Progress in Botany

Review.- Stable Isotope in Plant Physiology and Ecology.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Abundance of Stable Isotopes.- 3. Units of Isotope Composition, Standards and Isotope Fractionation...- 4. Isotope Composition of Natural Isotopes.- a) 13C/12C Ratio.- ?) Basic Results.- ?) Carbon Isotope Fractionation in Plants Performing Different Types of Photosynthetic CO2 Fixation..- ?) Different Fractionation of Carbon Isotopes Due to Variable Environmental Conditions.- ?) ?13C Values in Trophic and Edaphic Chains.- b) 2H/lH Ratio.- c) 18O/16O Ratio.- d) 15N/14N Ratio.- e) 34S/32S Ratio.- References.- A. Structural Botany.- I. Cytology and Morphogenesis of the Prokaryotic Cell.- 1. Structural Organization and Biogenesis of Bacterial Flagella.- 2. Techniques to Study the Structure of Biofilms.- 3. A Consortium of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria with the Capacity to Reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(III).- 4. Establishment of Biofilms in the Laboratory, and Studies of Inherent Dynamics and Interactions.- References.- II. Cytology and Morphogenesis of Pollen and Spores.- 1. Delimitation of Topics; Monographs, Conference Proceedings, etc...- 2. Preparation Methods and the Preservation of Structures.- 3. Some Aspects of the Early Stages in Normal and Abnormal Spore/Pollen Grain Development.- a) Organization of Metabolically Highly Active Cells.- b) Mosses and Ferns.- c) Gymnosperms.- d) Angiosperms.- 4. First and Second Pollen Mitosis.- 5. Structural Connections Between VN, GC, and Sperm Cells (MGU Concept).- 6. Pollen Germination and the Early Stages of Pollen Tube Growth...- 7. Sporoderm Development and Composition.- a) Fossil Material, Ferns, and Gymnosperms.- b) Excursus on the Phylogenetic Significance of Spore/Pollen Wall and Aperture Organization and Development.- c) Exine Substructure Organization.- d) Young Stages: Role of Callose, Monad Versus Polyad Development.- e) Exine Pattern.- f) Exine Coating: Composition and Function.- g) Intine and Other Sporoderm Strata.- References.- B. Physiology.- I. Plant Water Relations.- 1. Water Relations of Cells and Tissues.- 2. Root Water Uptake and Water Movement Through the Plant..- 3. Stomatal Behavior and Transpiration.- 4. Water Relations of Seeds and During Early Germination Stages...- a) Orthodox Seeds.- b) Recalcitrant Seeds.- 5. Implications of Water Stress.- a) Drought Effects on Metabolism.- b) Drought Resistance.- 6. Habitat Water Relations and Plant Performance.- 7. Water Relations of Poikilohydric Plants.- References.- II. Humic Substances and Plant Nutrition.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Definitions, Chemical and Structural Characteristics of Humic Substances.- 3. Effects of Humic Substances on Soil Fertility.- a) Physical Properties of Soil.- b) Source of Nutrients.- c) Influence on Cation Exchange Capacity.- d) Complexing Properties.- 4. Effect on Growth and Nutrient Contents of Plants.- 5. Effect on Mechanisms of Nutrient Uptake.- a) Uptake Rates.- b) Energy Metabolism.- c) Uptake of Humic Substances.- d) Membrane Properties.- 6. Role of Humic Substances as Natural Chelates.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- III. Selected Topics of Polyketide Biosynthesis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. 6-Methylsalicylic Acid and Orsellinic Acid.- 3. Melleine, Aspyrone, and Related Compounds.- 4. Nectriapyrone and Related Pyrones.- 5. Harzianolide.- 6. Dihydrogladiolic Acid.- 7. Spicifernin.- References.- IV. Photosynthesis Carbon Metabolism: The Chloroplast's Sesquicentenary, and Some Thoughts on the Limits to Plant Productivity.- 1. Introduction.- 2. New Locations and Pathways.- 3. Uptake of Inorganic Carbon.- 4. Events In and On the Chloroplast.- a) The Calvin Cycle.- b) RuBP Carboxylase.- c) Other Calvin Cycle Enzymes.- d) Starch Metabolism.- e) Envelope Transporters.- f) Photoinhibition.- g) The Mehler Reaction, and Photorespiration.- 5. Mitochondrial Respiration.- 6. Sucrose Biosynthesis.- 7. C4 Metabolism.- a) C4 plants.- b) C3-C4 Intermediate Plants.- c) Crassulacean Acid Metabolism.- d) PEP Carboxylase and Malate Dehydrogenase.- 8. The Limits to Plant Productivity.- a) CO2.- b) Water.- c) Light.- d) Determinants of Photosynthetic Rate.- References.- V. Plant Stress. The Adaptive Potential of Dynamic Systems..- 1. Introduction.- 2. Morphological Plasticity of Achillea Genotypes and Environment..- 3. Epigenetic Processes and Metabolic Plasticity.- 4. Gene Potential and Metabolic Adaptibility.- 5. Metabolic Network Organization and Flux Control.- a) Towards a Quantitative Concept.- ?) The Michaelis-Menten Formalism.- ?) The Elasticity Coefficient.- ?) Rate Equation of a Metabolic Reaction Sequence.- b) Flux Control of Metabolic Sequences Under Stationary Flow..- 6. External Environment and Metabolic Parameter Structure.- 7. Environmentally Induced Parameter Changes Which Are Cell Water-Mediated.- 8. Water Perturbation-Mediated Metabolic Switching.- 9. Primary Responses in Solute-Perturbed Plant Cells.- 10. Uncovering Metabolic Perturbations.- 11. Bifurcations: a Particular Type of Metabolic Network Switching..- 12. The Transport-Catalysis Switch.- 13. The "Environmental Cusp".- References.- VIa. Photochrome.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Photomorphogenesis and Photoperiodism.- 3. Ecological Significance of Phytochrome Responses.- 4. At Least Two Types of Phytochromes Regulate Plant Development.- 5. Phytochrome B Is Involved in Most Photoresponses of Etiolated and De-etiolated Plants.- 6. Phytochrome A Mediates the HIR Responses.- 7. Phytochrome Structure.- 8. Phytochrome Synthesis and Assembly.- 9. Signal Transduction May Involve.- a Dephosphorylation-Phosphorylation Cascade.- 10. Moss Phytochrome Is a Light-Regulated Protein Kinase.- 11. G Proteins and Further Components of the Phytochrome Signal Transduction Chain Controlling Gene Expression..- 12. Regulation of Photogene Transcription by DNA-Binding Proteins..- 13. Photomodulations.- 14. Intracellular Localization of Phytochrome.- 15. Phytochrome Interactions with the Blue-Light/UV-A Photoreceptor.- a) Characteristics of the Blue-Light Photoreceptor (Cryptochrome).- b) Interactions of the BL Receptor and Phytochrome in Seed Plants.- c) Interactions of the BL Receptor and Phytochrome in Lower Plants.- References.- VIb. Movement of Pulvinated Leaves.- 1. Introduction (Phenomenology, Terminology).- 2. Mechanisms of Motor Cell Swelling and Shrinking.- a) Hydrogen Ion Transport.- b) K+ Transport.- c) Cl- and Malate.- d) Ion Channels.- e) Membrane Potential.- 3. Biochemistry of Leaf Movement.- a) Basic Carbon Pathways.- b) Metabolite Pools.- c) Carbohydrates and Leaf Movement.- d) Energy Metabolism.- 4. Phototransduction.- a) Photoreceptors.- b) Light-Stimulated Phosphatidylinositol Turnover.- c) Ca2+.- 5. Leaf Movements as Hands of Biological Clocks.- a) Circadian Rhythms in Protoplasts of Pulvinar Motor Cells.- b) Involvement of K+ Channels and of the Plasma Membrane H+-ATPases in the Control and Generation of the Biological Clocks..- c) Treatments Affecting Clock-Mediated Leaf Movements.- 6. Ecological Implementations of Phototropic Movements.- a) Water Availability.- b) Nitrogen Availability.- c) Leaf Temperature.- d) Organismic Interaction.- References.- C. Genetics.- I. Replication: The Role of Escherichia coli Heat Shock Proteins in DNA Replication.- 1. Introduction.- a) Molecular Chaperones and the Heat Shock Response.- b) Heat Shock Proteins Are Involved in DNA Replication.- 2. Regulation of the Initiation of Plasmid Replication.- 3. Heat Shock Proteins Activate Replication of the Prophage P1 and F Plasmid.- a) Bacteriophage P1.- b) Plasmid F.- 4. Initiation of DNA Replication at ori? and oriC.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- II. Recombination: Sexual Reproduction in Plants: Self-Incompatibility as a Mechanism Promoting Outbreeding and Gene Flow.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Self-Incompatibility Systems in Angiosperms.- 3. The Genetic Basis of Self-Incompatibility.- 4. Self-Incompatibility and Its Effects on Gene Flow.- 5. The Molecular Basis of Self-Incompatibility.- a) The Molecular Basis of Gametophytic Self-Incompatibility.- b) The Molecular Basis of Sporophytic Self-Incompatibility.- 6. Self-Incompatibility Systems in Angiosperms and Mating Type Factors in Fungi: Different Means to the Same End.- 7. Conspectus.- References.- III. Mutation: Modified Starch Metabolism in Mutant and Transgenic Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Starch Structures.- 3. Metabolic Pathways for Starch Synthesis.- 4. Mutants.- a) Shrunken-2.- b) Brittle-2.- c) rb.- d) adg-l:adg-2.- e) Waxy.- f) Shrunken.- g) st-3.- h) Dull.- i) Sugary.- j) Sugary-2.- k) Rugosus.- 1) Amylose extender.- m) Floury.- n) White core.- o) Risø.- 5. Transgenic Studies.- a) Expression of E.coli ADP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase in Potato..- b) Inhibition of ADP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase in Potato Using an Antisense ADP-G-PP Gene Coding for the Small Subunit.- c) Expression of an Antisense Gene for Potato Granule-Bound Starch Synthase in Potato.- d) Expression of an Antisense Gene for Cassava Granule-Bound Starch Synthase in Potato.- 6. Prospects.- References.- IV. Function: Histones in Higher Plants.- 1. Introduction: The Fundamental Role of Histones.- 2. Structure and Organization of Histone Genes.- a) The Inner Core Histones: H3 and H4.- b) The Outer Core Histones: H2a and H2b.- e) The Linker Histone H1.- ?) General Structure.- ?) Hl Gene Organization.- ?) Phenotypic Modulations by Histone H1.- 3. Production of Histones.- a) Replication-Dependent Histone Genes.- b) Replacement Histone Genes.- c) Tissue-Specific Histone Genes.- 4. Function of Histones.- a) General Inhibition of Gene Activity.- b) Activation of Gene Activity.- c) Fine Modulation of Genetic Activity Through Histone Modifications.- d) Regulation of Gene Activity Through Histone H1.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- V. Extrachromosomal Inheritance: Yeast Linear Killer Plasmids as a Tool in Genetic Engineering.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Structure and Function.- a) Detection and Localization.- b) Genomic Organization.- c) Replication.- d) Expression of ORFs.- 3. Phenotypic Manifestation.- a) The Killer Phenotype.- b) Structure of the Toxin and Mode of Action.- c) Transfer into Other Yeasts.- 4. Vector Construction.- a) Circular Vectors.- b) Linear Vectors.- 5. Application.- a) Functional Analysis of Cytoplasmic ORFs.- b) Analysis of Yeast Telomeric Sequences.- c) Heterologous Gene Expression.- d) Conclusions.- References.- D. Taxonomy.- I. Systematics of the Bryophytes.- 1. General Aspects.- 2. Morphology, Anatomy.- 3. Chemotaxonomy.- 4. Systematics and Evolution.- 5. Floristics.- 6. Geography.- 7. Ecology.- References.- II. Paleobotany of Land Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Systematics.- a) Embryophytes.- b) Tracheophytes.- c) Lycophytes.- d) Ferns.- e) Sphenopsids.- f) Early Seed Plants.- g) Cycads.- h) Pteridosperms.- i) Ginkgos.- j) Cordaitopsids and Coniferopsids.- k) Anthophytes.- 3. Discussion.- References.- E. Geobotany.- I. Plant Geography.- 1. Taxonomic and Floristic Foundation of Plant Geography.- a) New Floras.- b) Plant Distribution Mapping.- c) Chorology of Critical Taxa.- 2. Differentiation of Taxa in Time and Space.- a) Reconstruction of Migration on the Base of Recent Distribution.- b) Evidence from Fossils.- 3. Factors of Distribution.- a) Climatic Factors.- b) Dispersal and Distribution.- 4. Man's Impact on Plant Distribution.- a) Spread of Invaders.- b) Urban Floras.- c) The Proportion of Status Groups in Different Floras.- d) Distribution, Extinction, and Conservation.- 5. Analyses of Floras and Classification of Distribution Patterns..- 6. Phytogeographic Subdivision of the Continents and Endemism.- References.- II. Salt Resistance in Herbaceous Halophytes and Mangroves.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Terminolgy.- a) Halophytes, Nonhalophytes.- b) Salt Tolerance, Salt Resistance.- 3. Salt Regulation.- a) Salt Exclusion.- ?) Salt Excluders, Salt Includers.- ?) Salt Exclusion from the Xylem.- ?) Salt Exclusion from the Leaves.- b) Elimination.- ?) Salt Glands and Bladder Hairs.- ?) Retranslocation.- c) Succulence.- 4. Components of Salt Tolerance.- a) Transport and Compartmentation of Ions.- ?) Membrane Composition.- ?) Ion Channels.- ?) Na+/H+ Antiporters.- ?) H+-ATPases.- b) Compatible Solutes.- 5. Outlook.- References.- F. Special Topics.- I. Mycorrhizae: Ectomycorrhiza and Ectendomycorrhiza.- 1. Ectomycorrhiza.- a) Symbiotic Organisms and Morphology/Anatomy of the Symbiotic Organs.- ?) Detailed Descriptions of Ectomyeorrhizae, Including Keys.- ?) Comprehensive Descriptions of Selected Ectomycorrhizae.- ?) Unidentified Ectomycorrhizae Named Binomially.- ?) Verification of Ectomycorrhizal Nature of Fungi, Including Short Descriptions.- ?) Unusual 'Ectomycorrhizae'.- ?) Strain Variability of Fungi Regarding Ectomycorrhiza Formation.- ?) Verification of Ectomycorrhizal Nature of Some Selected Plants.- ?) Influence of Tree Clones on Ectomycorrhiza Formation..- b) Ontogeny and Ultrastructure.- c) Protein Pattern, Pigments.- d) Nucleic Acid Researches.- e) Physiology.- ?) Germination of Spores.- ?) Substances Assumed to be Important for Formation of Ectomycorrhizae.- Hormones.- Phenolics.- ?) Recognition (cf. also Sect. I f ?).- ?) Enzymes.- ?) Carbon Nutrition of Ectomycorrhizae.- ?) Growth Responses of Plants.- ?) Phosphate Nutrition.- ?) Nitrogen Nutrition (cf. also Sect. Is).- ?) Micronutrients.- ?) Water.- f) Ecology.- ?) Host Specificity (cf. also Sect. I e ?).- ?) Ecological Laboratory Research.- ?) Researches in Natural Habitats.- ?) Coexistence with Other Organisms.- Saprophytic and Parasitic Fungi.- Ectomycorrhizal Fungi.- Bacteria.- Animals.- Plants.- ?) Influence by Man.- Fertilization with Lime or Nitrogen (cf. also I e kappa)...- Pesticides.- Pollution.- Acidification.- Effects of Ozone (and S02).- Effects of Nitrogen.- Greenhouse Effect.- Effects of Toxic Metals.- Other Toxic Substances.- Damage to Trees.- Afforestation, Clear-Cut, Application.- g) Methods.- h) Reviews.- 2. Ectendomycorrhiza.- 3. Some Highlights of This Report Period.- References.- II. Symbioses: Mycorrhizae.- 1. VA-Mycorrhizae.- a) Taxonomy of Endophytes.- b) Physiology and Effects on Plants.- c) Ecology.- d) Practical Applications.- 2. Ericales-Mycorrhizae.- 3. Orchidaceae-Mycorrhizae.- References.