterility.- References.- C. Genetics.- I. Replication and Cell Cycle Control.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Origins: to Be or not to Be Localized.- 3. Nucleosomes: the Problem Solved?.- 4. Replication Pattern and Chromatin "Flavors".- 5. Cdc2 and the New Cell Cycle Philosophy.- 6. Amplification: from Complexity to Perplexity.- 7. Evolution and Replication.- References.- II. Recombination: Effects on Structure and Function of the Mitochondrial Genome.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Organization of the Mitochondrial Genome.- a) Recombination Repeats and Rare Recombination Events.- b) Implications of Nuclear and Chloroplast Sequences.- c) Introns Present in the mtDNA.- d) Plasmids.- 3. Nuclear-Mitochondrial Interactions.- a) Cytoplasmic Male Sterility (CMS).- b) Restoration of Male Fertility.- c) Abnormal Plant Development.- 4. Rearrangements Induced by in Vitro Culture.- 5. Somatic Hybrids.- 6. Transformation Using Mitochondrial Genes.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- III. Mutation: Higher Plants.- 1. Environmental Mutagenesis.- 2. Antimutagenic Plant Substances.- 3. Gene Mutations.- a) Meiotic Mutants.- b) Mutants of Agronomic Interest.- c) Somaclonal Variation.- 4. Genome Mutations.- a) Haploids.- b) Autopolyploids.- c) Allopolyploids.- ?) Natural Allopolyploids, Genome Analyses.- ?) Experimentally Produced Allopolyploids via Gametic Hybridization.- ?) Allopolyploids Through Somatic Hybridization.- d) Polyploids Through Unreduced Gametes.- e) Aneuploids.- References.- IV. Function of Genetic Material, Regulation of Genes Encoding Seed Storage Proteins.- 1. Introduction: A Model System of Gene Regulation.- 2. Glossary: Definition of Frequent Expressions.- 3. Overview: Regulation of Storage Protein Synthesis.- 4. Control Structures of Zein Genes.- 5. Trans-Activation of Genes by Regulatory Proteins.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- V. Extranuclear Inheritance: Plastid Genetics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Present Status of Complete Sequencing of Plastid Genomes.- 3. Classification of the Plastid Genes: "Genetic System Genes" and "Photosynthesis Genes".- 4. Plastid DNA Deletions in Nonphotosynthetic Plants.- 5. RNA Editing in Plastids.- 6. Direct Gene Transfer into Plastids of Higher Plants.- References.- VI. Population Genetics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Significance of Genetic Variability for the Plasticity of a Population/Species.- 3. Population Size and Genetic Variability.- a) Random Genetic Drift.- b) Inbreeding.- 4. Conservation of Genes.- a) Conservation and Breeding.- b) Conservation by Gene Banks.- References.- D. Taxonomy.- I. Lichenized and Lichenicolous Fungi 1991-1992.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Character Investigation.- a) Morphology, Anatomy, and Ontogeny of the Mycobiont.- b) Chemotaxonomy.- c) Molecular Biology.- d) Biology.- e) Phylogeny.- 3. Classification.- a) Lichenized Ascomycetes.- ?) Pyrenocarpous Orders.- ?) Discocarpous Orders.- ?) Other Discocarpous Orders.- b) Incertae Sedis.- c) Lichenicolous Fungi.- 4. Floristics.- a) General.- b) The Northern Extratropics.- ?) Europe.- ?) North America.- ?) Other Areas.- c) The Tropics.- d) The Southern Extratropics.- 5. Chorology.- a) Mapping in Europe.- b) Intercontinental Floristic Affinities.- 6. Ecology.- a) Analysis of Vegetation Structures.- b) External Relations.- 7. Applied Aspects.- a) Pollution Monitoring.- b) Conservation.- References.- II. Molecular Systematics: 1991-1993.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Progress from 1991-1993.- 3. Advances in Methodology.- a) Tissue Preservation/DNA Extraction.- b) PCR/Sequencing Innovations.- c) Genome Analysis.- d) Data Analysis.- 4. Systematic Progess in Algae.- 5. Systematic Progress in Bryophytes.- 6. Systematic Progress in Nonseed Vascular Land Plants.- 7. Systematic Progress in Gymnosperms.- 8. Systematic Progress in Angiosperms.- a) Major Lineages of Flowering Plants.- b) Ordinal Studies.- c) Familial Studies.- 9. Morphological/Molecular Integration.- 10. Hybridization/Introgression.- 11. Biogeography.- 12. Interfacing Ecology and Systematics.- 13. Molecular Clocks.- 14. Future Prospects and Problems.- References.- III. Karyology and Cytogenetics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. A Novel Approach: Genomic in Situ Hybridization.- 3. Cold-Sensitive or Cold-Induced Chromosome Regions (CSRs, CIRs).- 4. Karyotypes, Polyploidy, DNA Amounts, and Cytogeographic Distribution.- a) Dicotyledoneae.- b) Monocotyledoneae.- References.- E. Geobotany.- I. Plant Population Ecology.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Sexual Reproduction and Its Effects on Population Dynamics.- a) Production of Seeds.- b) Dispersal of Seeds.- c) Germination.- d) Seed Bank.- e) Establishment of Seedlings.- 3. Plant-Plant Interference: Competition.- a) Mechanisms of Competition.- b) Self-Thinning in Plant Stands.- c) Changes in Growth Characteristics by Competition.- d) Competition and Community Processes.- 4. The Clonal Growth Form and the Structure of Populations.- a) Architectural Plasticity in Clonal Plants.- b) Physiological Integration and Characteristics of Clonal Growth.- c) Clonal Growth Pattern: Insights from Models.- d) Growth Strategies of Clonal Plants and Their Ecology.- e) Dynamics in Clonal Populations and Recruitment from Seedlings...- 5. Impact of Herbivory on Plant Populations.- a) Growth Responses of Plants After Herbivore Attack.- b) Induced Anti-Herbivory Defense.- c) Permanent Defense in Plants.- d) Costs of Anti-Herbivory Defense.- e) Stress and Herbivory.- f) Herbivory and Community Processes.- 6. Applied Aspects.- References.