Analyzing Qualitative Data
Systematic Approaches
2nd Edition
Published on 16. September 2016
Book
Paperback/Softback
576 pages
978-1-4833-4438-6 (ISBN)
Description
The fully updated Second Edition presents systematic methods for analyzing qualitative data with clear and easy-to-understand steps. The first half is an overview of the basics, from choosing a topic to collecting data, and coding to finding themes, while the second half covers different methods of analysis, including grounded theory, content analysis, analytic induction, semantic network analysis, ethnographic decision modeling, and more. Real examples drawn from social science and health literature along with carefully crafted, hands-on exercises at the end of each chapter allow readers to master key techniques and apply them to their own disciplines.
More details
Edition
2nd Revised edition
Language
English
Place of publication
Thousand Oaks
United States
Target group
College/higher education
Edition type
Revised edition
Dimensions
Height: 232 mm
Width: 187 mm
Weight
848 gr
ISBN-13
978-1-4833-4438-6 (9781483344386)
Copyright in bibliographic data and cover images is held by Nielsen Book Services Limited or by the publishers or by their respective licensors: all rights reserved.
Schweitzer Classification
Other editions
Previous edition
Book
10/2009
1st Edition
SAGE Publications Inc
€104.18
Article exhausted; check for reprint
Persons
H. Russell Bernard is director of the Institute for Social Science Research at Arizona State University and Professor Emeritus of Anthropology of the University of Florida. He is a cultural anthropologist specializing in technology and social change, language revitalization, and social network analysis. Bernard has done research or taught at universities in the United States, Mexico, Greece, Japan, and Germany. He is a former editor of Human Organization and the American Anthropologist and is the founder and editor of the journal Field Methods. Bernard's books include Research Methods in Anthropology and Social Research Methods (both with Amber Wutich); Analyzing Qualitative Data (with Gery Ryan and Amber Wutich); and Native Ethnography (with Jesus Salinas Pedraza). Bernard was the 2003 recipient of the Franz Boas Award and the 2024 recipient of the Conrad Arensberg Award from the American Anthropological Association and is a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences.
Amber Wutich is a Regents & President's Professor of Anthropology at Arizona State University, a MacArthur Fellow, and Director of ASU's Center for Global Health. An ethnographer and methodologist, Wutich has authored 200+ papers, co-edits the journal Field Methods, and directs the NSF Cultural Anthropology Methods Program. Her two decades of community-based fieldwork explores how people respond, individually and collectively, to extremely water-scarce conditions. An expert on water insecurity, Wutich directs the Global Ethnohydrology Study, a cross-cultural study of water knowledge and management in 20+ countries. She leads Arizona Water for All, a participatory study that develops collaborative water solutions with water-insecure U.S. communities. Wutich's books include The Human Story: An Introduction to Anthropology (with Alexandra Brewis, Kelly Knudson, Christopher Stojanowski, and Cindi SturtzSreetharan), Lazy, Crazy, Disgusting: Stigma and the Undoing of Global Health (with Alexandra Brewis), Research Methods in Anthropology and Social Research Methods (both with H. Russell Bernard); and Analyzing Qualitative Data (with H. Russell Bernard and Gery Ryan). Gery Ryan (Ph. D., University of Florida, 1995) is a Senior Behavioral Scientist at the RAND Corporation and Assistant Dean for Academic Affairs at the Pardee RAND Graduate School in Policy Analysis. Ryan's research focuses on social factors in mental and physical health, and includes studies on HIV/AIDS, depression, serious mental illness, childhood diarrhea and acute respiratory illnesses, obesity and complementary and alternative medicine. He has worked extensively in Latin America and Africa on health-related issues and helped redesign and implement a large-scale education reform in Qatar. As a methodologist, Ryan has published widely on the application of systematic methods to qualitative research. Over the last 20 years, he has run workshops sponsored by NSF, NIH, CDC and WHO on qualitative research methods and has taught these methods at UCLA, Pardee RAND, and the University of Missouri.
Amber Wutich is a Regents & President's Professor of Anthropology at Arizona State University, a MacArthur Fellow, and Director of ASU's Center for Global Health. An ethnographer and methodologist, Wutich has authored 200+ papers, co-edits the journal Field Methods, and directs the NSF Cultural Anthropology Methods Program. Her two decades of community-based fieldwork explores how people respond, individually and collectively, to extremely water-scarce conditions. An expert on water insecurity, Wutich directs the Global Ethnohydrology Study, a cross-cultural study of water knowledge and management in 20+ countries. She leads Arizona Water for All, a participatory study that develops collaborative water solutions with water-insecure U.S. communities. Wutich's books include The Human Story: An Introduction to Anthropology (with Alexandra Brewis, Kelly Knudson, Christopher Stojanowski, and Cindi SturtzSreetharan), Lazy, Crazy, Disgusting: Stigma and the Undoing of Global Health (with Alexandra Brewis), Research Methods in Anthropology and Social Research Methods (both with H. Russell Bernard); and Analyzing Qualitative Data (with H. Russell Bernard and Gery Ryan). Gery Ryan (Ph. D., University of Florida, 1995) is a Senior Behavioral Scientist at the RAND Corporation and Assistant Dean for Academic Affairs at the Pardee RAND Graduate School in Policy Analysis. Ryan's research focuses on social factors in mental and physical health, and includes studies on HIV/AIDS, depression, serious mental illness, childhood diarrhea and acute respiratory illnesses, obesity and complementary and alternative medicine. He has worked extensively in Latin America and Africa on health-related issues and helped redesign and implement a large-scale education reform in Qatar. As a methodologist, Ryan has published widely on the application of systematic methods to qualitative research. Over the last 20 years, he has run workshops sponsored by NSF, NIH, CDC and WHO on qualitative research methods and has taught these methods at UCLA, Pardee RAND, and the University of Missouri.
Content
Chapter 1: Introduction to Text: Qualitative Data Analysis
Introduction: What Is Qualitative Data Analysis?
What Are Data and What Makes Them Qualitative?
About Numbers and Words
Research Goals
Kinds of Qualitative Data
Key Concepts in This Chapter
Summary
Further Reading
Chapter 2: Choosing a Topic and Searching the Literature
Introduction
Exploratory and Confirmatory Research
Four Questions to Ask About Research Questions
The Role of Theory in Social Research
Choosing a Research Question
The Literature Search
Databases for Searching the Literature
Key Concepts in This Chapter
Summary
Exercises
Further Reading
Chapter 3: Research Design I: Sampling
Introduction
Two Kinds of Samples
Kinds of Nonprobability Samples
Key Concepts in This Chapter
Summary
Exercises
Further Reading
Chapter 4: Research Design II: Collecting Data
Introduction
Data Collection Methods
Indirect Observation
Direct Observation
Elicitation Methods
Accuracy
Eliciting Cultural Domains
Mixed Methods
Choosing a Data Collection Strategy
Key Concepts in This Chapter
Summary
Exercises
Further Reading
Chapter 5: Finding Themes
Introduction
What's a Theme?
Where Do Themes Come From?
Eight Observational Techniques: Things to Look for
Four Manipulative Techniques: Ways to Process Texts
Selecting Among Techniques
And Finally...
Key Concepts in This Chapter
Summary
Exercises
Further Reading
Chapter 6: Codebooks and Coding
Introduction
Three Kinds of Codes
Building Codebooks
Using Existing Codes
Codebooks Continue to Develop
Hierarchical Organization of Codebooks
Applying Theme Codes to Text
The Mechanics of Marking Text
Multiple Coders
The Content of Codebooks
Describing Themes: Bloom's Study of AIDS
Finding Typical Segments of Text
Key Concepts in This Chapter
Summary
Exercises
Further Reading
Chapter 7: Introduction to Data Analysis
Introduction: What Is analysis?
Database Management
Data Matrices
Proximity Matrices
Key Concepts in This Chapter
Summary
Exercises
Further Reading
Chapter 8: Conceptual Models
Introduction
Statistical Models and Text Analysis
Building Models
Step 1: Identifying Key Concepts
Step 2: Linking Key Constructs
Step 3: Testing the Model
Key Concepts in This Chapter
Summary
Exercises
Further Reading
Chapter 9: Comparing Attributes of Variables
Introduction
Fundamental Features of Comparisons
Levels of Measurement
Converting Text to Variable Data
Levels of Aggregation
Many Types of Comparisons
Comparing the Columns
And Finally...
Key Concepts in This Chapter
Summary
Exercises
Further Reading
Chapter 10: Grounded Theory
Introduction: On Induction and Deduction
Overview of Grounded Theory
A GT Project: Schlau's Study of Adjustment to Becoming Deaf as an Adult
Visualizing Grounded Theories
Key Concepts in This Chapter
Summary
Exercises
Further Reading
Chapter 11: Content Analysis
Introduction
History of Content Analysis
Doing Content Analysis
Intercoder Reliability
A Real Example of Using Kappa: Carey et al.'s Study
Cross-Cultural Content Analysis: HRAF
Automated Content Analysis: Content Dictionaries
Key Concepts in This Chapter
Summary
Exercises
Further Reading
Chapter 12: Schema Analysis
Introduction
History of Schema Analysis
Mental Models
Kinds of Schemas
Methods for Studying Schemas
Folk Theories: Kempton's Study of Home Thermostats
Key Concepts in This Chapter
Summary
Exercises
Further Reading
Chapter 13: Narrative Analysis
Introduction
Sociolinguistics
Hermeneutics
Phenomenology
Steps in a Phenomenological Study
Key Concepts in This Chapter
Summary
Exercises
Further Reading
Chapter 14: Discourse Analysis II: Conversation and Performance
Introduction
Grammar Beyond the Sentence
Conversation Analysis
Transcriptions
Taking Turns in a Jury
Performance Analysis: Ethnopoetics
Language in Use
Critical Discourse Analysis: Language and Power
Key Concepts in This Chapter
Summary
Exercises
Further Reading
Chapter 15: Analytic Induction and Qualitative Comparative Analysis
Introduction
Induction and Deduction-Again
Analytic Induction
Qualitative Comparative Analysis-QCA
And Finally...
Key Concepts in This Chapter
Summary
Exercises
Further Reading
Chapter 16: Ethnographic Decision Models
Introduction
How to Build EDMs
Key Concepts in This Chapter
Summary
Exercises
Further Reading
Chapter 17: KWIC Analysis and Word Counts
Introduction
KWIC-Key Word in Context
An Example of KWIC
Word Counts
Words and Matrices
Personal Ads
Describing Children
Word Counts Are Only a Start
Key Concepts in This Chapter
Summary
Exercises
Further Reading
Chapter 18: Cultural Domain Analysis
Introduction
What Are Cultural Domains?
Free Lists
Plotting Free Lists
Analyzing Free List Data
Pile Sorts
Analyzing Pile Sort Data: MDS
Folk Taxonomies
How to Make a Taxonomy: Lists and Frames
And Finally...
Key Concepts in This Chapter
Summary
Exercises
Further Reading
Chapter 19: Semantic Network Analysis
Introduction
Converting Texts Into Similarity Matrices
Jang and Barnett's Study of CEO Letters
Nolan and Ryan's Study of Horror Films
Some Cautions About All This
Semantic Network Analysis of Themes
And Finally...
Key Concepts in This Chapter
Summary
Exercises
Further Reading
Appendix
Introduction: What Is Qualitative Data Analysis?
What Are Data and What Makes Them Qualitative?
About Numbers and Words
Research Goals
Kinds of Qualitative Data
Key Concepts in This Chapter
Summary
Further Reading
Chapter 2: Choosing a Topic and Searching the Literature
Introduction
Exploratory and Confirmatory Research
Four Questions to Ask About Research Questions
The Role of Theory in Social Research
Choosing a Research Question
The Literature Search
Databases for Searching the Literature
Key Concepts in This Chapter
Summary
Exercises
Further Reading
Chapter 3: Research Design I: Sampling
Introduction
Two Kinds of Samples
Kinds of Nonprobability Samples
Key Concepts in This Chapter
Summary
Exercises
Further Reading
Chapter 4: Research Design II: Collecting Data
Introduction
Data Collection Methods
Indirect Observation
Direct Observation
Elicitation Methods
Accuracy
Eliciting Cultural Domains
Mixed Methods
Choosing a Data Collection Strategy
Key Concepts in This Chapter
Summary
Exercises
Further Reading
Chapter 5: Finding Themes
Introduction
What's a Theme?
Where Do Themes Come From?
Eight Observational Techniques: Things to Look for
Four Manipulative Techniques: Ways to Process Texts
Selecting Among Techniques
And Finally...
Key Concepts in This Chapter
Summary
Exercises
Further Reading
Chapter 6: Codebooks and Coding
Introduction
Three Kinds of Codes
Building Codebooks
Using Existing Codes
Codebooks Continue to Develop
Hierarchical Organization of Codebooks
Applying Theme Codes to Text
The Mechanics of Marking Text
Multiple Coders
The Content of Codebooks
Describing Themes: Bloom's Study of AIDS
Finding Typical Segments of Text
Key Concepts in This Chapter
Summary
Exercises
Further Reading
Chapter 7: Introduction to Data Analysis
Introduction: What Is analysis?
Database Management
Data Matrices
Proximity Matrices
Key Concepts in This Chapter
Summary
Exercises
Further Reading
Chapter 8: Conceptual Models
Introduction
Statistical Models and Text Analysis
Building Models
Step 1: Identifying Key Concepts
Step 2: Linking Key Constructs
Step 3: Testing the Model
Key Concepts in This Chapter
Summary
Exercises
Further Reading
Chapter 9: Comparing Attributes of Variables
Introduction
Fundamental Features of Comparisons
Levels of Measurement
Converting Text to Variable Data
Levels of Aggregation
Many Types of Comparisons
Comparing the Columns
And Finally...
Key Concepts in This Chapter
Summary
Exercises
Further Reading
Chapter 10: Grounded Theory
Introduction: On Induction and Deduction
Overview of Grounded Theory
A GT Project: Schlau's Study of Adjustment to Becoming Deaf as an Adult
Visualizing Grounded Theories
Key Concepts in This Chapter
Summary
Exercises
Further Reading
Chapter 11: Content Analysis
Introduction
History of Content Analysis
Doing Content Analysis
Intercoder Reliability
A Real Example of Using Kappa: Carey et al.'s Study
Cross-Cultural Content Analysis: HRAF
Automated Content Analysis: Content Dictionaries
Key Concepts in This Chapter
Summary
Exercises
Further Reading
Chapter 12: Schema Analysis
Introduction
History of Schema Analysis
Mental Models
Kinds of Schemas
Methods for Studying Schemas
Folk Theories: Kempton's Study of Home Thermostats
Key Concepts in This Chapter
Summary
Exercises
Further Reading
Chapter 13: Narrative Analysis
Introduction
Sociolinguistics
Hermeneutics
Phenomenology
Steps in a Phenomenological Study
Key Concepts in This Chapter
Summary
Exercises
Further Reading
Chapter 14: Discourse Analysis II: Conversation and Performance
Introduction
Grammar Beyond the Sentence
Conversation Analysis
Transcriptions
Taking Turns in a Jury
Performance Analysis: Ethnopoetics
Language in Use
Critical Discourse Analysis: Language and Power
Key Concepts in This Chapter
Summary
Exercises
Further Reading
Chapter 15: Analytic Induction and Qualitative Comparative Analysis
Introduction
Induction and Deduction-Again
Analytic Induction
Qualitative Comparative Analysis-QCA
And Finally...
Key Concepts in This Chapter
Summary
Exercises
Further Reading
Chapter 16: Ethnographic Decision Models
Introduction
How to Build EDMs
Key Concepts in This Chapter
Summary
Exercises
Further Reading
Chapter 17: KWIC Analysis and Word Counts
Introduction
KWIC-Key Word in Context
An Example of KWIC
Word Counts
Words and Matrices
Personal Ads
Describing Children
Word Counts Are Only a Start
Key Concepts in This Chapter
Summary
Exercises
Further Reading
Chapter 18: Cultural Domain Analysis
Introduction
What Are Cultural Domains?
Free Lists
Plotting Free Lists
Analyzing Free List Data
Pile Sorts
Analyzing Pile Sort Data: MDS
Folk Taxonomies
How to Make a Taxonomy: Lists and Frames
And Finally...
Key Concepts in This Chapter
Summary
Exercises
Further Reading
Chapter 19: Semantic Network Analysis
Introduction
Converting Texts Into Similarity Matrices
Jang and Barnett's Study of CEO Letters
Nolan and Ryan's Study of Horror Films
Some Cautions About All This
Semantic Network Analysis of Themes
And Finally...
Key Concepts in This Chapter
Summary
Exercises
Further Reading
Appendix