Life Cycle Design

1 Introduction.- 1.1 Need for a Manual.- 1.2 Function of the Manual.- 1.3 Design of the Manual.- 1.4 Use of the Manual.- 2 Environmental Challenges for Enterprises.- 2.1 Dynamics and Limits to Growth.- 2.2 Limits to Ecological Capacity.- 2.3 Sustainability as a Guiding Principle for Economic Management.- 2.4 Challenges.- 3 New Framework.- 3.1 New Instruments.- 3.2 Environmental Management and Audit Scheme of the European Union.- 3.3 Ecolabelling.- 3.4 ISO Standardization.- 3.5 Environmental Laws and Regulations.- 3.6 Ecotaxes.- 3.7 Consumer Demands.- 3.8 Supplier Demands.- 3.9 Product Liability.- 4 Environmental Situation of Complex Products.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Environmental Weaknesses of Complex Products.- 4.2.1 Shortening the Life Span of Products.- 4.2.2 Product Designs that are Difficult to Disassemble or Recycle.- 4.2.3 Insufficient Collection, Return and Reuse Logistics.- 4.2.4 Low Use of Renewable Resources.- 4.2.5 Potential Toxicity.- 4.2.6 Energy Consumption.- 4.2.7 Disposal Situation.- 5 The Process.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Stakeholders for Life Cycle Design.- 5.3 Tools for the Design Process.- 5.3.1 Product Strategy Stage.- 5.3.2 Product-Formulation Stage.- 5.3.3 Product-Specification Stage.- 6 Principles and Criteria.- 6.1 Achieving Environmental Efficiency / Optimal Function.- 6.2 Saving Resources.- 6.3 Use of Renewable and Sufficiently Available Resources.- 6.4. Increasing Product Durability.- 6.5 Design for Product Reuse.- 6.6 Design for Material Recycling.- 6.7 Design for Disassembly.- 6.8 Minimizing Harmful Substances.- 6.9 Environmentally Friendly Production.- 6.10 Minimize Environmental Impact of Product in Use.- 6.11 Using Environmentally Friendly Packaging.- 6.12 Environmentally Friendly Disposal of Nonrecyclable Materials.- 6.13 Implementing Environmentally Friendly Logistics.- 7 Trade-Offs Between Criteria.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 What Trade-Offs Can Arise?.- 7.3 How to Solve These Conflicts.- 8 Environmental Assessment Tools.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Principles of Life Cycle Thinking.- 8.3 Life Cycle Assessment.- 8.3.1 Goal and Scope Definition.- 8.3.2 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis.- 8.3.3 Life Cycle Impact Assessment.- 8.3.4 Interpretation of Results.- 8.4 Product Summary Matrix.- 9 Does Life Cycle Design Pay?.- 9.1 Product Life Cycle Costs.- 9.2 What Are Design Costs?.- 9.3 What Are Environmental Costs of Production?.- 9.4 Product Pricing and Marketing Aspects.- 9.5 Product Use by the Consumer.- 9.6 End-of-Life Costs.- 10. Environmentally Innovative Cases.- 10.1 The Disposal-Friendly Television Set from Loewe Opta GmbH.- 10.1.1 Introduction.- 10.1.2 Essential Product Innovation.- 10.1.3 Advantages of the New Concept.- 10.1.4 Outlook.- 10.2 The OCÉ 7050 Copier.- 10.2.1 Introduction.- 10.2.2 Essential Product Innovation.- 10.2.3 Advantages of the New Concept.- 10.2.4 Outlook.- 10.3 The Greenpeace Clean-Tech Cycle.- 10.3.1 Introduction.- 10.3.2 Essential Product Innovation.- 10.3.3 Advantages of the New Concept.- 10.3.4 Outlook.- 10.4 Hewlett Packard's Disassembly-Friendly Workstation.- 10.4.1 Introduction.- 10.4.2 Essential Product Innovation.- 10.4.3 Advantages of the New Concept.- 10.4.4 Outlook.- 10.5 The Foron Refrigerator.- 10.5.1 Introduction.- 10.5.2 Essential Product Innovation.- 10.5.3 Advantages of the New Concept.- 10.5.4 Outlook.- 10.6 The Wiesner-Hager Thesis Swivel Chair.- 10.6.1 Introduction.- 10.6.2 Essential Product Innovation.- 10.6.3 Advantages of the New Concept.- 10.7 Launderettes with Long-Life Electrolux Washing Machines.- 10.7.1 Introduction.- 10.7.2 Essential Product Innovation.- 10.7.3 Advantages of the New Concept.- 10.7.4 Outlook.- 11 The Future.- 11.1 Resources.- 11.2 Product Development.- 11.3 Society.- 12 Appendix.- A.1 Literature.- A. 2 Institutes.- A.3 LCA Software Tools.- A.4 Life Cycle Assessment on the Web.