Zoonoses

Preface xiiiIntroduction xvAbbreviations xvii
1 Viral Zoonoses 11.1 Introduction 11.1.1 Classification Principles 11.1.2 Zoonotic viruses 11.1.2.1 Bat-borne viruses 31.1.2.2 Zoonotic viruses as B-weapons 41.1.2.3 Global distribution of zoonotic agents 41.1.3 Cycles of Arbovirus Infections 51.2 Zoonoses Caused by Alphaviruses 81.2.1 Agents 81.2.2 Alphaviral Zoonoses 81.2.3 Eastern Equine Encephalitis 101.2.4 Western Equine Encephalitis 121.2.5 Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis 141.2.6 Semliki Forest Fever 161.2.7 Sindbis Fever 171.2.8 Epidemic Polyarthritis (Ross River Fever) and Barmah Forest Fever 181.2.9 Chikungunya Fever 211.2.10 O'Nyong-Nyong Fever 241.2.11 Mayaro Fever 251.3 Zoonoses Caused by Flaviviruses 261.3.1 Agents 261.3.2 Complexes of the Flaviviridae with Clinical Importance 271.3.2.1 Virus Complex Transmitted by Ticks 271.3.2.2 Virus Complex Transmitted by Mosquitoes: Japanese Encephalitis Virus and Related Encephalitis Viruses 271.3.2.3 Agents Causing Yellow Fever and Dengue, Forming Two Closely Related Virus Complexes 271.3.3 Zoonoses Caused by Tick-Borne Flaviviruses 321.3.3.1 Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE) European Subtype (Central European Encephalitis) and TBE Eastern Subtype (Russian Spring-Summer Meningoencephalitis) 321.3.3.2 Louping Ill 371.3.3.3 Powassan Virus Encephalitis 381.3.3.4 Kyasanur Forest Disease and Alkhurma Virus Hemorrhagic Fever 391.3.3.5 Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever 401.3.4 Zoonoses Caused by Mosquito-Borne Flaviviruses 411.3.4.1 Japanese Encephalitis 411.3.4.2 Murray Valley Encephalitis and Kunjin Virus Disease 441.3.4.3 St. Louis Encephalitis 461.3.4.4 Rocio Encephalitis 481.3.4.5 West Nile Fever 491.3.4.6 Usutu Virus 521.3.4.7 Wesselsbron Fever 521.3.4.8 Yellow Fever 531.3.4.9 Dengue Fever (Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever and Dengue Shock Syndrome) 581.4 Zoonoses Caused by Bunyaviruses 651.4.1 La Crosse (California Encephalitis) Virus, Snowshoe Hare Virus, and Tahyna Virus 681.4.2 Oropouche Fever 701.4.3 Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever 711.4.4 Rift Valley Fever 731.4.5 Sandfly Fever 761.4.6 Zoonoses Caused by Hantaviruses 781.4.6.1 Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (Old World Hantaviruses) and Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (New World Hantaviruses) 781.5 Zoonoses Caused by Reoviruses (Coltiviridae and Orbiviridae) 831.5.1 Genus Coltivirus 831.5.1.1 Colorado Tick Fever 831.5.2 Genus Orbivirus (Kemerovo Complex) 851.5.3 Genus Rotavirus 851.6 Zoonoses Caused by Arenaviruses 881.6.1 Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis 891.6.2 Lassa Fever 921.6.3 Zoonoses Caused by New World Arenaviruses (Agents of Hemorrhagic Fever) 951.7 Zoonoses Caused by Filoviruses 971.7.1 Marburg Virus Hemorrhagic Fever 991.7.2 Ebola Virus Hemorrhagic Fever 1041.8 Zoonoses Caused by Rhabdoviruses 1091.8.1 Rabies 1101.8.2 Vesicular Stomatitis 1171.9 Zoonoses Caused by Paramyxoviruses 1191.9.1 Newcastle Disease 1201.9.2 Zoonoses Caused by Hendra Virus 1221.9.3 Nipah Virus Encephalitis 1241.10 Zoonoses Caused by Orthomyxoviruses 1271.10.1 Influenza-Viruses 1271.10.1.1 Swine Influenza Virus H1N1 1291.10.1.2 Avian Influenza Viruses H5N1, H7N7, H7N9, and H9N2 1311.10.2 Thogotoviruses 1331.11 Zoonoses Caused by Picornaviruses 1341.11.1 Swine Vesicular Disease 1341.11.2 Foot-and-Mouth Disease 1351.11.3 Encephalomyocarditis 1381.12 Hepatitis E 1391.13 Coronaviruses 1401.13.1 SARS: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 1411.13.2 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) 1441.14 Retroviruses 1471.14.1 Primate T-cell-Lymphotropic Viruses: PTLV 1 and PTLV 2 (HTLV 1 and 2) 1471.14.2 Lentiviruses: HIV 1 and HIV 2 1491.14.3 Endogenous Retroviruses 1521.15 Zoonoses Caused by Herpesviruses 1531.15.1 Herpes B Virus: Simian Herpes Infection 1531.16 Zoonoses Caused by Poxviruses 1561.16.1 Zoonoses Caused by Orthopoxviruses 1581.16.2 Individual Orthopoxvirus Infections 1591.16.2.1 Monkeypox 1591.16.2.2 Vaccinia Virus 1601.16.2.3 Buffalopox 1631.16.2.4 Camelpox 1631.16.2.5 Cowpox 1641.16.2.6 Elephantpox 1641.16.3 Parapoxvirus Infections 1651.16.3.1 Contagious Ecthyma of Sheep (Orf) 1651.16.3.2 Milker's Nodules (Pseudocowpox) 1661.16.3.3 Papular Stomatitis 1661.16.4 Zoonoses Caused by Yabapoxviruses 1671.16.4.1 Tanapox Virus 1671.16.4.2 Yaba Monkey Tumor Virus 1671.17 Zoonoses Associated with Prions 1671.17.1 Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and the New Variant of Creutzfeldt - Jakob disease 169
2 Bacterial Zoonoses 1752.1 Introduction 1752.2 Anthrax 1752.3 Bartonelloses 1792.3.1 Cat Scratch Disease 1802.3.2 Endocarditis due to Bartonella Species 1822.3.3 Bartonella Infections in Immunocompromised Patients 1822.4 Borrelioses 1832.4.1 Lyme Borreliosis 1832.4.2 Relapsing Fever 1892.5 Brucelloses 1912.6 Campylobacterioses 1952.7 Chlamydioses 1982.7.1 Psittacosis/Ornithosis 1992.7.2 Chlamydioses Transmitted from Mammals 2012.8 Ehrlichioses/Anaplasmosis 2022.9 Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) Infections 2062.10 Erysipeloid 2112.11 Glanders 2142.12 Leptospiroses 2162.13 Listeriosis 2192.14 Mycobacterioses 2232.14.1 Infections with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex 2232.14.2 Infections with Mycobacterium marinum 2282.14.3 Possible Zoonotic Mycobacterioses 2292.14.3.1 Infections with M. avium subsp. avium 2302.14.3.2 Infections with M. avium subsp. hominissuis 2302.14.3.3 Infections with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis 2312.14.3.4 Infections with M. genavense 2322.15 Pasteurelloses 2322.16 Plague 2342.17 Q Fever 2382.18 Rat Bite Fever 2422.19 Rickettsioses 2442.19.1 General Features 2442.19.2 Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever 2482.19.3 Mediterranean Spotted Fever 2492.19.4 African Tick Bite Fever and Other Spotted Fever Diseases 2512.19.5 Rickettsioses in Central Europe 2522.19.6 Rickettsialpox 2522.19.7 Epidemic Typhus 2532.19.8 Murine Typhus 2542.19.9 Tsutsugamushi Fever (Scrub Typhus) 2562.20 Salmonelloses 2572.21 Staphylococcal Infections 2622.22 Streptococcal Infections 2642.22.1 General Features 2642.22.2 Streptococcus equi infections (Group C) 2642.22.3 Streptococcus suis Infections (groups R, S, and T) 2662.22.4 Streptococcus pyogenes (serogroup A) Infections 2672.22.5 Streptococcus agalactiae (serogroup B) Infections 2672.22.6 Infections with other Streptococcus spp 2672.23 Tularemia 2692.24 Vibrioses 2722.24.1 Cholera 2732.24.2 Disease due to other Vibrio spp. and closely related species 2752.25 Yersinioses (Enteric Infections due to Yersinia enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis) 2762.26 Rare and Potential Agents of Bacterial Zoonoses 2802.26.1 Actinobacillus Infections 2802.26.2 Aeromonas Infections 2802.26.3 Arcobacter Infections 2812.26.4 Bordetella Infections 2822.26.5 Capnocytophaga Infections 2832.26.6 Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis Infections 2842.26.7 Corynebacterium ulcerans Infections 2852.26.8 Dermatophilus congolensis Infections 2862.26.9 Helicobacter Infections 2872.26.10 Melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei Infections) 2882.26.11 Rhodococcus equi Infections 2902.26.12 Trueperella pyogenes Infections 291
3 Fungal Zoonoses 2933.1 Introduction 2933.2 Dermatophytoses Caused by Microsporum spp 2933.3 Dermatophytoses Caused by Trichophyton spp 2963.4 Sporotrichosis 2983.5 Pneumocystosis (Pneumocystis Pneumonia) as a Potential Zoonotic Mycosis 300
4 Parasitic Zoonoses 3034.1 Introduction 3034.2 Zoonoses Caused by Protozoa 3064.2.1 Amebiasis 3074.2.2 Babesiosis 3124.2.3 Balantidiasis 3154.2.4 Chagas' Disease (American Trypanosomiasis) 3174.2.5 Cryptosporidiosis 3244.2.6 Giardiasis (Lambliasis) 3284.2.7 Leishmaniasis 3304.2.7.1 Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala-Azar) 3324.2.7.2 Old World Cutaneous Leishmaniasis 3374.2.7.3 American Cutaneous and Mucocutaneous Leishmaniases (Espundia and Related Forms) 3394.2.8 Microsporoses 3414.2.9 Monkey Malaria (Simian Malaria) 3454.2.10 Sarcosporidiosis 3484.2.11 Sleeping Sickness (African Trypanosomiasis) 3514.2.12 Toxoplasmosis 3554.2.13 Other Zoonotic Protozoal Infections 3624.3 Zoonoses Caused by Trematodes 3634.3.1 Cercarial Dermatitis 3634.3.2 Clonorchiasis 3664.3.3 Dicrocoeliais (Distomatosis) 3684.3.4 Dwarf Fluke Infections (Intestinal Dwarf Fluke Infections) 3694.3.5 Fascioliasis 3704.3.6 Fasciolopsiasis 3744.3.7 Opisthorchiasis 3754.3.8 Paragonimiasis (Pulmonary Distomatosis) 3764.3.9 Schistosomiasis (Bilharziosis) 3784.3.10 Other Zoonotic Trematode Infections 3834.4 Zoonoses Caused by Cestodes 3844.4.1 Coenurosis 3854.4.2 Diphyllobothriasis (Broad Tapeworm infection) 3864.4.3 Dipylidiosis 3894.4.4 Echinococcosis 3904.4.4.1 Alveolar echinococcosis 3904.4.4.2 Cystic Echinococcosis (Hydatidosis) 3954.4.5 Hymenolepiasis (Dwarf Tapeworm Infection) 3994.4.6 Sparganosis 4014.4.7 Taeniasis saginata (including Taeniasis asiatica) 4024.4.8 Taeniasis solium and Cysticercosis 4054.4.9 Other Zoonotic Cestode Infections 4084.4.9.1 Intestinal Infestation: Etiology, Occurrence, and Transmission 4084.4.9.2 Extraintestinal Infestation: Infection with Taenia crassiceps 4094.5 Zoonoses Caused by Nematodes 4094.5.1 Angiostrongyliasis 4104.5.1.1 Cerebral Angiostrongyliasis (Eosinophilic Meningoencephalitis or Eosinophilic Meningitis) 4104.5.1.2 Intestinal Angiostrongyliasis 4114.5.2 Anisakiasis (Herring Worm Disease) 4124.5.3 Capillariases 4154.5.3.1 Hepatic Capillariasis 4154.5.3.2 Intestinal Capillariasis 4164.5.3.3 Pulmonary Capillariasis 4174.5.4 Dioctophymiasis 4184.5.5 Dracunculiasis (Guinea Worm Infection) 4184.5.6 Eosinophilic Enteritis 4204.5.7 Filariases 4214.5.7.1 Brugia Filariasis (Lymphatic Filariasis) 4224.5.7.2 Dirofilariasis 4254.5.8 Gnathostomiasis 4264.5.9 Gongylonemiasis 4274.5.10 Hookworm Infection (Infection with Ancylostoma ceylanicum) 4284.5.11 Lagochilascariasis 4294.5.12 Larva Migrans Cutanea (Creeping Eruption) 4304.5.13 Larva Migrans Visceralis 4324.5.14 Oesophagostomiasis 4344.5.15 Strongyloidiasis 4354.5.16 Syngamiasis 4384.5.17 Thelaziasis 4394.5.18 Trichinellosis (Trichinosis) 4404.5.19 Trichostrongylidiasis 4454.5.20 Other Zoonotic Infections by Nematodes 4464.6 Zoonoses Caused by Acanthocephala 4474.6.1 Acanthocephaliosis 4474.7 Zoonoses Caused by Arthropods 4494.7.1 Zoonoses Caused by Ticks 4494.7.1.1 Tick Bites 4494.7.1.2 Tick Toxicoses (Tick Paralyses) 4544.7.2 Zoonoses Caused by Mites 4554.7.3 Zoonoses Caused by Diptera 4594.7.3.1 Dipteran Bites 4604.7.3.2 Myiasis 4644.7.4 Zoonoses Caused by Fleas (Siphonaptera) 4674.7.4.1 Flea bites 4674.7.4.2 Tungiasis (Chigoe Flea infestation) 4694.7.5 Infestations by Heteroptera (Bed Bugs and Triatomine Bugs) 4714.8 Zoonoses Caused by Pentastomids 4734.8.1 Pentastomidosis, Linguatulosis (Halzoun, Marrara Syndrome) 473
Appendix A 477A.1 Animal Bite Infections 477A.1.1 Dog Bites and Bites by Foxes, Skunks, and Raccoons 477A.1.2 Cat Bites 478A.1.3 Simian Bites 478A.1.4 Alligator Bites 479A.1.5 Squirrel Bites 479A.1.6 Lizard Bites 479A.1.7 Fish Bites 479A.1.8 Bat Bites 479A.1.9 Shark Bites 479A.1.10 Hamster/Guinea Pig/Ferret Bites 479A.1.11 Camel Bites 479A.1.12 Opossum Bites 480A.1.13 Horse Bites 480A.1.14 Rat and Mouse Bites 480A.1.15 Sheep Bites 480A.1.16 Snake Bites 480A.1.17 Pig Bites 480A.1.18 Seal Bites 480A.1.19 Bird Bites 480A.1.20 Bear Bites 480
Appendix B: Infections and Intoxications Transmissible by Foodstuffs of Animal Origin 483B.1 Viruses 483B.2 Bacteria 484B.3 Fungi (Mycotoxins) 486B.4 Parasites 486B.5 Fish Poisoning 488B.6 Shellfish Poisoning 488B.7 Phytotoxins Transmitted by Bats 496
Appendix C: Iatrogenic Transmission of Zoonotic Agents 499
Appendix D: Zoonotic Diseases Notifiable at the National Level 503
Index 505