Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION xvii PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION xxi PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION xxv PREFACE xxix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxxvii 1 THE FIRST LAW 1 1.1 Terminology, 1 1.2 Closed Systems, 4 1.3 Work Transfer, 7 1.4 Heat Transfer, 12 1.5 Energy Change, 16 1.6 Open Systems, 18 1.7 History, 23 References, 31 Problems, 33 2 THE SECOND LAW 39 2.1 Closed Systems, 39 2.2 Open Systems, 54 2.3 Local Equilibrium, 56 2.4 Entropy Maximum and Energy Minimum, 57 2.5 Carathéodory's Two Axioms, 62 2.6 A Heat Transfer Man's Two Axioms, 71 2.7 History, 77 References, 78 Problems, 80 3 ENTROPY GENERATION, OR EXERGY DESTRUCTION 95 3.1 Lost Available Work, 96 3.2 Cycles, 102 3.3 Nonflow Processes, 109 3.4 Steady-Flow Processes, 113 3.5 Mechanisms of Entropy Generation, 119 3.6 Entropy Generation Minimization, 126 References, 132 Problems, 133 4 SINGLE-PHASE SYSTEMS 140 4.1 Simple System, 140 4.2 Equilibrium Conditions, 141 4.3 The Fundamental Relation, 146 4.4 Legendre Transforms, 154 4.5 Relations between Thermodynamic Properties, 163 4.6 Partial Molal Properties, 179 4.7 Ideal Gas Mixtures, 183 4.8 Real Gas Mixtures, 186 References, 189 Problems, 190 5 EXERGY ANALYSIS 195 5.1 Nonflow Systems, 195 5.2 Flow Systems, 198 5.3 Generalized Exergy Analysis, 201 5.4 Air Conditioning, 203 References, 210 Problems, 210 6 MULTIPHASE SYSTEMS 213 6.1 The Energy Minimum Principle, 213 6.2 The Stability of a Simple System, 219 6.3 The Continuity of the Vapor and Liquid States, 224 6.4 Phase Diagrams, 236 6.5 Corresponding States, 247 References, 264 Problems, 266 7 CHEMICALLY REACTIVE SYSTEMS 271 7.1 Equilibrium, 271 7.2 Irreversible Reactions, 287 7.3 Steady-Flow Combustion, 295 7.4 The Chemical Exergy of Fuels, 316 7.5 Combustion at Constant Volume, 320 References, 324 Problems, 325 8 POWER GENERATION 328 8.1 Maximum Power Subject to Size Constraint, 328 8.2 Maximum Power from a Hot Stream, 332 8.3 External Irreversibilities, 338 8.4 Internal Irreversibilities, 344 8.5 Advanced Steam Turbine Power Plants, 352 8.6 Advanced Gas Turbine Power Plants, 366 8.7 Combined Steam Turbine and Gas Turbine Power Plants, 376 References, 379 Problems, 381 9 SOLAR POWER 394 9.1 Thermodynamic Properties of Thermal Radiation, 394 9.2 Reversible Processes, 403 9.3 Irreversible Processes, 404 9.4 The Ideal Conversion of Enclosed Blackbody Radiation, 413 9.5 Maximization of Power Output Per Unit Collector Area, 424 9.6 Convectively Cooled Collectors, 431 9.7 Extraterrestrial Solar Power Plant, 436 9.8 Climate, 438 9.9 Self-Pumping and Atmospheric Circulation, 449 References, 453 Problems, 455 10 REFRIGERATION 461 10.1 Joule-Thomson Expansion, 461 10.2 Work-Producing Expansion, 468 10.3 Brayton Cycle, 471 10.4 Intermediate Cooling, 477 10.5 Liquefaction, 492 10.6 Refrigerator Models with Internal Heat Leak, 502 10.7 Magnetic Refrigeration, 509 References, 518 Problems, 521 11 ENTROPY GENERATION MINIMIZATION 531 11.1 Competing Irreversibilities, 531 11.2 Balanced Counterflow Heat Exchangers, 543 11.3 Storage Systems, 555 11.4 Power Maximization or Entropy Generation Minimization, 570 11.5 From Entropy Generation Minimization to Constructal Law, 583 References, 592 Problems, 595 12 IRREVERSIBLE THERMODYNAMICS 601 12.1 Conjugate Fluxes and Forces, 602 12.2 Linearized Relations, 606 12.3 Reciprocity Relations, 607 12.4 Thermoelectric Phenomena, 610 12.5 Heat Conduction in Anisotropic Media, 625 12.6 Mass Diffusion, 635 References, 640 Problems, 642 13 THE CONSTRUCTAL LAW 646 13.1 Evolution, 646 13.2 Mathematical Formulation of the Constructal Law, 649 13.3 Inanimate Flow Systems, 655 13.4 Animate Flow Systems, 673 13.5 Size and Efficiency: Economies of Scale, 689 13.6 Growth, Spreading, and Collecting, 691 13.7 Asymmetry and Vascularization, 693 13.8 Human Preferences for Shapes, 697 13.9 The Arrow of Time, 699 References, 702 Problems, 706 APPENDIX 725 Constants, 725 Mathematical Formulas, 726 Variational Calculus, 727 Properties of Moderately Compressed Liquid States, 728 Properties of Slightly Superheated Vapor States, 729 Properties of Cold Water Near the Density Maximum, 729 References, 730 SYMBOLS 731 INDEX 741