Paediatric Pathology

1 Examination of the Fetus and the Neonatal Autopsy.- History.- Dimensions.- Weights.- Dating.- Chronology of Early Pregnancy.- External Examination.- Internal Examination.- Abnormalities of Specific Systems.- Blighted Ova.- Normal Organ Weights in the Fetus.- Some Normal Historical Appearances During Development.- The Neonatal Autopsy.- Checklist for Paediatric Autopsy.- 2 Congenital Malformations.- Genetics of Common Malformations.- Chromosomal Abnormality and Malformations.- Human Teratogens.- Infectious Causes of Abnormal Development.- Paternal Effects of Teratogens.- 3 Cardiac Pathology.- Autopsy Technique.- Examination of the Arrangement of the Organs (Situs).- Sequential Segmental Analysis of the Heart.- Congenital Heart Disease.- Congenital Malformations of the Aorta.- Congenital Malformations of the Central Pulmonary Arteries.- Isolated Congenital Abnormalities of Endocardium, Myocardium and Pericardium.- Congenital Heart Block.- Complications of Congenital Heart Disease.- Syndromes Commonly Associated with Cardiovascular Malformations.- Cardiac Tumours.- 4 Central Nervous System.- Cell Populations in the CNS and their Reactions.- Assessment of Gestational Age.- Malformations.- Encephaloclastic Lesions.- Hypoxic-ischaemic Brain Damage.- Cerebral Palsy.- Hydrocephalus.- Raised Intracranial Pressure and Space-occupying Lesions.- Epilepsy.- Lead Poisoning.- Inherited Metabolic Disease.- Non-inherited Metabolic Encephalopathies.- Miscellaneous Neurodegenerative Conditions.- Neurocutaneous Syndromes.- Infections.- Demyelination.- Cerebrovascular Disease.- Trauma.- Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).- Tumours.- 5 Gastrointestinal System.- Embryology.- Facial and Oral Abnormalities.- Salivary Glands.- Oesophagus.- Stomach.- Duodenum.- Pancreas.- Small Bowel.- Malformations of the Anus and Rectum.- Polypoid Lesions of the Large Bowel.- Ulcerative Colitis.- Crohn's Disease.- Perforation of the Large Bowel.- Hernias.- Pneumatosis Intestinalis.- Malignant Tumours.- 6 Liver and Gallbladder.- Embryology.- Anomalies of Position, Form and Size.- Cystic Disease.- Erythroblastosis Fetalis.- Neonatal Jaundice.- Metabolic Defects Causing Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinaemia.- Inherited Metabolic Disease.- Giant Cell Transformation and Intrahepatic Cholestasis.- Obstructive Jaundice.- Intravenous Alimentation.- Infections.- Reye's Syndrome.- Kwashiorkor.- Cirrhosis.- Thalassaemia.- Mucoviscidosis.- Nodular Regenerative Hyperplasia.- Budd-Chiari Syndrome.- Aflatoxicosis.- Tumours.- Gallbladder.- Cholecystitis.- Cholelithiasis.- 7 Respiratory System.- Development and Structure.- Nose and Nasopharynx.- Larnyx and Trachea.- Lungs.- Bronchial Lesions.- Lung Involvement in Metabolic Diseases.- Tumours.- 8 Kidney and Lower Urinary Tract.- Embryology.- Congenital Anomalies.- Cystic Diseases of the Kidney.- Renal Diseases Principally Affecting the Glomeruli.- Renal Vascular Disease.- Renal Infection.- Urolithiasis.- Hereditary Abnormalities of Renal Tubular Transport.- Renal Tumours.- Embryology of the Renal Pelvis, Ureter, Bladder and Urethra.- Renal Pelvis and Ureter.- Bladder.- Urethra.- Disorders of Differentiation of the Genital Tract.- 9 Bones and Joints.- Normal Development of the Skeletal System.- Abnormal Development.- Skeletal Abnormalities Developed Later in Childhood or Adolescence.- Osteogenesis Imperfecta.- Hyperostosis (Osteosclerosis).- Inborn Errors of Metabolism.- Metabolic Disorders Related to Bones.- Endocrine Disorders and the Skeleton.- Skeletal Changes in Haematological Disorders.- Chronic Polyarthritis.- Infections of Bones and Joints.- Tumours and Tumour-like Conditions.- 10 Muscle and Peripheral Nerve.- Muscle Biopsy Techniques.- Histological Features of Neuromuscular Disease.- Classification of Neuromuscular Disorders.- Myopathic Disorders.- Inflammatory Myopathies.- Myasthenia Gravis.- Neurogenic Disorders.- Diseases of Peripheral Nerve.- Genetically Determined Neuropathies.- Acquired Neuropathies.- 11 Spleen, Lymph Nodes and Immunoreactive Tissues.- Embryogenesis and Development.- Fetal Immunoreactivity.- Immune Deficiency States.- Other Diseases of the Thymus.- Anatomical Abnormalities of the Spleen.- Effects of Splenectomy.- Cysts, Hamartomas and Heterotopias.- Storage Disorders.- Langerhans' Cell Histiocytosis.- Malignant Lymphomas.- 12 Bone Marrow.- Development of Haemopoiesis and Bone Marrow.- Normal Bone Marrow.- Anaemia.- Granulocytopenia.- Thrombocytopenia.- Pancytopenia.- Myelodysplasia.- Myeloproliferative Disorders.- Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemias.- Thrombocytosis.- Histiocytic Disorders.- Metastatic Bone Marrow Disease.- 13 Endocrine Pathology.- Adrenal Cortex.- Adrenal Medulla and Paraganglia.- Pancreatic Islets.- Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes.- Parathyroid Glands.- Pituitary.- Thyroid.- Hormonal Effects of Gonadal Tumours.- Ectopic Hormone Syndromes Associated with Tumours.- 14 Infectious Diseases.- Infections in Newborn Infants and Fetuses.- Infections in Malnourished Children.- Mycobacterial Infections.- Bacterial Infections.- Viral Infections.- Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma Infections.- Fungal Infections.- Protozoal Infections.- Rickettsial Diseases.- Parasitic Disease.- 15 AIDS.- Diagnosis of HIV Infection in Infants.- Clinical Features.- Systematic Pathology.- Opportunistic Infections.- AIDS Associated Neoplasms.- AIDS in African Children.- 16 Metabolic Disorders: a Simplified Approach to Their Diagnosis.- Blood Film Examination.- Bone Marrow Examination.- Urine Examination.- Neuronal Storage Disease: Diagnosis by Rectal Biopsy.- Glycogen Storage Disease.- Other Tissues and Techniques.- 17 Embryonal Tumours.- Aetiology.- Retinoblastoma.- Neuroblastoma.- Medulloblastoma.- Nephroblastoma.- Rhabdomyosarcoma.- Hepatoblastoma.- Teratomas.- Second Malignant Neoplasms in Children Surviving Embryonic Tumours.- 18 Sudden Unexpected Infant Death.- Necropsy Investigations.- Necropsy Findings.