Progress in Botany

A. Structural Botany.- I. General and Molecular Cytology: The Plasma Membrane and the Tonoplast.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Plasma Membrane (Plasmalemma).- a) PM Isolation and Purification.- b) Lipids.- c) Proteins.- d) Exocytosis and PM Recycling.- e) In- and Evaginations of the PM.- 3. The Tonoplast (Vacuolar Membrane).- a) Tonoplast Isolation and Purification.- b) Lipids.- c) Proteins.- d) Vacuole and Tonoplast Origin.- References.- II. Cytology and Morphogenesis of the Prokaryotic Cell.- 1. Cytology and Macromolecular Structure: Technical Aspects.- a) Artifacts.- b) Elemental Microanalysis.- c) Structure Analysis of Isolated Cytoplasmic Enzymes.- d) Enzyme Localization by Electron Microscope Immunocytochemistry.- 2. New Isolates and Taxonomical Aspects.- a) New Isolates.- b) A Bacterium Forming up to Five Endospores per Cell.- 3. Structure-Function Aspects at the Cellular Level.- a) Vesicle Formation; Cellulose Degradation.- b) Polysaccharide Storage Material in Methanogenic Bacteria.- c) The Inclusion Bodies in Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis.- 4. Structure-Function Aspects at the Macromolecular Level.- a) The Cellulolytic Enzyme Complex in Clostridium thermocellum.- b) An Enzyme Complex Involved in Methane Formation.- c) Organization of the Bacterial Nucleoid.- 5. Location of Bacterial Enzymes.- 6. Morphogenesis and Differentiation.- a) Septation and Filament Splitting in Methanospirillum hungatei.- b) Dynamics and Differentiation in Cell Envelope Structure.- c) Size Variation and Differentiation in Phototrophic Bacteria.- d) Spore Formation and Germination.- 7. Recognition and Attachment.- References.- B. Physiology.- I. Plant Water Relations.- 1. Water Relations of Cells and Tissues.- 2. Root Water Uptake and Water Movement Through the Plant.- 3. Stomatal Control of Transpirational Water Loss.- 4. Effects of Water Relations on Germination and Growth.- 5. Implications of Water Stress.- a) Drought Effects on Metabolism.- b) Drought Resistance.- 6. Implication of Waterlogged Conditions.- 7. Habitat Water Relations and Plant Performance.- 8. Water Relations of Poikilohydric Plants.- References.- II. Mineral Nutrition: Potassium.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Molecular Level: Membrane-Transport Proteins.- 3. The Membrane Level.- a) Interactions and Exchange of Ions and Energy Coupling.- b) Potassium Channels.- 4. The Cellular Level.- a) Transport Kinetics.- b) Compartmentation and the Regulation of Transport.- ?) Feedback Systems.- ?) Cytosolic Potassium Homeostasis.- ?) Potassium and Cytosolic pH Homeostasis.- 5. The Physiological Level.- a) Physiological Processes in General.- b) Stomatal Guard Cell Movements.- c) Rhythms.- d) Growth and Phytohormone Interactions.- e) Na+/K+-Selectivity and Salinity Responses.- f) Sugar Translocation in the Phloem.- 6. The Whole-Plant and Nutritional Level.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- III. Photosynthesis. Carbon Metabolism: New Regulators of CO2 Fixation, the New Importance of Pyrophosphate, and the old Problem of Oxygen Involvement Revisited.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Inorganic Carbon Uptake.- 3. Investigations with Isolated Plastids.- 4. The Return of RuBP Carboxylase.- 5. RuBP Carboxylase and the Limits to Photosynthesis.- 6. The Other Calvin Cycle Enzymes.- 7. Light-Mediated Enzyme Regulation.- 8. Starch Metabolism.- 9. Sucrose Metabolism: Fructose-2,6-P2, and a Role for PPi?.- 10. Mitochondrial Respiration in Illuminated Photosynthetic Cells?.- 11. Photorespiration.- 12. The Many Roles of O2 in Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism.- 13. C4 Plants.- a) Transport of Pyruvate.- b) Transport of PEP.- c) Transport of Malate.- d) Transport of Inorganic Carbon.- e) Enzymes.- f) Control of Carbon Partitioning.- 14. C3-C4 Intermediates.- 15. CAM Plants.- a) Carbon Partitioning.- b) Malic Acid Accumulation.- References.- IV. Secondary Plant Substances. Nonsteroidal Triterpenoids.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Oleanane and Ursante-Type Triterpenoids.- 3. Different Triterpenoids.- 4. Limonoids.- 5. Cucurbitacins.- References.- V. Growth.- 1. General Reviews.- 2. Abscicic Acid.- a) Reviews.- b) Methods of Determination.- c) Occurrence and Biosynthesis.- d) Metabolism.- e) Physiological and Molecular Mode of Action.- 3. Ethylene.- a) Reviews.- b) Methods of Determination.- c) Biosynthesis and Its Regulation.- d) Physiological and Molecular Mode of Action.- References.- VI. Developmental Physiology.- 1. Gene Expression.- a) Organ- and Tissue-Specific Gene Expression.- b) Phytochrome-Regulated Gene Expression.- c) Heat Shock Responses.- ?) Heat Shock Proteins.- ?) Gene Expression.- ?) Functions.- d) Wounding.- 2. Phytochrome.- a) Serological Properties.- b) Intracellular Localization.- c) Ubiquitin.- ?) Electron Microscopic Studies.- ?) Biochemical Studies.- 3. Elongation Growth.- a) Extensibility of the Outer Epidermal Cell Wall as Growth-Limiting Factor.- b) Microfibril Orientation as Regulatory Element.- c) Matrix Components.- d) Cell Wall Proteins.- e) Molecular Mechanisms of Growth Induction.- 4. Circadian Rhythm.- a) Clock Mutants.- b) The Role of Protein Synthesis.- c) Temperature Compensation.- References.- VII. Physiology of Movements in Space Experiments.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Growth and Orientation of Gravitropic Organs.- 3. Structure of Root Statocytes.- 4. Circumnutation and Epinasty.- References.- C. Genetics.- I. Replication.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Structural Analysis of the Origin of Replication (OriC).- 3. Proteins and Enzymatic Functions Required for Replication Initiation.- a) DnaA-Protein.- b) DnaB/DnaC Proteins.- c) RNA-Priming.- d) DNA Synthesis by DNA Polymerase III.- e) Elongation.- 4. Control of the Initiation of Replication.- 5. Termination of Replication.- 6. Outlook.- References.- II. Recombination: Recombination of Mobile Genetic Elements from Plants and Cyanobacteria.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Mobile Elements in Higher Plants.- a) Transposons.- ?) Transposons Have Been Identified in a Number of Higher Plants.- ?) Transposons Generate DNA Rearrangements.- ?) Transposons May Influence Plant Gene Expression.- ?) Plant Transposons Have a Characteristic Sturcture and May Code for Polypeptides.- b) Plasmids.- ?) Linear Plant Plasmids Contain Terminal Inverted Repeats.- ?) Plasmids S1 and S2 Generate Genome Instabilities.- ?) Plasmids Have Been Identified in a Number of Different Plants.- c) Promiscuous DNA.- ?) Genetic Information May Be Transferred Between Organelles.- ?) Mechanisms for Transfer of Genetic Information Between Organelles.- 3. Mobile Elements in Cyanobacteria.- ?) In Anabaena a Mobile Genetic Element is Associated with the Regulation of Gene Expression.- 4. Mobile Elements in Fungi.- a) Ty Elements in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.- ?) Different Strains of S. cerevisiae Contain Transposons with a Common Structure.- ?) Ty Elements Are Transposons Closely Related to Retroviruses.- ?) Transposition of Ty Elements May Influence Gene Expression.- ?) Ty Elements and Other Repetitive Sequences Provide Homologous Sequences for DNA Rearrangements.- b) Mating Type Switching in Yeast.- ?) Transposition of a Mating Type Cassette Leads to Mating Type Switching.- c) Plasmids and Introns.- ?) A Linear Plasmid Is Correlated with Senescence in Neurospora intermedia.- ?) A Circular Plasmid Controlling Senescence in Podospora anserina Is Derived from a Mitochondrial Intron.- ?) Some Mitochondrial Plasmids from Neurospora May Be Derived from Mitochondrial Introns.- ?) A Mitochondrial Intron of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Contains the Ability for Transposition.- d) Promiscuous DNA.- ?) In Neurospora crassa the Expressed Copy of the Gene Coding ATPase Subunit 9 is Located in the Nuclear Genome.- ?) In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Rearranged Nucleotide Sequences from the Mitochondrial DNA Are Present in the Nuclear Genome.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- III. Extranuclear Inheritance: Mitochondrial Genetics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Organization of the Mitochondrial Genome in Higher Plants.- 3. Chimeric Genes Causing Cytoplasmic Male Sterility.- 4. Recombination of Mitochondrial DNA in Somatic Hybrids.- 5. Mitochondrial Gene Expression: Progress in Yeast.- 6. Import of RNA into Mitochondria.- 7. Prospects.- References.- IV. Recognition and Pathogenicity in Bacterial Plant Pathogens.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Agrobacterium tumefaciens.- 3. Pseudomonas syringae savastonoi.- 4. Soft rot Erwinias.- 5. Pathogenicity and Avirulence.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- D. Taxonomy.- I. Systematics and Evolution of the Algae.- 1. General Aspects.- 2. Cyanobacteria.- a) Reviews and Monographic Treatments.- b) Molecular Evolution.- c) Taxonomy.- d) Prochloron and Other Chlorophyll a and b-Containing Cyanobacteria.- 3. Rhodophyta.- a) Phylogeny of Rhodophyta.- b) Books, Reviews.- c) Systematics and Taxonomy.- d) Life History.- e) Cellular Organization.- 4. Dinophyta.- a) Phylogeny of Dinophyta.- b) Books and Reviews.- c) Cellular Organization.- d) Life History.- e) Taxonomy.- 5. Cryptophyta.- 6. Chromophyta.- a) Prymnesiophyceae.- b) Raphidophyceae.- c) Pedinellophyceae.- d) Dictyochophyceae.- e) Diatomophyceae.- ?) Books, Reviews.- ?) Cellular Organization and Biochemical Phylogeny.- ?) Phylogeny and Taxonomy.- f) Synurophyceae.- g) Tribophyceae.- h) Chrysophyceae.- i) Fucophyceae.- j) Bicosoecophyceae.- k) Eustigmatophyceae.- 7. Chlorarachniophyta.- 8. Euglenophyta.- 9. Glaucocystophyta.- 10. Chlorophyta.- a) Books, Reviews.- b) Prasinophyceae.- c) Charophyceae.- d) Ulvophyceae.- e) Chlorophyceae.- f) Taxa of Uncertain Affinities.- References.- II. Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Fungi.- 1. General Topics.- a) Fungal Development.- b) Chemotaxonomy and Serology.- c) Genetics and Molecular Biology.- d) Regional Treatments and Ecological Groups.- 2. Myxomycota.- 3. Labyrinthulomycota.- 4. Oomycota.- 5. Chytridiomycota.- 6. Zygomycota.- 7. Ascomycota.- a) Hemiascomycetes.- b) Euascomycetes.- 8. Fungi Imperfecti (Deuteromycota).- a) Coelomycetes.- b) Hyphomycetes.- 9. Basidiomycota.- a) General Aspects.- b) Phragmobasidiomycotina (Heterobasidiomycetes).- c) Holobasidiomycotina.- References.- III. Systematics, Morphology and Ecology of Lichenized Fungi.- 1. Taxonomy.- a) General Problems of Lichen Taxonomy.- b) Taxonomic Research on Different Groups.- 2. Evolution.- 3. Morphology.- a) Morphology of the Thallus.- b) Ecological Morphology.- 4. Growth Development, Reproduction and Distribution.- 5. Ecology.- a) Lichens and Abiotic Environment.- b) Lichens and Biotic Environment.- c) Phytosociology.- d) Floristic and Mapping.- e) Pollution.- 6. Photobionts.- References.- IV. Systematics of the Bryophytes.- 1. General Aspects.- 2. Taxonomy.- a) General.- b) Monographs, Revisions.- c) Chemosystematics.- d) Cytosystematics.- 3. Nomenclature.- 4. Floristics.- a) Checklists.- b) Regional Floras.- 5. Phylogeny, Evolution.- 6. Geography, Ecology.- 7. Morphology, Anatomy.- 8. Applied Bryology.- References.- V. Systematics of the Pteridophytes.- 1. Systematics.- 2. Bibliography, Collections, Nomenclature.- 3. Floristics.- 4. Geography and Ecology.- 5. Morphology and Anatomy.- 6. Chemotaxonomy.- 7. Cytotaxonomy, Biosystematics, Hybridization.- 8. Folklore, Uses.- 9. Fern Allies.- References.- VI. Palaeobotany.- 1. Phylogeny and Diversification of Fossil Angiosperms.- a) The Anthophyte Clade.- b) Radiation and Vegetational Changes.- 2. Description of Floras.- a) Cretaceous Floras.- b) Tertiary Floras.- 3. Systematic Studies.- a) Unassigned Angiosperms.- b) Magnoliidae.- c) Ranunculidae.- d) Hamamelididae.- e) Caryophyllidae.- f) Dilleniidae.- g) Rosidae.- h) Asteridae.- i) Monocotyledones.- References.- E. Geobotany.- I. The History of Flora and Vegetation During the Quaternary.- 1. Major Problems.- 2. Pleistocene Extinctions in Northern Eurasia.- Appendix 1.- References.- II. Vegetation Science (Sociobiological Geobotany).- 1. General Trends.- 2. Monographs and Bibliographies.- 3. Methods and General Results.- a) Vegetation Dynamics.- b) Vegetation Mapping.- c) Vegetation Complexes and Biocenological Aspects.- 4. Application to Nature Conservation, Landscape Ecology, and Environmental Control.- 5. Vegetation of the Boreal Zone.- 6. Vegetation of the Temperate and Submeridional Zone.- a) Forests and Shrublands.- b) Grasslands and Dwarf Shrub Heaths.- c) Weed Communities and Ruderal Vegetation.- d) Cryptogamic Synusiae.- 7. Vegetation of the Meridional Zone.- a) Forests and Shrublands.- b) Grasslands Including Coastal Vegetation.- 8. Vegetation of Subtropical and Tropical Areas.- a) Forest Vegetation.- b) Savanna and Grassland Vegetation.- References.- F. Special Topics.- I. Floral Ecology.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Functional Significance of Flowers and Inflorescences, Flower Longevity, Metabolism and Movements.- 3. Means of Attraction, Rewards.- a) Visual Patterns and Pigmentation.- b) Production of Heat and Scent.- c) Nectaries and Nectar.- d) Oil Secretion and Resins.- e) Pollen and Pollen Presentation.- 4. Pollinator Behavior, Pollinator Efficiency, Flower Constancy, Foraging Strategies.- 5. Flower Classes and Their Evolution.- a) Zoophily.- ?) Evolution and Pollination of Early Angiosperms; Cantharophily, Thrips as Flower Visitors.- ?) Melittophily and Ant Pollination.- ?) Psychophily, Sphingophily and Phalaenophily.- ?) Ornithophily.- ?) Mammal Pollination.- b) Anemophily and Hydrogamy.- 6. Pollination of Particular Groups; Flower Biological Radiation.- a) Differentiation of Various Angiosperms at the Species, Genus, and Family Level.- b) Orchids.- c) Economy of Pollination and Crop Plants.- 7. Populational Aspects, Gender Distribution and Breeding Systems.- a) Pollen-Pistil Interaction.- b) Incompatibility Versus Compatibility; Cleistogamy; Apomixis.- c) Sex Distribution; Monoecism Versus Dioecism.- d) Heterostyly.- e) Reproductive Success.- 8. Pollination Studies at the Community Level, Distribution of Flower Types, Flowering Phenology and Nature Preservation.- References.