Reading Rhetorically

Contents

Chapter 1

Reading to Write: Strategies for College Writing

What Do We Mean by "Reading Rhetorically"?

The Demands and Pleasures of Academic Reading

Reading and Writing as Conversation

Joining the Conversation

For Writing and Discussion

Reading and Writing as Acts of Composing

Reading Rhetorically as a Strategy for Academic Writing

The Purposes of the Author Whose Text You Are Reading

Your Own Purposes as an Active Reader/Writer

Questions Rhetorical Readers Ask

For Writing and Discussion

An Extended Example: Researching the Promise of Biofuels

Chapter Summary

Chapter 2

Analyzing Your Reading and Writing Context

Rhetorical Context: Purpose, Audience, and Genre

Analyzing an Author's Purpose

FWD on Table 2.1

Identifying an Author's Intended Audience

Analyzing a Text's Genre

For Writing and Discussion

Analyzing Your Own Rhetorical Context as Reader/Writer

Determining Your Purpose, Audience, and Genre

Matching Your Reading Strategies to Your Purpose as Reader/Writer

How Expert Readers Use Rhetorical Knowledge to Read Efficiently

Using Genre Knowledge to Read Efficiently

Using a Text's Social/Historical Context to Make Predictions and Ask Questions

Typical Reading-Based Writing Assignments Across the Curriculum

Writing to Understand Course Content More Fully

In-Class Freewriting

Reading or Learning Logs

Double-Entry Journals

Short Thought Pieces or Postings to a Discussion Board

Writing to Report Your Understanding of What a Text Says

Writing to Practice the Conventions of a Particular Type of Text

Writing to Make Claims About a Text

Writing to Extend the Conversation

Chapter Summary

Chapter 3

Listening to a Text

Writing as You Read

Preparing to Read

Recalling Background Knowledge

Using Visual Elements to Plan and Predict

Spot Reading

An Extended Example: Spot Reading in Kirk Savage's Monument Wars

Listening As You Read Initially

Noting Organizational Signals

Marking Unfamiliar Terms and References

Identifying Points of Difficulty

Annotating

Connecting the Visual to the Verbal

Visuals That Enhance Verbal Content

Visuals That Support Verbal Content

Visuals That Extend Verbal Content

For Writing and Discussion

Listening as You Reread

Listening As You Reread

Mapping the Idea Structure

Describing What Verbal Texts Say and Do

For Writing and Discussion

Describing What Visual Texts Do

Writing About How Texts Work: Guidelines and Two Examples

How Summaries Are Used in Academic and Workplace Settings

Guidelines for Writing a Summary

Jaime's Process Notes for Summarizing "Chew on This"

Sample Summary with Attributive Tags

Guidelines for Writing a Rhetorical Précis

Jaime's Rhetorical Précis

A Brief Writing Project

Chapter Summary

Kirk Savage, The Conscience of the Nation

Chapter 4

Questioning a Text

What It Means to Question a Text

Examining a Writer's Credibility and Appeals to Ethos

For Writing and Discussion

Examining a Writer's Appeals to Reason or Logos

Reasons

Evidence

Assumptions

For Writing and Discussion

Examining a Writer's Strategies for Engaging Readers, or Pathos

For Writing and Discussion

Examining a Writer's Language

For Writing and Discussion

Examining a Text's Ideology

For Writing and Discussion

Examining a Text's Use of Visual Elements

Visual Elements and Ethical Appeals

Visual Elements and Logical Appeals

Visual Elements and Audience Appeals

Visual Arguments

Exploring Your Responses to a Text

Before/After Reflections

The Believing and Doubting Game

Interviewing the Author

Writing a Rhetorical Analysis Paper: Guidelines and an Example

Guidelines for Writing a Rhetorical Analysis

An Annotated Rhetorical Analysis of "A Lifesaving Checklist"

Chapter Summary

Atul Gawande, "A Lifesaving Checklist"

Chapter 5

Using Rhetorical Reading for Researched Writing

Rhetorical Reading and Information Literacy

Formulating and Analyzing Questions

Establishing Your Purpose

Using Question Analysis to Plan a Research Strategy

Tips for Finding Reliable Sources

Tip #1. Preferred Sources Have Undergone Solid Editorial Review and Fact-Checking

Library Databases and Web Search Engines

Tip #2. Specialized Periodicals for General Audiences Can Be Very Useful

Tip #3. Weigh Questions About Relevance

Tip #4. Ask a Librarian

Tips for Evaluating Sources

Tip #5. Read the Abstracts and Discussion Sections of Scholarly Articles

Tip #6. Examine a Text's Currency and Scope

Tip #7. Check Authors' and Experts' Basis of Authority

Tip #8. Consider the Reputation of Publishers and Sponsors

Chapter Summary

Chapter 6

Making Knowledge: Incorporating Reading into Writing

Asserting Your Authority as a Reader and Writer

Managing Your Writing Process

Strategies for Getting Started

Strategies for Generating Ideas

Strategies for Writing a First Draft

Strategies for Evaluating Your Draft for Revision

Strategies for Peer Response and Revision

Strategies for Editing and Polishing Your Final Draft

Integrating Material from Readings into Your Writing

Using Summary

Using Paraphrase

Using Direct Quotation

Avoiding Plagiarism

Using Attributive Tags to Frame Sources Rhetorically

Using Parenthetical Citations

Understanding Academic Citation Conventions

Chapter Summary

Incorporating Reading into Writing: An Example in MLA Format

Appendix

Building an MLA Citation

Formatting MLA In-Text Citations

Quick Guidelines for Placement and Content

Variations

Setting Up an MLA Works Cited List

The Basics

Process Advice

Model MLA Citation Formats

Citation Models for in Periodicals

Citation Models for Books and Other Nonperiodical Print Sources

Citation Models for Web Sources