An Introduction to Literature
13th Edition
Published on 7. August 2003
Book
Paperback/Softback
1900 pages
978-0-321-10570-7 (ISBN)
Description
This best seller-continues to set a high standard for introductory literature texts by maintaining the traditions that have made it a success while adding fresh, new material.
Carefully selected classic and contemporary works incorporate a range of diverse voices, and the authors provide integrated coverage of the elements of literature and the writing process.
Carefully selected classic and contemporary works incorporate a range of diverse voices, and the authors provide integrated coverage of the elements of literature and the writing process.
More details
Edition
13th edition
Language
English
Place of publication
United States
Publishing group
Pearson Education (US)
Target group
Professional and scholarly
Dimensions
Height: 232 mm
Width: 160 mm
Thickness: 36 mm
Weight
1231 gr
ISBN-13
978-0-321-10570-7 (9780321105707)
Copyright in bibliographic data and cover images is held by Nielsen Book Services Limited or by the publishers or by their respective licensors: all rights reserved.
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Introduction to Literature
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Content
*Denotes a new selection.I. READING, THINKING, AND WRITING CRITICALLY ABOUT LITERATURE.
1. Reading and Responding to Literature.
What Is Literature?
Looking at an Example: Robert Frost, Immigrants.
Looking at a Second Example: Pat Mora, Immigrants.
Thinking About a Story: Luke, The Parable of the Prodigal Son.
Stories True and False: Grace Paley, Samuel.
What's Past Is Prologue.
*Bel Kaufman, Sunday in the Park.
James Merrill, Christmas Tree.
W. F. Bolton, Might We Too?
2. Writing About Literature: From Idea to Essay.
Why Write?
Getting Ideas: Pre-Writing.
Annotating a Text.
Brainstorming for Ideas for Writing.
Kate Chopin, The Story of an Hour.
Focused Free Writing.
Listing and Clustering.
Developing an Awareness of the Writer's Use of Language.
Asking Questions.
Keeping a Journal.
Arriving at a Thesis.
Writing a Draft.
Sample Draft of an Essay on Kate Chopin's The Story of an Hour.
Revising a Draft.
Peer Review.
The Final Version (Sample Student Essay): Ironies of Life in Kate Chopin's "The Story an Hour."
A Brief Overview of the Final Version.
Explication.
A Sample Explication.
William Butler Yeats, The Balloon of the Mind.
Comparison and Contrast.
Review: How to Write an Effective Essay.
Additional Reading.
Kate Chopin, Ripe Figs.
Adrienne Rich, For the Felling of an Elm in the Harvard Yard.
Lorna Dee Cervantes, Refugee Ship.
*Jos Armas, El Tonto del Barrio.
II. FICTION.
3. Approaching Fiction: Responding in Writing.
Ernest Hemingway, Cat in the Rain.
Responses, Annotations, and Journal Entries.
A Sample Essay by a Student: "Hemingway's American Wife."
4. Stories and Meanings: Plot, Character, Theme.
Aesop, The Vixen and the Lioness.
W. Somerset Maugham, The Appointment in Samara.
Anonymous, Muddy Road.
Anton Chekhov, Misery.
Kate Chopin, Desiree's Baby.
*Patricia Grace, Butterflies.
*Patricia Grace, Flies.
5. Narrative Point of View.
Participant (or First-Person) Points of View.
Nonparticipant (or Third-Person) Points of View.
The Point of a Point of View.
John Updike, A & P.
Alice Elliot Dark, In the Gloaming.
*V. S. Naipaul, The Night Watchman's Occurrence Book.
6. Allegory and Symbol.
Nathaniel Hawthorne, Young Goodman Brown.
Eudora Welty, A Worn Path.
*Gabriel Garcia Marquez, A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings.
7. In Brief: Writing About Fiction.
Character.
Point of View.
Setting.
Symbolism.
Style.
Theme.
A Story, Notes, and an Essay.
Edgar Allan Poe, The Cask of Amontillado.
A Student's Written Response to a Story.
Notes.
A Sample Response Essay: Revenge, Noble, and Ignoble.
8. A Fiction Writer at Work.
Raymond Carver, Mine.
Raymond Carver, Little Things.
*Raymond Carver, Cathedral.
Raymond Carver, Talking About Stories.
Raymond Carver, On Rewriting.
*Raymond Carver, On "Cathedral."
9. Thinking Critically about a Short Story.
A Note on Interpretation.
A Casebook on Ralph Ellison's "Battle Royal."
Ralph Ellison, Battle Royal.
Booker T. Washington, Atlanta Exposition Address.
W. E. B. Du Bois, Of Our Spiritual Strivings.
W. E. B. Du Bois, Of Mr. Booker T. Washington and Others.
ILLUSTRATION: Charles Keck, The Booker T. Washington Memorial.
Gunnar Myrdal, On Social Equality.
Ralph Ellison, On Negro Folkore.
Ralph Ellison, Life in Oklahoma City.
10. Three Fiction Writers in Depth: Leo Tolstoy, Willa Cather, and Flannery O'Connor.
Leo Tolstoy.
The Death of Ivan Illych.
*Three Hermits.
*The Three Questions.
*from What Is Art?
Willa Cather.
*Preface to Alexander's Bridge.
*A Wagner Matinee (facsimile of 1904 magazine version).
*A Wagner Matinee (1905 book version).
*The Sculptor's Funeral.
*Paul's Case.
Flannery O'Connor, Three Stories and Observations on Literature.
A Good Man Is Hard to Find.
Revelation.
On Fiction: Remarks from Essays and Letters.
On Interpreting A Good Man Is Hard to Find.
*11. Law and Disorder.
Anonymous, The Judgment of Solomon.
*John, The Woman Taken in Adultery.
*Anonymous, Two Hasidic Tales.
*Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Maypole of Merry Mount.
*Franz Kafka, Before the Law.
Elizabeth Bishop, The Hanging of the Mouse.
*James Alan McPherson, An Act of Prostitution.
*Sherman Alexie, The Trial of Thomas Builds-the-Fire.
12. A Collection of Short Fiction.
*Guy de Maupassant, The Necklace.
Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Yellow Wallpaper.
James Joyce, Araby.
William Faulkner, A Rose for Emily.
Jorge Luis Borges, The Gospel According to Mark.
Langston Hughes, One Friday Morning.
Isaac Bashevis Singer, The Son from America.
Bernard Malamud, The Mourners.
Contemporary Voices.
Alice Munro, Boys and Girls.
John Updike, Separating.
Joyce Carol Oates, Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?
Toni Cade Bambara, The Lesson.
Bobbie Ann Mason, Shiloh.
Alice Walker, Everyday Use.
Tobias Wolff, Powder.
Tim O'Brien, The Things They Carried.
Leslie Marmon Silko, The Man to Send Rain Clouds.
Gloria Naylor, The Two.
*Rita Dove, Second Hand Man.
Amy Tan, Two Kinds.
Katherine Min, Courting a Monk.
*Helene Marie Viramontes, The Moths.
*Elizabeth Tallent, No One's a Mystery.
*Gish Jen, Who's Irish?
Lorrie Moore, How to Become a Writer.
Louise Erdrich, The Red Convertible.
13. The Novel.
Observations on the Novel.
Reading Kate Chopin's The Awakening.
*Orleans in Kate Chopin's Day: An Album of Pictures.
Kate Chopin, The Awakening.
III. POETRY.
14. Approaching Poetry: Responding in Writing.
Langston Hughes, Harlem.
Thinking About Harlem.
Some Journal Entries.
Final Draft: Langston Hughes, Harlem.
Aphra Behn, Song: Love Armed.
Journal Entries.
A Sample Essay by a Student: "The Double Nature of Love."
15. Lyric Poetry.
Anonymous, Michael Row the Boat Ashore.
Anonymous, Careless Love.
Anonymous, The Colorado Trail.
Anonymous, Western Wind.
*Wendy Cope, Valentine.
*William Shakespeare, Spring.
*William Shakespeare, Winter.
W. H. Auden, Stop All the Clocks, Cut Off the Telephone.
Emily Bronte, Spellbound.
Thomas Hardy, The Self-Unseeing.
Anonymous, Deep River (MUSIC).
Langston Hughes, Evenin' Air Blues.
Li-Young Lee, I Ask My Mother to Sing.
Edna St. Vincent Millay, The Spring and the Fall.
Wilfred Owen, Anthem for Doomed Youth.
Walt Whitman, A Noiseless Patient Spider.
John Keats, Ode on a Grecian Urn.
Paul Laurence Dunbar, Sympathy.
Linda Pastan, Jump Cabling.
*Anonymous, The Silver Swan.
*16. An American Songbag
*Anonymous, Go Down, Moses.
*Julia Ward Howe, Battle Hymn of the Republic.
*Wallace Saunders, Casey Jones.
*T. L. Seibert and E. W. Newton, Casey Jones.
*Anonymous, Birmingham Jail.
*W. C. Handy, St. Louis Blues.
*Ira Gershwin, The Man That Got Away.
*Woody Guthrie, This Land Is Your Land.
*Billie Holiday and Arthur Herzog Jr., God Bless the Child.
*Bruce Springsteen, Born in the U.S.A.
17. The Speaking Tone of Voice.
Emily Dickinson, I'm Nobody! Who are you?
Ben Jonson, The Hour-Glass.
Gwendolyn Brooks, We Real Cool.
The Reader as the Speaker.
Stevie Smith, Not Waving but Drowning.
*Wislawa Szymborska, The Terrorist, He Watches.
*John Updike, The Icarus.
The Dramatic Monologue.
Robert Browning, My Last Duchess.
Diction and Tone.
Robert Herrick, To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time.
Thomas Hardy, The Man He Killed.
Walter de la Mare, An Epitaph.
Gerard Manley Hopkins, Spring and Fall: To a Young Child.
Countee Cullen, For a Lady I Know.
Lyn Lifshin, My Mother and the Bed.
The Voice of the Satirist.
e.e cummings, next to of course god America.
Marge Piercy, Barbie Doll.
Louise Erdrich, Dear John Wayne.
18. Figurative Language: Simile, Metaphor, Personification, and Apostrophe.
Robert Burns, A Red, Red Rose.
Sylvia Plath, Metaphors.
Simile.
Richard Wilbur, A Simile for Her Smile.
Metaphor.
John Keats, On First Looking into Chapman's Homer.
Personification.
Apostrophe.
Edmund Waller, Song.
William Carlos Williams, The Red Wheelbarrow.
Alfred Lord Tennyson, The Eagle.
Samuel Johnson, On the Death of Mr. Robert Levet.
Seamus Heaney, Digging.
19. Imagery and Symbolism.
William Blake, The Sick Rose.
Walt Whitman, I Saw in Louisiana a Live-Oak Growing (FACSIMILE).
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Kubla Khan.
Frederick Morgan, The Master.
ILLUSTRATION: Han Gan, Night-Shining White.
Claude McKay, The Tropics in New York.
Adrienne Rich, Diving into the Wreck.
A Note on Haiku.
Moritake, Fallen petals rise.
Sokan, If only we could.
Shiki, River in summer.
Richard Wright, Four Haikus.
Gary Snyder, After weeks of watching the roof leak.
Writing a Haiku.
Taigi, Look, O look, there go.
Can Poetry Be Translated?
Looking at Translations of a Poem by Charles Baudelaire.
Charles Baudelaire, L'Albatros.
ILLUSTRATION: Rodin, The Thinker.
Gabriela Mistral, El Pensador de Rodin.
20. Irony.
Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias.
Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress.
John Donne, Holy Sonnet XIV ("Batter my heart, three-personed God").
Langston Hughes, Dream Boogie.
Martin Espada, Tony Went to the Bodega but He Didn't Buy Anything.
Edna St. Vincent Millay, Love Is Not All: It Is Not Meat nor Drink.
*Sherman Alexie, Evolution.
21. Rhythm and Versification.
Ezra Pound, An Immorality.
A. E. Housman, Eight O'Clock.
ILLUSTRATION: Breughel, The Carnival.
William Carlos Williams, The Dance.
Robert Francis, The Pitcher.
Versification: A Glossary for Reference.
Meter.
Patterns of Sound.
Galway Kinnell, Blackberry Eating.
Six Sonnets.
William Shakespeare, Sonnet 73 ("That time of year thou mayst in me behold").
William Shakespeare, Sonnet 146 ("Poor soul, the center of my sinful earth").
John Milton, When I Consider How My Light Is Spent.
*John Crowe Ransom, Piazza Piece.
X. J. Kennedy, Nothing in Heaven Functions as It Ought.
*Billy Collins, Sonnet.
Blank Verse and Free Verse.
Walt Whitman, When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer.
22. In Brief: Writing About Poetry.
First Response.
Speaker and Tone.
Audience.
Structure and Form.
Center of Interest and Theme.
Diction.
Sound Effects.
A Note on Explication.
A Student's Written Response to a Poem.
Louise Glueck, Gretel in Darkness.
Jennifer Anderson, A Memory Poem: Louise Glueck's "Gretel in Darkness."
23. Poets at Work.
William Butler Yeats, Three Versions of "Leda and the Swan".
Cathy Song, Two Versions of "Out of Our Hands".
Walt Whitman, Enfans d'Adam, Number 9.
*Sylvia Plath, Two Versions of "Brasilia."
*MS OF BRASILIA.
Carl Phillips, Two Versions of "Gesture, Possibly Archaic".
*24. The Span of Life: Poems, from the Cradle to the Grave.
Three Short Long Views.
*Robert Frost, The Span of Life.
*Sir Walter Raleigh, What Is Our Life?
e. e. cummings, anyone lived in a pretty how town.
Early Years.
William Blake, Infant Joy.
William Blake, Infant Sorrow.
*Anonymous, How Many Miles to Babylon?
Sharon Olds, Rites of Passage.
Louise Glueck, The School Children.
Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays.
Sex, Love, Marriage.
*William Butler Yeats, For Anne Gregory.
William Shakespeare, Sonnet 116 ("Let me not to the marriage of trueminds").
*Kitty Tsui, A Chinese Banquet.
Frank O'Hara, Homosexuality.
*Edna St.Vincent Millay, I, Being Born a Woman and Distressed.
*Anonymous, Higamus, Hogamus.
Work, Play, Getting On.
*John Updike, Ex-Basketball Player.
Rita Dove, Daystar.
*Gary Snyder, Hay for the Horses.
James Wright, Lying in a Hammock at William Duffy's Farm in Pine Island, Minnesota.
*Marge Piercy, To Be of Use.
Last Years.
*Gwendolyn Brooks, The Bean Eaters.
*Robert Burns, John Anderson My Jo.
William Butler Yeats, Sailing to Byzantium.
Good Nights.
Dylan Thomas, Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night.
W. H. Auden, The Unknown Citizen.
*Anonymous, Swing Low, Sweet Chariot.
Voices from Below.
*William Shakespeare, Sweet Friend, for Jesus' Sake Forbear.
*Thomas Hardy, Ah, Are You Digging on My Grave?
*Edgar Lee Masters, Minerva Jones.
*Edgar Lee Masters, Doctor Meyers.
*Edgar Lee Masters, Mrs. Meyers.
*25. The Sporting Life: Ten Poems.
*Linda Pastan, Baseball.
*X. J. Kennedy, The Abominable Baseball Bat.
*Lillian Morrison, he Sidewalk Racer.
*Diane Ackerman, Pumping Iron.
A. E. Housman, To an Athlete, Dying Young.
*Michael S. Harper, Makin' Jump Shots.
*Adrian Mitchell, Golo, ?The Gloomy Goalkeeper.
*Thomas Merton, The Need to Win.
*Carolyn Kizer, Horseback.
*Donald Hall, Couplet.
26. Modern and Contemporary Perspectives on Multicultural America.
Paula Gunn Allen, Pocahontas to Her English Husband, John Rolfe.
ILLUSTRATION: Victor Nehlig, Pocahontas and John Smith.
Robert Frost, The Vanishing Red.
Aurora Levins Morales, Child of the Americas.
Joseph Bruchac III, Ellis Island.
ILLUSTRATION: Slavic Women Arrive at Ellis Island in the Winter of 1910.
Mitsuye Yamada, To the Lady.
ILLUSTRATION: Dorothea Lange, Grandfather and Grandchildren Awaiting Evacuation Bus.
Yusef Komunyakaa, Facing It.
ILLUSTRATION: Vietnam Veterans Memorial.
Claude McKay, America.
Dudley Randall, The Melting Pot.
Martin Espada, Bully.
Jimmy Santiago Baca, So Mexicans Are Taking Jobs from Americans.
Nila northSun, Moving Camp Too Far.
ILLUSTRATION: Edward S. Curtis, Blackfoot Travois.
Sherman Alexie, On the Amtrak from Boston to New York City.
Laureen Mar, My Mother, Who Came from China, Where She Never Saw Snow.
27. Variations on Themes: Poems and Paintings.
Writing about Poems and Paintings.
A Sample Student Essay: "Two Ways of Looking at a Starry Night."
Jane Flanders, Van Gogh's Bed.
Adrienne Rich, Mourning Picture.
Cathy Song, Beauty and Sadness.
Carl Phillips, Luncheon on the Grass.
Anne Sexton, The Starry Night.
W. H. Auden, Mues des Beaux Arts.
X. J. Kennedy, Nude Descending a Staircase.
Greg Pape, American Flamingo.
*Sherman Alexie, At Navajo Monument Valley Tribal School.
John Updike, Before the Mirror.
28. Three Poets in Depth: Emily Dickinson, Robert Frost, and Langston Hughes.
On Reading Authors Represented in Depth.
Emily Dickinson.
These are the days when Birds come back.
Papa above?
Wild Nights-Wild Nights!
There's a certain Slant of light.
I got so I could hear his name-.
The Soul Selects her own Society.
There was a Poet-It is That.
I heard a Fly Buzz-when I died.
The World is not Conclusion.
I like to see it Lap the Miles.
Because I could not stop for Death.
A narrow Fellow in the Grass.
Further in Summer than the Birds.
Tell all the Truth but tell it slant.
A Route of Evanesence.
Those-dying, then.
Apparently with no Surprise.
I felt a funeral, in my Brain.
ILLUSTRATION: Manuscript of "I felt a Funeral, in my Brain."
I felt a Cleaving in my Mind.
The Dust behind I strove to join.
Letters about Poetry.
Letter to Susan Gilbert (Dickinson).
Letters to T.W. Higginson.
Letter to T.W. Higginson.
Robert Frost.
The Pasture.
Mending Wall.
The Wood-Pile.
The Road Not Taken.
The Telephone.
The Oven Bird.
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening.
The Aim Was Song.
The Need of Being Versed in Country Things.
Acquainted with the Night.
Desert Places.
Design.
The Silken Tent.
Come In.
The Most of It.
Robert Frost on Poertry.
The Figure a Poem Makes.
From the Constant Symbol.
Langston Hughes.
The Negro Speaks of Rivers.
Mother to Son.
The Weary Blues.
The South.
Ruby Brown.
Poet to Patron.
Ballad of the Landlord.
Too Blue.
Harlem [1].
Theme for English B.
Poet to Bigot.
Langston Hughes on Poetry.
The Negro and the Racial Mountain.
On the Cultural Achievement of African-Americans.
29. A Collection of Poems.
A Note on Folk Ballads.
Anonymous, Sir Patrick Spence (MUSIC).
Anonymous, The Three Ravens (MUSIC).
Anonymous, The Twa Corbies.
Anonymous, Edward.
Anonymous, The Demon Lover (MUSIC).
Anonymous, John Henry.
William Shakespeare, Sonnet 29 ("When, in disgrace with Fortune and mens' eyes").
John Donne, A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning.
Ben Jonson, On His First Son.
William Blake, The Lamb.
William Blake, The Tyger.
William Blake, London.
William Wordsworth, The World Is Too Much with Us.
William Wordsworth, I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud.
ILLUSTRATION: Eighteenth-Century slave ship.
Phillis Wheatley, On Being Brought from Africa to America.
Lydia Howard Huntley Sigourney, The Indian's Welcome tothe Pilgrim Fathers.
John Keats, To Autumn.
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses.
Herman Melville, The March into Virginia.
*Herman Melville, Buddha.
Matthew Arnold, Dover Beach.
Thomas Hardy, The Convergence of the Twain.
Gerard Manley Hopkins, God's Grandeur.
Edwin Arlington Robinson, Richard Cory.
James Weldon Johnson, To America.
William Carlos Williams, Spring and All.
Ezra Pound, In a Station of the Metro.
H.D., Helen.
T.S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock.
Countee Cullen, Incident.
Archibald MacLeish, Ars Poetica.
Elizabeth Bishop, The Fish.
Contemporary Voices.
Gwendolyn Brooks, Martin Luther King Jr.
ILLUSTRATION: Funeral March for Martin Luther King Jr.
Anthony Hecht, The Dover Bitch.
Allen Ginsberg, A Supermarket in California.
Adrienne Rich, Living in Sin.
X. J. Kennedy, For Allen Ginsberg.
Derek Walcott, A Far Cry from Africa.
Sylvia Plath, Daddy.
Amiri Baraka, A Poem for Black Hearts.
Lucille Clifton, in the inner city.
Joseph Brodsky, Love Song.
Bob Dylan, The Times They Are-A-Changin'.
Pat Mora, Sonrisas.
*Pat Mora, Illegal Alien.
*Pat Mora, Legal Alien.
Nikki Giovanni, Master Charge Blues.
Ellen Bryant Voight, Quarrel.
Carol Muske, Chivalry.
Wendy Rose, Three Thousand Dollar Death Song.
Joy Harjo, Vision.
Judith Ortiz Cofer, My Father in the Navy: A Childhood Memory.
IV. DRAMA.
30. Some Elements of Drama.
Thinking About the Language of Drama.
Plot and Character.
ILLUSTRATION: (for Trifles).
Susan Glaspell, Trifles.
31. Tragedy.
A Note on Greek Theater.
ILLUSTRATION:
Sophocles, Oedipus Rex.
Sophocles, Antigone.
A Casebook on Hamlet.
A Note on the Elizabethan Theater.
William Shakespeare, Hamlet.
ILLUSTRATION: First Quarto ("To be or not to be").
ILLUSTRATION: Second Quarto ("To be or not to be").
ILLUSTRATION: First Folio ("To be or not to be").
Hamlet on the Stage: A Pictorial Album (SEVERAL ILLUSTRATIONS).
Ernest Jones, Hamlet and the Oedipus Complex.
Stanley Wells, On the First Soliloquy.
Elaine Showalter, Representing Ophelia.
Claire Bloom, Playing Gertrude on Television.
Bernice Kliman, The BBC Hamlet: A Television Production.
Will Saretta, "Branagh's Film of Hamlet" (student essay).
Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman.
Illustration.
A Context for Death of a Salesman.
Arthur Miller, Tragedy and the Common Man.
32. Comedy.
Wendy Wasserstein, he Man in a Case.
ILLUSTRATION.
William Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night's Dream.
ILLUSTRATION.
33. In Brief: Writing About Drama.
Plot and Conflict.
Character.
Tragedy.
Comedy.
Nonverbal Language.
The Play in Performance.
A Sample Student Essay, Using Sources: "The Women in Death of a Salesman."
34. A Playwright at Work.
Joyce Carol Oates, Tone Clusters.
ILLUSTRATION.
Joyce Carol Oates, On Writing Drama.
Joyce Carol Oates, Further Thoughts on "Tone Clusters."
35. A Collection of Plays in Contexts.
Henrik Ibsen, A Doll's House.
ILLUSTRATION.
Contexts for A Doll's House.
Henrik Ibsen, Notes for the Tragedy of Modern Times.
Henrik Ibsen, Adaptations of A Doll's House for a German Production.
Henrik Ibsen, Speech at the Banquet of the Norwegian League for Women's Rights.
Tennessee Williams, The Glass Menagerie.
ILLUSTRATION.
A Context for The Glass Menagerie.
Tennessee Williams, Production Notes.
Contemporary Voices.
Luis Valdez, Los Vendidos.
ILLUSTRATION.
A Context for Los Vendidos.
Luis Valdez, The Actos.
*Clare Boothe Luce, Slam the Door Softly.
*David Henry Hwang, The Sound of a Voice.
*A Context for the Sound of a Voice.
Henry David Hwang, Thoughts about "Ethnic Theater."
Harvey Fierstein, On Tidy Endings.
ILLUSTRATION.
August Wilson, Fences.
ILLUSTRATION.
A Context for Fences.
August Wilson, Talking About Fences.
V. CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES.
36. Critical Approaches: The Nature of Criticism.
Formalist (or New) Criticism.
Deconstruction.
Reader Response Criticism.
Archetypal (or Myth) Criticism.
The New Historicism, and Biographical Criticism, Psychological (or Psychoanalytic) Criticism
Gender (Feminist,and Lesbian and Gay Criticism).
Appendix A: Remarks About Manuscript Form.
Basic Manuscript Form.
Corrections in the Final Copy.
Quotations and Quotation Marks.
Quotation Marks or Underlining?
A Note on the Possessive.
Appendix B: Writing a Research Paper.
What Research Is Not, and What Research Is.
Primary and Secondary Materials.
Locating Materials: First Steps.
Other Bibliographic Aids.
Taking Notes.
Two Mechanical Aids: The Photocopier and the Word Processor.
A Guide to Note-taking.
Drafting the Paper.
A Sense of Proportion.
Documentation.
What to Document: Avoiding Plagiarism.
How to Document: Footnotes, Internal Parenthetic Citations, and a List of Works Cited (MLA Format).
Appendix C: New Approaches to the Research Paper: Literature, History, and the World Wide Web.
Case Study on Literature and History: The Internment of Japanese Americans.
Literary Texts.
Mitsuye Yamada, The Question of Loyalty.
David Mura, An Argument: On 1942.
Historical Sources.
Basic Reference Books (Short Paper).
Getting Deeper (Medium Paper).
Other Reference Sources (Long Paper).
Too Much Information?
Electronic Sources.
Encyclopedias: Print and Electronic Versions.
The Internet/World Wide Web.
Evaluating Sources on the World Wide Web.
Additional Print and Electronic Sources.
Appendix D: Literary Research: Print and Electronic Sources.
Print Reference Sources.
Other Reference Resources.
Bibliographies.
Electronic Sources.
Other Useful Sites on Authors.
History Reference and Bibliography Sources.
World Wide Web Sites for History.
Periodicals: Print and Electronic Sources.
For General Bibliography in the Humanities.
For Evaluating the Point of View, the Content, and the Intended Audience of Sources.
Other Resources.
What Does Your Own Institution Offer?
Appendix E: Glossary of Literary Terms.
Credits.
Index of Authors, Titles, and First Lines of Poems.
1. Reading and Responding to Literature.
What Is Literature?
Looking at an Example: Robert Frost, Immigrants.
Looking at a Second Example: Pat Mora, Immigrants.
Thinking About a Story: Luke, The Parable of the Prodigal Son.
Stories True and False: Grace Paley, Samuel.
What's Past Is Prologue.
*Bel Kaufman, Sunday in the Park.
James Merrill, Christmas Tree.
W. F. Bolton, Might We Too?
2. Writing About Literature: From Idea to Essay.
Why Write?
Getting Ideas: Pre-Writing.
Annotating a Text.
Brainstorming for Ideas for Writing.
Kate Chopin, The Story of an Hour.
Focused Free Writing.
Listing and Clustering.
Developing an Awareness of the Writer's Use of Language.
Asking Questions.
Keeping a Journal.
Arriving at a Thesis.
Writing a Draft.
Sample Draft of an Essay on Kate Chopin's The Story of an Hour.
Revising a Draft.
Peer Review.
The Final Version (Sample Student Essay): Ironies of Life in Kate Chopin's "The Story an Hour."
A Brief Overview of the Final Version.
Explication.
A Sample Explication.
William Butler Yeats, The Balloon of the Mind.
Comparison and Contrast.
Review: How to Write an Effective Essay.
Additional Reading.
Kate Chopin, Ripe Figs.
Adrienne Rich, For the Felling of an Elm in the Harvard Yard.
Lorna Dee Cervantes, Refugee Ship.
*Jos Armas, El Tonto del Barrio.
II. FICTION.
3. Approaching Fiction: Responding in Writing.
Ernest Hemingway, Cat in the Rain.
Responses, Annotations, and Journal Entries.
A Sample Essay by a Student: "Hemingway's American Wife."
4. Stories and Meanings: Plot, Character, Theme.
Aesop, The Vixen and the Lioness.
W. Somerset Maugham, The Appointment in Samara.
Anonymous, Muddy Road.
Anton Chekhov, Misery.
Kate Chopin, Desiree's Baby.
*Patricia Grace, Butterflies.
*Patricia Grace, Flies.
5. Narrative Point of View.
Participant (or First-Person) Points of View.
Nonparticipant (or Third-Person) Points of View.
The Point of a Point of View.
John Updike, A & P.
Alice Elliot Dark, In the Gloaming.
*V. S. Naipaul, The Night Watchman's Occurrence Book.
6. Allegory and Symbol.
Nathaniel Hawthorne, Young Goodman Brown.
Eudora Welty, A Worn Path.
*Gabriel Garcia Marquez, A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings.
7. In Brief: Writing About Fiction.
Character.
Point of View.
Setting.
Symbolism.
Style.
Theme.
A Story, Notes, and an Essay.
Edgar Allan Poe, The Cask of Amontillado.
A Student's Written Response to a Story.
Notes.
A Sample Response Essay: Revenge, Noble, and Ignoble.
8. A Fiction Writer at Work.
Raymond Carver, Mine.
Raymond Carver, Little Things.
*Raymond Carver, Cathedral.
Raymond Carver, Talking About Stories.
Raymond Carver, On Rewriting.
*Raymond Carver, On "Cathedral."
9. Thinking Critically about a Short Story.
A Note on Interpretation.
A Casebook on Ralph Ellison's "Battle Royal."
Ralph Ellison, Battle Royal.
Booker T. Washington, Atlanta Exposition Address.
W. E. B. Du Bois, Of Our Spiritual Strivings.
W. E. B. Du Bois, Of Mr. Booker T. Washington and Others.
ILLUSTRATION: Charles Keck, The Booker T. Washington Memorial.
Gunnar Myrdal, On Social Equality.
Ralph Ellison, On Negro Folkore.
Ralph Ellison, Life in Oklahoma City.
10. Three Fiction Writers in Depth: Leo Tolstoy, Willa Cather, and Flannery O'Connor.
Leo Tolstoy.
The Death of Ivan Illych.
*Three Hermits.
*The Three Questions.
*from What Is Art?
Willa Cather.
*Preface to Alexander's Bridge.
*A Wagner Matinee (facsimile of 1904 magazine version).
*A Wagner Matinee (1905 book version).
*The Sculptor's Funeral.
*Paul's Case.
Flannery O'Connor, Three Stories and Observations on Literature.
A Good Man Is Hard to Find.
Revelation.
On Fiction: Remarks from Essays and Letters.
On Interpreting A Good Man Is Hard to Find.
*11. Law and Disorder.
Anonymous, The Judgment of Solomon.
*John, The Woman Taken in Adultery.
*Anonymous, Two Hasidic Tales.
*Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Maypole of Merry Mount.
*Franz Kafka, Before the Law.
Elizabeth Bishop, The Hanging of the Mouse.
*James Alan McPherson, An Act of Prostitution.
*Sherman Alexie, The Trial of Thomas Builds-the-Fire.
12. A Collection of Short Fiction.
*Guy de Maupassant, The Necklace.
Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Yellow Wallpaper.
James Joyce, Araby.
William Faulkner, A Rose for Emily.
Jorge Luis Borges, The Gospel According to Mark.
Langston Hughes, One Friday Morning.
Isaac Bashevis Singer, The Son from America.
Bernard Malamud, The Mourners.
Contemporary Voices.
Alice Munro, Boys and Girls.
John Updike, Separating.
Joyce Carol Oates, Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?
Toni Cade Bambara, The Lesson.
Bobbie Ann Mason, Shiloh.
Alice Walker, Everyday Use.
Tobias Wolff, Powder.
Tim O'Brien, The Things They Carried.
Leslie Marmon Silko, The Man to Send Rain Clouds.
Gloria Naylor, The Two.
*Rita Dove, Second Hand Man.
Amy Tan, Two Kinds.
Katherine Min, Courting a Monk.
*Helene Marie Viramontes, The Moths.
*Elizabeth Tallent, No One's a Mystery.
*Gish Jen, Who's Irish?
Lorrie Moore, How to Become a Writer.
Louise Erdrich, The Red Convertible.
13. The Novel.
Observations on the Novel.
Reading Kate Chopin's The Awakening.
*Orleans in Kate Chopin's Day: An Album of Pictures.
Kate Chopin, The Awakening.
III. POETRY.
14. Approaching Poetry: Responding in Writing.
Langston Hughes, Harlem.
Thinking About Harlem.
Some Journal Entries.
Final Draft: Langston Hughes, Harlem.
Aphra Behn, Song: Love Armed.
Journal Entries.
A Sample Essay by a Student: "The Double Nature of Love."
15. Lyric Poetry.
Anonymous, Michael Row the Boat Ashore.
Anonymous, Careless Love.
Anonymous, The Colorado Trail.
Anonymous, Western Wind.
*Wendy Cope, Valentine.
*William Shakespeare, Spring.
*William Shakespeare, Winter.
W. H. Auden, Stop All the Clocks, Cut Off the Telephone.
Emily Bronte, Spellbound.
Thomas Hardy, The Self-Unseeing.
Anonymous, Deep River (MUSIC).
Langston Hughes, Evenin' Air Blues.
Li-Young Lee, I Ask My Mother to Sing.
Edna St. Vincent Millay, The Spring and the Fall.
Wilfred Owen, Anthem for Doomed Youth.
Walt Whitman, A Noiseless Patient Spider.
John Keats, Ode on a Grecian Urn.
Paul Laurence Dunbar, Sympathy.
Linda Pastan, Jump Cabling.
*Anonymous, The Silver Swan.
*16. An American Songbag
*Anonymous, Go Down, Moses.
*Julia Ward Howe, Battle Hymn of the Republic.
*Wallace Saunders, Casey Jones.
*T. L. Seibert and E. W. Newton, Casey Jones.
*Anonymous, Birmingham Jail.
*W. C. Handy, St. Louis Blues.
*Ira Gershwin, The Man That Got Away.
*Woody Guthrie, This Land Is Your Land.
*Billie Holiday and Arthur Herzog Jr., God Bless the Child.
*Bruce Springsteen, Born in the U.S.A.
17. The Speaking Tone of Voice.
Emily Dickinson, I'm Nobody! Who are you?
Ben Jonson, The Hour-Glass.
Gwendolyn Brooks, We Real Cool.
The Reader as the Speaker.
Stevie Smith, Not Waving but Drowning.
*Wislawa Szymborska, The Terrorist, He Watches.
*John Updike, The Icarus.
The Dramatic Monologue.
Robert Browning, My Last Duchess.
Diction and Tone.
Robert Herrick, To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time.
Thomas Hardy, The Man He Killed.
Walter de la Mare, An Epitaph.
Gerard Manley Hopkins, Spring and Fall: To a Young Child.
Countee Cullen, For a Lady I Know.
Lyn Lifshin, My Mother and the Bed.
The Voice of the Satirist.
e.e cummings, next to of course god America.
Marge Piercy, Barbie Doll.
Louise Erdrich, Dear John Wayne.
18. Figurative Language: Simile, Metaphor, Personification, and Apostrophe.
Robert Burns, A Red, Red Rose.
Sylvia Plath, Metaphors.
Simile.
Richard Wilbur, A Simile for Her Smile.
Metaphor.
John Keats, On First Looking into Chapman's Homer.
Personification.
Apostrophe.
Edmund Waller, Song.
William Carlos Williams, The Red Wheelbarrow.
Alfred Lord Tennyson, The Eagle.
Samuel Johnson, On the Death of Mr. Robert Levet.
Seamus Heaney, Digging.
19. Imagery and Symbolism.
William Blake, The Sick Rose.
Walt Whitman, I Saw in Louisiana a Live-Oak Growing (FACSIMILE).
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Kubla Khan.
Frederick Morgan, The Master.
ILLUSTRATION: Han Gan, Night-Shining White.
Claude McKay, The Tropics in New York.
Adrienne Rich, Diving into the Wreck.
A Note on Haiku.
Moritake, Fallen petals rise.
Sokan, If only we could.
Shiki, River in summer.
Richard Wright, Four Haikus.
Gary Snyder, After weeks of watching the roof leak.
Writing a Haiku.
Taigi, Look, O look, there go.
Can Poetry Be Translated?
Looking at Translations of a Poem by Charles Baudelaire.
Charles Baudelaire, L'Albatros.
ILLUSTRATION: Rodin, The Thinker.
Gabriela Mistral, El Pensador de Rodin.
20. Irony.
Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias.
Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress.
John Donne, Holy Sonnet XIV ("Batter my heart, three-personed God").
Langston Hughes, Dream Boogie.
Martin Espada, Tony Went to the Bodega but He Didn't Buy Anything.
Edna St. Vincent Millay, Love Is Not All: It Is Not Meat nor Drink.
*Sherman Alexie, Evolution.
21. Rhythm and Versification.
Ezra Pound, An Immorality.
A. E. Housman, Eight O'Clock.
ILLUSTRATION: Breughel, The Carnival.
William Carlos Williams, The Dance.
Robert Francis, The Pitcher.
Versification: A Glossary for Reference.
Meter.
Patterns of Sound.
Galway Kinnell, Blackberry Eating.
Six Sonnets.
William Shakespeare, Sonnet 73 ("That time of year thou mayst in me behold").
William Shakespeare, Sonnet 146 ("Poor soul, the center of my sinful earth").
John Milton, When I Consider How My Light Is Spent.
*John Crowe Ransom, Piazza Piece.
X. J. Kennedy, Nothing in Heaven Functions as It Ought.
*Billy Collins, Sonnet.
Blank Verse and Free Verse.
Walt Whitman, When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer.
22. In Brief: Writing About Poetry.
First Response.
Speaker and Tone.
Audience.
Structure and Form.
Center of Interest and Theme.
Diction.
Sound Effects.
A Note on Explication.
A Student's Written Response to a Poem.
Louise Glueck, Gretel in Darkness.
Jennifer Anderson, A Memory Poem: Louise Glueck's "Gretel in Darkness."
23. Poets at Work.
William Butler Yeats, Three Versions of "Leda and the Swan".
Cathy Song, Two Versions of "Out of Our Hands".
Walt Whitman, Enfans d'Adam, Number 9.
*Sylvia Plath, Two Versions of "Brasilia."
*MS OF BRASILIA.
Carl Phillips, Two Versions of "Gesture, Possibly Archaic".
*24. The Span of Life: Poems, from the Cradle to the Grave.
Three Short Long Views.
*Robert Frost, The Span of Life.
*Sir Walter Raleigh, What Is Our Life?
e. e. cummings, anyone lived in a pretty how town.
Early Years.
William Blake, Infant Joy.
William Blake, Infant Sorrow.
*Anonymous, How Many Miles to Babylon?
Sharon Olds, Rites of Passage.
Louise Glueck, The School Children.
Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays.
Sex, Love, Marriage.
*William Butler Yeats, For Anne Gregory.
William Shakespeare, Sonnet 116 ("Let me not to the marriage of trueminds").
*Kitty Tsui, A Chinese Banquet.
Frank O'Hara, Homosexuality.
*Edna St.Vincent Millay, I, Being Born a Woman and Distressed.
*Anonymous, Higamus, Hogamus.
Work, Play, Getting On.
*John Updike, Ex-Basketball Player.
Rita Dove, Daystar.
*Gary Snyder, Hay for the Horses.
James Wright, Lying in a Hammock at William Duffy's Farm in Pine Island, Minnesota.
*Marge Piercy, To Be of Use.
Last Years.
*Gwendolyn Brooks, The Bean Eaters.
*Robert Burns, John Anderson My Jo.
William Butler Yeats, Sailing to Byzantium.
Good Nights.
Dylan Thomas, Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night.
W. H. Auden, The Unknown Citizen.
*Anonymous, Swing Low, Sweet Chariot.
Voices from Below.
*William Shakespeare, Sweet Friend, for Jesus' Sake Forbear.
*Thomas Hardy, Ah, Are You Digging on My Grave?
*Edgar Lee Masters, Minerva Jones.
*Edgar Lee Masters, Doctor Meyers.
*Edgar Lee Masters, Mrs. Meyers.
*25. The Sporting Life: Ten Poems.
*Linda Pastan, Baseball.
*X. J. Kennedy, The Abominable Baseball Bat.
*Lillian Morrison, he Sidewalk Racer.
*Diane Ackerman, Pumping Iron.
A. E. Housman, To an Athlete, Dying Young.
*Michael S. Harper, Makin' Jump Shots.
*Adrian Mitchell, Golo, ?The Gloomy Goalkeeper.
*Thomas Merton, The Need to Win.
*Carolyn Kizer, Horseback.
*Donald Hall, Couplet.
26. Modern and Contemporary Perspectives on Multicultural America.
Paula Gunn Allen, Pocahontas to Her English Husband, John Rolfe.
ILLUSTRATION: Victor Nehlig, Pocahontas and John Smith.
Robert Frost, The Vanishing Red.
Aurora Levins Morales, Child of the Americas.
Joseph Bruchac III, Ellis Island.
ILLUSTRATION: Slavic Women Arrive at Ellis Island in the Winter of 1910.
Mitsuye Yamada, To the Lady.
ILLUSTRATION: Dorothea Lange, Grandfather and Grandchildren Awaiting Evacuation Bus.
Yusef Komunyakaa, Facing It.
ILLUSTRATION: Vietnam Veterans Memorial.
Claude McKay, America.
Dudley Randall, The Melting Pot.
Martin Espada, Bully.
Jimmy Santiago Baca, So Mexicans Are Taking Jobs from Americans.
Nila northSun, Moving Camp Too Far.
ILLUSTRATION: Edward S. Curtis, Blackfoot Travois.
Sherman Alexie, On the Amtrak from Boston to New York City.
Laureen Mar, My Mother, Who Came from China, Where She Never Saw Snow.
27. Variations on Themes: Poems and Paintings.
Writing about Poems and Paintings.
A Sample Student Essay: "Two Ways of Looking at a Starry Night."
Jane Flanders, Van Gogh's Bed.
Adrienne Rich, Mourning Picture.
Cathy Song, Beauty and Sadness.
Carl Phillips, Luncheon on the Grass.
Anne Sexton, The Starry Night.
W. H. Auden, Mues des Beaux Arts.
X. J. Kennedy, Nude Descending a Staircase.
Greg Pape, American Flamingo.
*Sherman Alexie, At Navajo Monument Valley Tribal School.
John Updike, Before the Mirror.
28. Three Poets in Depth: Emily Dickinson, Robert Frost, and Langston Hughes.
On Reading Authors Represented in Depth.
Emily Dickinson.
These are the days when Birds come back.
Papa above?
Wild Nights-Wild Nights!
There's a certain Slant of light.
I got so I could hear his name-.
The Soul Selects her own Society.
There was a Poet-It is That.
I heard a Fly Buzz-when I died.
The World is not Conclusion.
I like to see it Lap the Miles.
Because I could not stop for Death.
A narrow Fellow in the Grass.
Further in Summer than the Birds.
Tell all the Truth but tell it slant.
A Route of Evanesence.
Those-dying, then.
Apparently with no Surprise.
I felt a funeral, in my Brain.
ILLUSTRATION: Manuscript of "I felt a Funeral, in my Brain."
I felt a Cleaving in my Mind.
The Dust behind I strove to join.
Letters about Poetry.
Letter to Susan Gilbert (Dickinson).
Letters to T.W. Higginson.
Letter to T.W. Higginson.
Robert Frost.
The Pasture.
Mending Wall.
The Wood-Pile.
The Road Not Taken.
The Telephone.
The Oven Bird.
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening.
The Aim Was Song.
The Need of Being Versed in Country Things.
Acquainted with the Night.
Desert Places.
Design.
The Silken Tent.
Come In.
The Most of It.
Robert Frost on Poertry.
The Figure a Poem Makes.
From the Constant Symbol.
Langston Hughes.
The Negro Speaks of Rivers.
Mother to Son.
The Weary Blues.
The South.
Ruby Brown.
Poet to Patron.
Ballad of the Landlord.
Too Blue.
Harlem [1].
Theme for English B.
Poet to Bigot.
Langston Hughes on Poetry.
The Negro and the Racial Mountain.
On the Cultural Achievement of African-Americans.
29. A Collection of Poems.
A Note on Folk Ballads.
Anonymous, Sir Patrick Spence (MUSIC).
Anonymous, The Three Ravens (MUSIC).
Anonymous, The Twa Corbies.
Anonymous, Edward.
Anonymous, The Demon Lover (MUSIC).
Anonymous, John Henry.
William Shakespeare, Sonnet 29 ("When, in disgrace with Fortune and mens' eyes").
John Donne, A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning.
Ben Jonson, On His First Son.
William Blake, The Lamb.
William Blake, The Tyger.
William Blake, London.
William Wordsworth, The World Is Too Much with Us.
William Wordsworth, I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud.
ILLUSTRATION: Eighteenth-Century slave ship.
Phillis Wheatley, On Being Brought from Africa to America.
Lydia Howard Huntley Sigourney, The Indian's Welcome tothe Pilgrim Fathers.
John Keats, To Autumn.
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses.
Herman Melville, The March into Virginia.
*Herman Melville, Buddha.
Matthew Arnold, Dover Beach.
Thomas Hardy, The Convergence of the Twain.
Gerard Manley Hopkins, God's Grandeur.
Edwin Arlington Robinson, Richard Cory.
James Weldon Johnson, To America.
William Carlos Williams, Spring and All.
Ezra Pound, In a Station of the Metro.
H.D., Helen.
T.S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock.
Countee Cullen, Incident.
Archibald MacLeish, Ars Poetica.
Elizabeth Bishop, The Fish.
Contemporary Voices.
Gwendolyn Brooks, Martin Luther King Jr.
ILLUSTRATION: Funeral March for Martin Luther King Jr.
Anthony Hecht, The Dover Bitch.
Allen Ginsberg, A Supermarket in California.
Adrienne Rich, Living in Sin.
X. J. Kennedy, For Allen Ginsberg.
Derek Walcott, A Far Cry from Africa.
Sylvia Plath, Daddy.
Amiri Baraka, A Poem for Black Hearts.
Lucille Clifton, in the inner city.
Joseph Brodsky, Love Song.
Bob Dylan, The Times They Are-A-Changin'.
Pat Mora, Sonrisas.
*Pat Mora, Illegal Alien.
*Pat Mora, Legal Alien.
Nikki Giovanni, Master Charge Blues.
Ellen Bryant Voight, Quarrel.
Carol Muske, Chivalry.
Wendy Rose, Three Thousand Dollar Death Song.
Joy Harjo, Vision.
Judith Ortiz Cofer, My Father in the Navy: A Childhood Memory.
IV. DRAMA.
30. Some Elements of Drama.
Thinking About the Language of Drama.
Plot and Character.
ILLUSTRATION: (for Trifles).
Susan Glaspell, Trifles.
31. Tragedy.
A Note on Greek Theater.
ILLUSTRATION:
Sophocles, Oedipus Rex.
Sophocles, Antigone.
A Casebook on Hamlet.
A Note on the Elizabethan Theater.
William Shakespeare, Hamlet.
ILLUSTRATION: First Quarto ("To be or not to be").
ILLUSTRATION: Second Quarto ("To be or not to be").
ILLUSTRATION: First Folio ("To be or not to be").
Hamlet on the Stage: A Pictorial Album (SEVERAL ILLUSTRATIONS).
Ernest Jones, Hamlet and the Oedipus Complex.
Stanley Wells, On the First Soliloquy.
Elaine Showalter, Representing Ophelia.
Claire Bloom, Playing Gertrude on Television.
Bernice Kliman, The BBC Hamlet: A Television Production.
Will Saretta, "Branagh's Film of Hamlet" (student essay).
Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman.
Illustration.
A Context for Death of a Salesman.
Arthur Miller, Tragedy and the Common Man.
32. Comedy.
Wendy Wasserstein, he Man in a Case.
ILLUSTRATION.
William Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night's Dream.
ILLUSTRATION.
33. In Brief: Writing About Drama.
Plot and Conflict.
Character.
Tragedy.
Comedy.
Nonverbal Language.
The Play in Performance.
A Sample Student Essay, Using Sources: "The Women in Death of a Salesman."
34. A Playwright at Work.
Joyce Carol Oates, Tone Clusters.
ILLUSTRATION.
Joyce Carol Oates, On Writing Drama.
Joyce Carol Oates, Further Thoughts on "Tone Clusters."
35. A Collection of Plays in Contexts.
Henrik Ibsen, A Doll's House.
ILLUSTRATION.
Contexts for A Doll's House.
Henrik Ibsen, Notes for the Tragedy of Modern Times.
Henrik Ibsen, Adaptations of A Doll's House for a German Production.
Henrik Ibsen, Speech at the Banquet of the Norwegian League for Women's Rights.
Tennessee Williams, The Glass Menagerie.
ILLUSTRATION.
A Context for The Glass Menagerie.
Tennessee Williams, Production Notes.
Contemporary Voices.
Luis Valdez, Los Vendidos.
ILLUSTRATION.
A Context for Los Vendidos.
Luis Valdez, The Actos.
*Clare Boothe Luce, Slam the Door Softly.
*David Henry Hwang, The Sound of a Voice.
*A Context for the Sound of a Voice.
Henry David Hwang, Thoughts about "Ethnic Theater."
Harvey Fierstein, On Tidy Endings.
ILLUSTRATION.
August Wilson, Fences.
ILLUSTRATION.
A Context for Fences.
August Wilson, Talking About Fences.
V. CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES.
36. Critical Approaches: The Nature of Criticism.
Formalist (or New) Criticism.
Deconstruction.
Reader Response Criticism.
Archetypal (or Myth) Criticism.
The New Historicism, and Biographical Criticism, Psychological (or Psychoanalytic) Criticism
Gender (Feminist,and Lesbian and Gay Criticism).
Appendix A: Remarks About Manuscript Form.
Basic Manuscript Form.
Corrections in the Final Copy.
Quotations and Quotation Marks.
Quotation Marks or Underlining?
A Note on the Possessive.
Appendix B: Writing a Research Paper.
What Research Is Not, and What Research Is.
Primary and Secondary Materials.
Locating Materials: First Steps.
Other Bibliographic Aids.
Taking Notes.
Two Mechanical Aids: The Photocopier and the Word Processor.
A Guide to Note-taking.
Drafting the Paper.
A Sense of Proportion.
Documentation.
What to Document: Avoiding Plagiarism.
How to Document: Footnotes, Internal Parenthetic Citations, and a List of Works Cited (MLA Format).
Appendix C: New Approaches to the Research Paper: Literature, History, and the World Wide Web.
Case Study on Literature and History: The Internment of Japanese Americans.
Literary Texts.
Mitsuye Yamada, The Question of Loyalty.
David Mura, An Argument: On 1942.
Historical Sources.
Basic Reference Books (Short Paper).
Getting Deeper (Medium Paper).
Other Reference Sources (Long Paper).
Too Much Information?
Electronic Sources.
Encyclopedias: Print and Electronic Versions.
The Internet/World Wide Web.
Evaluating Sources on the World Wide Web.
Additional Print and Electronic Sources.
Appendix D: Literary Research: Print and Electronic Sources.
Print Reference Sources.
Other Reference Resources.
Bibliographies.
Electronic Sources.
Other Useful Sites on Authors.
History Reference and Bibliography Sources.
World Wide Web Sites for History.
Periodicals: Print and Electronic Sources.
For General Bibliography in the Humanities.
For Evaluating the Point of View, the Content, and the Intended Audience of Sources.
Other Resources.
What Does Your Own Institution Offer?
Appendix E: Glossary of Literary Terms.
Credits.
Index of Authors, Titles, and First Lines of Poems.