Principles of Behavioral Neuroscience

1 Introduction Mind and Brain Levels of Analysis The Process of Discovery The Scientific Method The Tools of Discovery The Brain Sciences Ethics of Research in Behavioral Neuroscience Animal Welfare and Animal Rights 2 Research Methods Behavioral Neuroscience as a Life Science Visualizing the Human Brain Microscopic Approaches to Brain Anatomy Recording Brain Electrical Activity Brain Stimulation Neurochemical Approaches Brain Lesion Analysis 3 Cells of the Nervous System Neurons Dendrites The Cell Body Axon The Cell Membrane Glia and Other Supporting Cells 4 Electrical Signaling Electrical Signals Ions and Electrical Current Potassium as the Basis of the Resting Potential The Action Potential Recording the Action Potential Carrier Transport of Ions The Sodium-Potassium Pump 5 Synaptic Activity Synapses The Release of Neurotransmitter Substance Excitatory Chemical Synapses Inhibitory Chemical Synapses The Disposal of Transmitter Substances Presynaptic Inhibition Spatial and Temporal Summation Biochemistry of Neurotransmission Identifying Specific Neurotransmitters The Repeal of Dale's Law Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators Acetylcholine The Catecholamines Serotonin Amino Acid Neurotransmitters Neuropeptides 6 The Nervous System Directions in the Nervous System Some General Features of the Nervous System The Plan of the Central Nervous System The Spinal Chord The Myelencephalon The Metencephalon The Mesencephalon The Diencephalon The Telencephalon The Peripheral Nervous System 7 Vision Light The Structure of the Eye The Retina Photoreceptors Receptive Fields of Retinal Neurons Retinal Coding of Color The Optic Nerve The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus The Striate Cortex Visual Receptive Fields in the Striate Cortex Retinotopic Organization of the Striate Cortex Columnar Organization of the Striate Cortex Modular Organization of the Striate Cortex The Extrastriate Visual Cortex The Hierarchy of Visual Areas Single Cells, Perception, and Behavior 8 Auditory, Vestibular, Chemical, and Bodily Senses Hearing Vestibular Sensation Taste Smell Somatosensation Proprioception Pain Thermal Sensation 9 Movement Skeletal Muscles Neural Control of Muscle Fiber Contraction Sensory Feedback from Muscle The Monosynaptic Stretch Reflex Polysynaptic Spinal Reflexes Motor Systems of the Brain Motor Cortex Patterns of Cortical Activation During Movement The Basal Ganglia The Cerebellum Initiation of Voluntary Movement 10 Thirst and Hunger Body Fluids Osmosis The Kidneys Control of Kidney Function Thirst The "Dry Mouth" Theory of Thirst Cellular Dehydration and Thirst Brain Systems Regulating Osmometric Thirst Extracellular Fluid Depletion and Volumetric Thirst The Double-Depletion Hypothesis of Thirst Quenching Thirst Hunger and Satiety Energy Balance The Gastrointestinal Tract Digestion and Absorption The Liver Metabolic States Theories of Hunger Where Are the Receptors that Signal Hunger and Satiety? A Duodenal Hormone Induces Satiety CentralControl of Hunger and Satiety The Dual-Center Hypothesis Current Conceptions Eating Disorders 11 Emotion, Reward, and Addiction Emotion Autonomic Expression of Emotion Anatomy of Emotion Brain Damage and Emotion Electrical Stimulation of the Limbic System Reward Systems of the Brain Many Addictive Drugs Act Upon Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons 12 Hormones and Sexual Behavior Sexual Reproduction Sex Chromosomes Sex Hormones Hormonal Control of Gonadal Development Hormonal Abnormalities Affecting Sexual Development Hormonal Regulation of Sexual Function and Behavior Hormonal Control of Central Nervous System Development 13 Sleep and Waking Wakefulness and Sleep Sleep and Dreaming Sleep Cycles The Development of Sleep Sleep Deprivation The Functions of Sleep Neuronal Discharge in Sleep and Waking Brain Mechanisms Controlling Sleep and Wakefulness Sleep-Related Peptides Sleep Disorders 14 Learning and Memory Learning and Memory Cellular Mechanisms of Learning in a Simple Nervous System: Habituation,Sensitization, and Classical Conditioning Neural Mechanisms of Classical Conditioning in the Rabbit The Neuronal Basis of Perceptual Learning in a Primate The Neural Basis of Working Memory in the Primate Amnesia Temporal Lobe Mechanisms in Memory Long-Term Potentiation as the Basis of Temporal Lobe Memory Diencephalic Amnesia 15 Brain and Language Language Language Processing Animal Models of Language Cerebral Dominance for Language The Language System of the Dominant Left Hemisphere Disconnection Syndromes Recovery from Aphasia Developmental Dyslexia Stuttering Verification of Brain Lesions Resulting in Aphasia Language and Intelligence Surgical Separation of the Cerebral Hemispheres The Anatomical Basis of Hemispheric Specialization Brain Activation in Cognition 16 Disorders of the Nervous System Signs, Symptoms, Syndromes, and Disease Cerebral Trauma Cerebrovascular Disorders Tumors CNS Infections AIDS-Related Neurological Disorders Multiple Sclerosis Epilepsy Dementia Depression and Mania Schizophrenia