An Introduction to Literature
16th Edition
Published on 28. December 2010
Book
Paperback/Softback
1536 pages
978-0-205-63309-8 (ISBN)
Description
A market leader for more than 30 years, Barnet's Introduction to Literature continues to uphold the traditions that have made it a success- a rich blend of both classic and contemporary selections as well as Barnet's signature "how-to" instruction on the elements of literature and the writing process. The new edition features a wealth of contemporary stories and a new chapter on graphic novels that were chosen for their student appeal. New selections include 18 stories, 24 poems, a one-act play, Samuel Beckett's "Krapp's Last Tape," and a casebook on Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman.
More details
Edition
16th edition
Language
English
Place of publication
United States
Publishing group
Pearson Education (US)
Target group
College/higher education
Dimensions
Height: 232 mm
Width: 162 mm
ISBN-13
978-0-205-63309-8 (9780205633098)
Copyright in bibliographic data is held by Nielsen Book Services Limited or its licensors: all rights reserved.
Schweitzer Classification
Other editions
Previous edition
BARNET & CAIN
Introduction to Literature, An (Second Printing)
Book
12/2008
15th Edition
Pearson
€64.56
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Content
A Guide to MyLiteratureLab
xxv
Preface xxxi
Resources for Students and Instructors xxxv
Acknowledgments xli
Letter to Students xlv
P A R T I
Reading, Thinking, and Writing Critically
About Literature
1. College Readiness: How to Respond to Stories, Poems, and Plays 3
Full Disclosure 3
Analyzing Literature 4
Annotating a Text as a Way of Thinking 5
A First Assignment: Annotating 6
Robert Frost, Come In 6
Thinking Critically About Responses to Literature: Arguing with Yourself 8
Fyodor Dostoevsky, The Onion 8
Prompts that Stimulate Responses to Stories, Poems, and Plays:
Checklist: Responding to Stories 10
Checklist: Responding to Poems 12
Checklist: Responding to Plays 13
Converting Responses into Readable Writing
Checklist: Readable Writing 15
A Story for Analysis 15
Kate Chopin, The Storm 15
Last Words 20
2. Reading and Responding to Literature 21
What Is Literature? 21
Literature as Performance 21
Robert Frost, The Span of Life 22
Two Poems About Immigrants 23
Robert Frost, Immigrants 24
Pat Mora, Immigrants 26
Literature a Journey 27
Emily Dickinson, There is no frigate like a book 28
Robert Frost, The Pasture 28
A Story About a Journey 29
Eudora Welty, A Worn Path 29
Two Very Short Contemporary Short Stories 36
Lydia Davis, Childcare 36
Lydia Davis, City People 37
Thinking About a Classic Story 37
The Parable of the Prodigal Son 38
Stories True and False 40
Grace Paley, Samuel 40
What's Past Is Prologue 43
Jamaica Kincaid, Girl 43
3. The Pleasures of Reading-and of Writing Arguments About Literature 46
The Open Secret of Good Writing 47
Emily Wu, The Lesson of the Master 47
Getting Ready to Write 48
A Student Essay on Emily Wu's "The Lesson of
the Master" 50
Three Poems 52
Diane Ackerman, Pumping Iron 53
Theodore Roethke, My Papa's Waltz 53
William Butler Yeats, For Anne Gregory 54
Two Stories 55
Katherine Mansfield, Miss Brill 55
Toni Cade Bambara, The Lesson 59
4. More About Writing About Literature: From Idea to Essay 65
Why Write Arguments About Literature? 65
Getting Ideas: Prewriting 65
Pat Mora, Immigrants 66
Kate Chopin, The Story of an Hour 67
Writing a Draft 73
A Student Essay on Kate Chopin's "The Story of an Hour" 78
Explication 80
P A R T I I
Fiction 97
5. Approaching Fiction: Responding in Writing 99
Ernest Hemingway, Cat in the Rain 99
Responses: Annotations and Journal Entries 102
A Student Essay on Ernest Hemingway's "Cat in the Rain" 105
6. Plot 109
W. Somerset Maugham, The Appointment in Samarra 111
Thinking About Plot 112
Margaret Atwood, Happy Endings 113
Kate Chopin, Desiree's Baby 115
Alice Walker, Everyday Use 120
7. Character 128
Aesop, The Vixen and the Lioness 129
Aesop, The Ant and the Grasshopper 129
Ron Wallace, Worry 130
Kinds of Characters 131
William Carlos Williams, The Use of Force 133
James Joyce, Araby 136
Raymond Carver, Cathedral 141
8. Setting 153
Nathaniel Hawthorne, Young Goodman Brown 154
Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Yellow Wallpaper 164
Ralph Ellison, Battle Royal 176
9. Narrative Point of View 187
Participant (or First-Person) Point of View 188
Nonparticipant (or Third-Person) Points of View 189
The Point of a Point of View 190
John Updike, A & P 191
Anonymous, The Judgment of Solomon 196
Katherine Anne Porter, The Jilting of Granny
Weatherall 197
Annie Proulx, The Blood Bay 204
10. Allegory and Symbolism 208
Symbolism and Theme 210
John Steinbeck, The Chrysanthemums 211
Gabriel Garcia Marquez, A Very Old Man with Enormous
Wings: A Tale for Children 219
11. Theme 225
Anonymous, Muddy Road 225
Jesse Lee Kercheval, Carpathia 228
Cynthia Ozick, The Shawl 229
Gish Jen, Who's Irish? 233
12. Graphic Fiction 241
Letters and Pictures 241
Reading an Image: A Short Story Told in One Panel 243
Tony Carrillo, F Minus 243
Reading Images: A Story Told in Sequential Panels 245
Art Spiegelman, Nature vs.Nurture 245
Will Eisner, Hamlet on a Rooftop 248
R. Crumb and David Zane Mairowitz, A Hunger Artist 259
13. Students Writing About Stories 265
Prompts for Writing About Fiction 265
Fiction into Film 268
Film as a Medium 268
Film Techniques 270
Theme in Film 273
Comparing Filmed and Printed Stories 274
Getting Ready to Write 274
Drafting an Essay About a Film 275
Checklist: Getting Ideas for Writing Arguments About Film
276
Seven Students Write About Short Stories 278
One Student's Thoughts About Character in Poe's "The Cask of
Amontillado" 278
Gender Criticism: A Response to "The Judgment of Solomon"
282
A Feminist Reading of James Thurber's "The Secret Life of
Walter Mitty" 284
Writing About Setting as Symbolic: Notes and an Essay on Kate
Chopin's "The Story of an Hour" 287
Two Students Interpret Shirley Jackson's "The Lottery" 290
A Student's Research Paper with Documentation on Hawthorne's
"Young Goodman Brown" 299
14. Two Fiction Writers in Depth: Flannery O'Connor
and Tobias Wolff 305
Flannery O'ConnorTwo Stories and Comments About Writing 305
A Good Man Is Hard to Find 306
Revelation 318
On Fiction: Remarks from O'Connor's Essays and Letters 332
From"The Fiction Writer and His Country" 332
From"Some Aspects of the Grotesque in Southern
Fiction" 333
From"The Nature and Aim of Fiction" 333
From"Writing Short Stories" 334
"A Reasonable Use of the Unreasonable" 334
On Interpreting "A Good Man is Hard to Find" 337
Tobias Wolff
Four Stories and Comments About Writing 338
Hunters in the Snow 338
Say Yes 349
Powder 352
Bullet in the Brain 354
Tobias Wolff on Novels and Short Stories 358
On Stories and Poems 358
On Stories and Novels 358
On Judging Characters 359
On Ambiguity 359
On Economy in Writing 359
On the Elements of a Good Story 360
Gender Conflict in "Say Yes" 360
A Student Essay, He's the Problem: The Husband in
"Say Yes" 361
15. A Collection of Short Fiction
James Baldwin, Sonny's Blues 366
Jorge Luis Borges, The Gospel According to Mark 388
Oscar Casares, Yolanda 392
Diana Chang, The Oriental Contingent 398
Anton Chekhov, Misery 403
William Faulkner, Barn Burning 407
William Faulkner, A Rose for Emily 419
Amy Hempel, Today Will Be a Quiet Day 427
Shirley Jackson, The Lottery 431
Franz Kafka, A Hunger Artist 438
Bobbie Ann Mason, Shiloh 444
Guy De Maupassant, The Necklace 454
Lorrie Moore, How to Become a Writer 460
Alice Munro, Boys and Girls 465
Gloria Naylor, The Two 475
Joyce Carol Oates, Where Are You Going, Where Have You
Been? 481
Tim O'Brien, The Things They Carried 493
Daniel Orozco, Orientation 506
Edgar Allan Poe, The Cask of Amontillado 509
Michele Serros, Senior Picture Day 514
Leslie Marmon Silko, The Man to Send Rain Clouds 518
Amy Tan, Two Kinds 522
James Thurber, The Secret Life of Walter Mitty 530
Helena Maria Viramontes, The Moths 533
Part III
Poetry 539
16. Approaching Poetry: Responding in Writing 541
Langston Hughes, Harlem 541
A Student Essay, Langston Hughes's "Harlem" 545
Aphra Behn, Song: Love Armed 547
A Student Essay, The Double Nature of Love 548
David Mura, An Argument: On 1942 550
Elizabeth Barrett Browning, How Do I love thee? 551
Robert Hayden, Frederick Douglass 552
17. Narrative Poetry 553
The Limerick, the Popular Ballad, and Other Narrative Poems
553
Anonymous, There Was a Young Fellow of Riga 553
Anonymous British Ballad, Sir Patrick Spence 555
Gary Snyder, Hay for the Horses 557
Phillis Wheatley, On Being Brought from Africa to America
558
John Keats, La Belle Dame sans Merci 559
Siegfried Sassoon, The General 561
Countee Cullen, Incident 562
Edwin Arlington Robinson, Richard Cory 563
Emily Dickinson, Because I could not stop for Death 564
Walter de la Mare, The Listeners 565
John Lennon and Paul McCartney, Eleanor Rigby 566
E. E. Cummings, anyone lived in a pretty how town 567
18. Lyric Poetry 569
Anonymous, Michael Row the Boat Ashore 569
Anonymous, Careless Love 569
Anonymous, The Colorado Trail 571
Anonymous, Western Wind 571
Julia Ward Howe, Battle Hymn of the Republic 572
William Shakespeare 574
Spring 574
Winter 575
Sigh no more, ladies, sigh no more 576
W. H. Auden, Funeral Blues 576
Emily Bronte, Spellbound 577
Spirituals, or Sorrow Songs 578
Anonymous African American Spiritual, Go Down, Moses 579
Anonymous, Swing Low, Sweet Chariot 581
For Further Study
Langston Hughes, Evenin' Air Blues 582
Li-Young Lee, I Ask My Mother to Sing 583
Edna St. Vincent Millay, The Spring and the Fall 583
Wilfred Owen, Anthem for Doomed Youth 584
Walt Whitman, A Noiseless Patient Spider 585
Dylan Thomas, Fern Hill 586
John Keats, Ode on a Grecian Urn 587
Linda Pastan, Jump Cabling 589
Billy Collins, The Names 589
19. The Speaking Tone of Voice 592
Emily Dickinson, I'm Nobody! Who are you? 592
Gwendolyn Brooks, We Real Cool 594
Gwendolyn Brooks, The Mother 595
Linda Pastan, Marks 596
The Reader as the Speaker 597
Stevie Smith, Not Waving but Drowning 597
Wislawa Szymborska, The Terrorist, He Watches 598
John Updike, Icarus 599
Aurora Levins Morales, Child of the Americas 600
Joseph Bruchac III, Ellis Island 601
The Dramatic Monologue 602
Robert Browning, My Last Duchess 602
Diction and Tone 604
Robert Herrick, To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time 605
Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum Est 606
Thomas Hardy, The Man He Killed 607
Thomas Hardy, The Ruined Maid 608
Countee Cullen, For a Lady I Know 609
Anne Bradstreet, To My Dear and Loving Husband 610
Lyn Lifshin, My Mother and the Bed 610
Mitsuye Yamada, To the Lady 612
The Voice of the Satirist 613
E. E. Cummings, next to of course god America i 613
Marge Piercy, Barbie Doll 614
Louise Erdrich, Dear John Wayne 615
Stephen Duck, On Mites 617
20. Figurative Language: Simile, Metaphor, Personification, Apostrophe 618
Robert Burns, A Red, Red Rose 619
Sylvia Plath, Metaphors 620
Simile 621
Metaphor 621
John Keats, On First Looking into Chapman's
Homer 622
Kay Ryan, Turtle 623
Marge Piercy, A Work of Artifice 624
Personification 624
Michael Drayton, Since There's No Help 625
Apostrophe 626
Edmund Waller, Song 626
For Further Study
William Carlos Williams, The Red Wheelbarrow 628
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The Eagle 628
Seamus Heaney, Digging 629
Linda Pastan, Baseball 630
William Shakespeare, Sonnet 130 ("My mistress' eyes are
nothing like the sun") 630
21. Imagery and Symbolism 632
William Blake, The Sick Rose 633
Walt Whitman, I Saw in Louisiana a Live-Oak
Growing 633
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Kubla Khan 636
Emma Lazarus, The New Colossus 639
Nila northSun, Moving Camp Too Far 640
Adrienne Rich, Aunt Jennifer's Tigers 641
Adrienne Rich, Diving into the Wreck 641
Christina Rossetti, Uphill 643
Wallace Stevens, The Emperor of Ice-Cream 644
Edgar Allan Poe, To Helen 645
A Note on Haiku 646
Moritake, Fallen petals rise 646
Sokan, If only we could 647
Shiki, River in summer 647
Taigi, Look, O look, there go 647
22. Irony 649
Dorothy Parker, General Review of the Sex
Situation 650
Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias 651
Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress 652
John Donne, Holy Sonnet 14 ("Batter my heart, threepersoned
God") 654
Langston Hughes, Dream Boogie 655
Martin Espada, Tony Went to the Bodega but He Didn't Buy
Anything 655
Edna St. Vincent Millay, Love Is Not All: It Is Not Meat nor
Drink 657
Sherman Alexie, Evolution 658
Henry Reed, Naming of Parts 658
23. Rhythm and Versification 660
Ezra Pound, An Immorality 661
A. E. Housman, Eight O'Clock 663
William Carlos Williams, The Dance 664
Versification: A Glossary for Reference 665
Meter 665
Patterns of Sound 668
Galway Kinnell, Blackberry Eating 669
For Further Study
William Carlos Williams, The Artist 670
Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Constantly Risking Absurdity 671
A Note About Poetic Forms 672
Stanzaic Patterns 673
Three Complex Forms: The Sonnet, the Villanelle, and the
Sestina 674
The Sonnet 674
William Shakespeare, Sonnet 73 ("That time of year thou
mayst in me behold") 675
William Shakespeare, Sonnet 146 ("Poor soul, the center of
my sinful earth") 676
John Milton, When I Consider How My Light Is Spent 678
X. J. Kennedy, Nothing in Heaven Functions as It
Ought 679
Billy Collins, Sonnet 679
The Villanelle 680
Dylan Thomas, Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night 681
Elizabeth Bishop, One Art 682
The Sestina 683
Elizabeth Bishop, Sestina 684
Shaped Poetry or Pattern Poetry 685
George Herbert, Easter-Wings 685
Blank Verse and Free Verse 686
Walt Whitman, When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer 687
The Prose Poem 688
Carolyn Forche, The Colonel 688
24. Students Writing About Poems 690
Prompts for Writing About Poems 690
First Response 690 Speaker and Tone 690 Audience 691
Structure and Form 691 Center of Interest and Theme 691
Diction 691 Sound Effects 692 A Note on Explication 692
Seven Students Writing About Poems 693
Louise Glueck, Gretel in Darkness 693
A Student Essay on Louise Glueck's "Gretel in Darkness" 696
A Student Essay on Adrienne Rich's "Aunt Jennifer's Tigers" 699
A Student Essay on a Theme in Several Poems by Emily
Dickinson 700
Robert Herrick, Upon Julia's Clothes 703
A Student Essay on the Structure of Robert Herrick's "Upon Julia's
Clothes" 705
A Student Essay on Metrics in Housman's "Eight O'Clock" 707
Two Student Essays, for Evaluation, on Robert Frost's "Stopping
by Woods on a Snowy Evening" 711
25. Poets at Work 719
Walt Whitman, Enfans d'Adam, number 9 719
Cathy Song, Out of Our Hands 721
William Butler Yeats, "Leda and the Swan"
( Three Versions) 723
Annunciation (1923) 724
Leda and the Swan (1924) 725
Leda and the Swan (1933) 725
26. Variations on Themes: Poems and Paintings 726
Writing About Poems and Paintings 726
Anne Sexton, The Starry Night 727
A Student Essay, Two Ways of Looking at a Starry Night 728
W. H. Auden, Musee des Beaux Arts 730
William Carlos Williams, The Great Figure 733
27. Three Poets in Depth: Emily Dickinson,
Robert Frost, and Langston Hughes 734
On Reading Authors Represented in Depth 734
Emily Dickinson 736
These are the days when Birds come back 736
Papa above! 737
Wild Nights-Wild Nights! 737
There's a certain Slant of light 737
I got so I could hear his name 738
The Soul selects her own Society 739
This was a Poet-It is That 739
I heard a Fly Buzz-when I died 740
The World is not Conclusion 741
I like to see it lap the Miles 741
A narrow Fellow in the Grass 742
Further in Summer than the Birds 742
Tell all the Truth but tell it slant 743
A Route of Evanescence 743
Those-dying, then 743
Apparently with no surprise 744
I felt a Funeral, in my Brain 745
I felt a Cleaving in my Mind 747
The Dust behind I strove to join 747
Letters About Poetry 747
To Susan Gilbert (Dickinson) 748
To Thomas Wentworth Higginson 748
To Thomas Wentworth Higginson 749
Robert Frost 750
The Pasture 750
Mending Wall 751
The Wood-Pile 752
The Road Not Taken 752
The Telephone 753
The Oven Bird 753
The Aim Was Song 754
The Need of Being Versed in Country Things 754
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening 755
Acquainted with the Night 756
Desert Places 756
Design 757
Come In 757
The Silken Tent 758
The Most of It 759
Robert Frost on Poetry 759
The Figure a Poem Makes 759
From "The Constant Symbol" 761
Langston Hughes 761
The Negro Speaks of Rivers 762
Mother to Son 762
The Weary Blues 763
The South 763
Ruby Brown 764
Poet to Patron 765
Ballad of the Landlord 765
Too Blue 766
Harlem [1] 766
Theme for English B 767
Poet to Bigot 768
Langston Hughes on Poetry 768
The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain 768
On the Cultural Achievements of African-Americans 772
28. A Collection of Poems 774
Anonymous British Ballad, The Three Ravens 774
Anonymous British Ballad, The Twa Corbies 775
Anonymous African American Ballad, John Henry 776
Sherman Alexie, On the Amtrak from Boston
to New York City 777
Matthew Arnold, Dover Beach 778
W. H. Auden, The Unknown Citizen 779
Jimmy Santiago Baca, So Mexicans Are Taking
Jobs from Americans 780
Amiri Baraka, A Poem for Black Hearts 781
Elizabeth Bishop, The Fish 783
William Blake 784Infant Joy 785
Infant Sorrow 785
The Lamb 785
The Tyger 786
London 786
Robert Bly, Driving to Town Late to Mail a Letter 787
Gwendolyn Brooks, Martin Luther King Jr. 787
Gwendolyn Brooks, The Bean Eaters 787
Robert Browning, Porphyria's Lover 788
George Gordon, Lord Byron, She Walks in Beauty 790
Lucille Clifton, in the inner city 791
Judith Ortiz Cofer, My Father in the Navy 791
John Donne 792
A Valediction:Forbidding Mourning 792
The Flea 793
Death, Be Not Proud 794
Rita Dove, Daystar 794
Bob Dylan, The Times They Are A-Changin' 795
T. S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock 796
Martin Espada, Bully 800
Allen Ginsberg, A Supermarket in California 801
Nikki Giovanni, Master Charge Blues 802
Louise Glueck, The School Children 802
H. D., Helen 803
Thomas Hardy, Ah, Are You Digging on My Grave? 804
Joy Harjo, Vision 805
Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays 805
Anthony Hecht, The Dover Bitch 806
Robert Herrick, Delight in Disorder 807
Gerard Manley Hopkins, God's Grandeur 807
Gerard Manley Hopkins, Pied Beauty 808
A. E. Housman 808
To an Athlete Dying Young 808
When I Was One-and-Twenty 809
Loveliest of trees, the cherry now 809
James Weldon Johnson, To America 810
John Keats, To Autumn 810
X. J. Kennedy, For Allen Ginsberg 811
Yusef Komunyakaa, Facing It 812
Archibald MacLeish, Ars Poetica 813
Claude McKay, America 814
Pat Mora, Illegal Alien 815
Pat Mora, Legal Alien 816
Sharon Olds, Rite of Passage 816
Linda Pastan, Love Poem 817
Sylvia Plath, Daddy 817
Ezra Pound, In a Station of the Metro 819
Dudley Randall, The Melting Pot 820
Adrienne Rich, Living in Sin 821
Anne Sexton, Her Kind 821
William Shakespeare, Sonnet 29 ("When, in disgrace with
Fortune and men's eyes") 822
William Shakespeare, Sonnet 116 ("Let me not to the
marriage of true minds") 823
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses 823
Kitty Tsui, A Chinese Banquet 825
John Updike, Ex-Basketball Player 826
Derek Walcott, A Far Cry from Africa 827
Walt Whitman, A Sight in Camp in the Daybreak
Gray and Dim 828
William Carlos Williams, Spring and All 829
William Wordsworth 829
The World Is Too Much with Us 830
I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud 830
The Solitary Reaper 831
James Wright, Lying in a Hammock at William Duffy's Farm
in Pine Island, Minnesota 832
Mitsuye Yamada, The Question of Loyalty 832
William Butler Yeats, Sailing to Byzantium 833
P A R T I V
29. Drama 837
How to Read a Play 839
Thinking About the Language of Drama 839
Plot and Character 842
Susan Glaspell, Trifles 845
Tennessee Williams, The Glass Menagerie 855
A Context for The Glass Menagerie 901
Production Notes by Tennessee Williams 901
30. Tragedy 905
A Note on Greek Tragedy 909
Two Plays by Sophocles 910
Sophocles, Oedipus the King 910
Sophocles, Antigone 953
Hamlet, A Play by Shakespeare 989
A Note on the Elizabethan Theater 990
A Note on the Texts of Hamlet 991
Portfolio: Hamlet on the Stage 997
William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark 999
31. Comedy 1112
William Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night's Dream 1114
32. Students Writing About Plays 1172
Prompts for Writing About Plays 1172
Plot and Conflict 1172 Character 1173 Tragedy 1173
Comedy 1174 Nonverbal Language 1174 The Play in
Performance 1174
Writing About a Filmed Version of a Play 1175
Checklist: Writing About a Filmed Play 1176
Five Students Write About Plays 1176
A Student Essay on Plot, The Solid Structure of The Glass
Menagerie 1177
A Student Essay on Setting, What the Kitchen in Trifles
Tells Us 1181
A Student Essay on Character and Theme, Fairy Mischief and
Morality in A Midsummer Night's Dream 1183
A Student Review of a Film Version of a Play: Branagh's Film of
Hamlet 1186
A Student Essay on Using Sources, The Women in Death of a
Salesman 1190
33. A Casebook on Death of a Salesman 1199
Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman 1199
Contexts for Death of a Salesman 1268
Arthur Miller, Tragedy and the Common Man 1268
Brooks Atkinson, [Review of Premier Performance of ]
Death of a Salesman 1270
Mary McCarthy, American Realistic Drama 1272
Arthur Miller, Remembering Death of a Salesman 1273
Lorraine Hansberry, Reflections on Willy Loman 1276
John Lahr, Hard Sell: A Black Death of a Salesman 1277
34. Seven Additional Plays 1280
Henrik Ibsen, A Doll's House 1280
Contexts for A Doll's House 1333
Notes for the Tragedy of Modern Times, Adaptation of A
Doll's House for a German Production, Speech at the
Banquet of the Norwegian League for Women's Rights
by Henrik Ibsen, 1333-34
Luis Valdez, Los Vendidos 1334
A Context for Los Vendidos 1344
The Actos by Luis Valdez 1344
Jane Martin, Rodeo 1346
August Wilson, Fences 1349
A Context for Fences 1400
Talking About Fences by August Wilson 1400
Samuel Beckett, Krapp's Last Tape: A Play in One Act 1402
David Ives, Sure Thing 1409
Terrence McNally, Andre's Mother 1418
P A R T V
Critical Approaches 1421
35. Critical Approaches: The Nature of Criticism 1422
Formalist (or New) Criticism 1423
Deconstruction 1425
Reader-Response Criticism 1426
Archetypal (or Myth) Criticism 1429
Historical Scholarship 1430
Marxist Criticism 1431
The New Historicism 1431
Biographical Criticism 1432
Psychological (or Psychoanalytic) Criticism 1433
Gender (Feminist, and Lesbian and Gay) Criticism 1434
Suggestions for Further Reading 1441
Appendix A: How Much Do You Know About Citing
Sources? A Quiz with Answers 1445
Appendix B: Remarks About Manuscript Form 1452
Basic Manuscript Form 1452
Quotations and Quotation Marks 1453
Documentation: Internal Parenthetical Citations and a List of
Works Cited (MLA Format) 1456
Citing Sources on the World Wide Web 1464
Appendix C: Glossary of Literary Terms 1468
Literary Credits 1479
Photo Credits 1492
Index of Terms 1493
Index of Authors, Titles, and First Lines of Poems 1499
xxv
Preface xxxi
Resources for Students and Instructors xxxv
Acknowledgments xli
Letter to Students xlv
P A R T I
Reading, Thinking, and Writing Critically
About Literature
1. College Readiness: How to Respond to Stories, Poems, and Plays 3
Full Disclosure 3
Analyzing Literature 4
Annotating a Text as a Way of Thinking 5
A First Assignment: Annotating 6
Robert Frost, Come In 6
Thinking Critically About Responses to Literature: Arguing with Yourself 8
Fyodor Dostoevsky, The Onion 8
Prompts that Stimulate Responses to Stories, Poems, and Plays:
Checklist: Responding to Stories 10
Checklist: Responding to Poems 12
Checklist: Responding to Plays 13
Converting Responses into Readable Writing
Checklist: Readable Writing 15
A Story for Analysis 15
Kate Chopin, The Storm 15
Last Words 20
2. Reading and Responding to Literature 21
What Is Literature? 21
Literature as Performance 21
Robert Frost, The Span of Life 22
Two Poems About Immigrants 23
Robert Frost, Immigrants 24
Pat Mora, Immigrants 26
Literature a Journey 27
Emily Dickinson, There is no frigate like a book 28
Robert Frost, The Pasture 28
A Story About a Journey 29
Eudora Welty, A Worn Path 29
Two Very Short Contemporary Short Stories 36
Lydia Davis, Childcare 36
Lydia Davis, City People 37
Thinking About a Classic Story 37
The Parable of the Prodigal Son 38
Stories True and False 40
Grace Paley, Samuel 40
What's Past Is Prologue 43
Jamaica Kincaid, Girl 43
3. The Pleasures of Reading-and of Writing Arguments About Literature 46
The Open Secret of Good Writing 47
Emily Wu, The Lesson of the Master 47
Getting Ready to Write 48
A Student Essay on Emily Wu's "The Lesson of
the Master" 50
Three Poems 52
Diane Ackerman, Pumping Iron 53
Theodore Roethke, My Papa's Waltz 53
William Butler Yeats, For Anne Gregory 54
Two Stories 55
Katherine Mansfield, Miss Brill 55
Toni Cade Bambara, The Lesson 59
4. More About Writing About Literature: From Idea to Essay 65
Why Write Arguments About Literature? 65
Getting Ideas: Prewriting 65
Pat Mora, Immigrants 66
Kate Chopin, The Story of an Hour 67
Writing a Draft 73
A Student Essay on Kate Chopin's "The Story of an Hour" 78
Explication 80
P A R T I I
Fiction 97
5. Approaching Fiction: Responding in Writing 99
Ernest Hemingway, Cat in the Rain 99
Responses: Annotations and Journal Entries 102
A Student Essay on Ernest Hemingway's "Cat in the Rain" 105
6. Plot 109
W. Somerset Maugham, The Appointment in Samarra 111
Thinking About Plot 112
Margaret Atwood, Happy Endings 113
Kate Chopin, Desiree's Baby 115
Alice Walker, Everyday Use 120
7. Character 128
Aesop, The Vixen and the Lioness 129
Aesop, The Ant and the Grasshopper 129
Ron Wallace, Worry 130
Kinds of Characters 131
William Carlos Williams, The Use of Force 133
James Joyce, Araby 136
Raymond Carver, Cathedral 141
8. Setting 153
Nathaniel Hawthorne, Young Goodman Brown 154
Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Yellow Wallpaper 164
Ralph Ellison, Battle Royal 176
9. Narrative Point of View 187
Participant (or First-Person) Point of View 188
Nonparticipant (or Third-Person) Points of View 189
The Point of a Point of View 190
John Updike, A & P 191
Anonymous, The Judgment of Solomon 196
Katherine Anne Porter, The Jilting of Granny
Weatherall 197
Annie Proulx, The Blood Bay 204
10. Allegory and Symbolism 208
Symbolism and Theme 210
John Steinbeck, The Chrysanthemums 211
Gabriel Garcia Marquez, A Very Old Man with Enormous
Wings: A Tale for Children 219
11. Theme 225
Anonymous, Muddy Road 225
Jesse Lee Kercheval, Carpathia 228
Cynthia Ozick, The Shawl 229
Gish Jen, Who's Irish? 233
12. Graphic Fiction 241
Letters and Pictures 241
Reading an Image: A Short Story Told in One Panel 243
Tony Carrillo, F Minus 243
Reading Images: A Story Told in Sequential Panels 245
Art Spiegelman, Nature vs.Nurture 245
Will Eisner, Hamlet on a Rooftop 248
R. Crumb and David Zane Mairowitz, A Hunger Artist 259
13. Students Writing About Stories 265
Prompts for Writing About Fiction 265
Fiction into Film 268
Film as a Medium 268
Film Techniques 270
Theme in Film 273
Comparing Filmed and Printed Stories 274
Getting Ready to Write 274
Drafting an Essay About a Film 275
Checklist: Getting Ideas for Writing Arguments About Film
276
Seven Students Write About Short Stories 278
One Student's Thoughts About Character in Poe's "The Cask of
Amontillado" 278
Gender Criticism: A Response to "The Judgment of Solomon"
282
A Feminist Reading of James Thurber's "The Secret Life of
Walter Mitty" 284
Writing About Setting as Symbolic: Notes and an Essay on Kate
Chopin's "The Story of an Hour" 287
Two Students Interpret Shirley Jackson's "The Lottery" 290
A Student's Research Paper with Documentation on Hawthorne's
"Young Goodman Brown" 299
14. Two Fiction Writers in Depth: Flannery O'Connor
and Tobias Wolff 305
Flannery O'ConnorTwo Stories and Comments About Writing 305
A Good Man Is Hard to Find 306
Revelation 318
On Fiction: Remarks from O'Connor's Essays and Letters 332
From"The Fiction Writer and His Country" 332
From"Some Aspects of the Grotesque in Southern
Fiction" 333
From"The Nature and Aim of Fiction" 333
From"Writing Short Stories" 334
"A Reasonable Use of the Unreasonable" 334
On Interpreting "A Good Man is Hard to Find" 337
Tobias Wolff
Four Stories and Comments About Writing 338
Hunters in the Snow 338
Say Yes 349
Powder 352
Bullet in the Brain 354
Tobias Wolff on Novels and Short Stories 358
On Stories and Poems 358
On Stories and Novels 358
On Judging Characters 359
On Ambiguity 359
On Economy in Writing 359
On the Elements of a Good Story 360
Gender Conflict in "Say Yes" 360
A Student Essay, He's the Problem: The Husband in
"Say Yes" 361
15. A Collection of Short Fiction
James Baldwin, Sonny's Blues 366
Jorge Luis Borges, The Gospel According to Mark 388
Oscar Casares, Yolanda 392
Diana Chang, The Oriental Contingent 398
Anton Chekhov, Misery 403
William Faulkner, Barn Burning 407
William Faulkner, A Rose for Emily 419
Amy Hempel, Today Will Be a Quiet Day 427
Shirley Jackson, The Lottery 431
Franz Kafka, A Hunger Artist 438
Bobbie Ann Mason, Shiloh 444
Guy De Maupassant, The Necklace 454
Lorrie Moore, How to Become a Writer 460
Alice Munro, Boys and Girls 465
Gloria Naylor, The Two 475
Joyce Carol Oates, Where Are You Going, Where Have You
Been? 481
Tim O'Brien, The Things They Carried 493
Daniel Orozco, Orientation 506
Edgar Allan Poe, The Cask of Amontillado 509
Michele Serros, Senior Picture Day 514
Leslie Marmon Silko, The Man to Send Rain Clouds 518
Amy Tan, Two Kinds 522
James Thurber, The Secret Life of Walter Mitty 530
Helena Maria Viramontes, The Moths 533
Part III
Poetry 539
16. Approaching Poetry: Responding in Writing 541
Langston Hughes, Harlem 541
A Student Essay, Langston Hughes's "Harlem" 545
Aphra Behn, Song: Love Armed 547
A Student Essay, The Double Nature of Love 548
David Mura, An Argument: On 1942 550
Elizabeth Barrett Browning, How Do I love thee? 551
Robert Hayden, Frederick Douglass 552
17. Narrative Poetry 553
The Limerick, the Popular Ballad, and Other Narrative Poems
553
Anonymous, There Was a Young Fellow of Riga 553
Anonymous British Ballad, Sir Patrick Spence 555
Gary Snyder, Hay for the Horses 557
Phillis Wheatley, On Being Brought from Africa to America
558
John Keats, La Belle Dame sans Merci 559
Siegfried Sassoon, The General 561
Countee Cullen, Incident 562
Edwin Arlington Robinson, Richard Cory 563
Emily Dickinson, Because I could not stop for Death 564
Walter de la Mare, The Listeners 565
John Lennon and Paul McCartney, Eleanor Rigby 566
E. E. Cummings, anyone lived in a pretty how town 567
18. Lyric Poetry 569
Anonymous, Michael Row the Boat Ashore 569
Anonymous, Careless Love 569
Anonymous, The Colorado Trail 571
Anonymous, Western Wind 571
Julia Ward Howe, Battle Hymn of the Republic 572
William Shakespeare 574
Spring 574
Winter 575
Sigh no more, ladies, sigh no more 576
W. H. Auden, Funeral Blues 576
Emily Bronte, Spellbound 577
Spirituals, or Sorrow Songs 578
Anonymous African American Spiritual, Go Down, Moses 579
Anonymous, Swing Low, Sweet Chariot 581
For Further Study
Langston Hughes, Evenin' Air Blues 582
Li-Young Lee, I Ask My Mother to Sing 583
Edna St. Vincent Millay, The Spring and the Fall 583
Wilfred Owen, Anthem for Doomed Youth 584
Walt Whitman, A Noiseless Patient Spider 585
Dylan Thomas, Fern Hill 586
John Keats, Ode on a Grecian Urn 587
Linda Pastan, Jump Cabling 589
Billy Collins, The Names 589
19. The Speaking Tone of Voice 592
Emily Dickinson, I'm Nobody! Who are you? 592
Gwendolyn Brooks, We Real Cool 594
Gwendolyn Brooks, The Mother 595
Linda Pastan, Marks 596
The Reader as the Speaker 597
Stevie Smith, Not Waving but Drowning 597
Wislawa Szymborska, The Terrorist, He Watches 598
John Updike, Icarus 599
Aurora Levins Morales, Child of the Americas 600
Joseph Bruchac III, Ellis Island 601
The Dramatic Monologue 602
Robert Browning, My Last Duchess 602
Diction and Tone 604
Robert Herrick, To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time 605
Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum Est 606
Thomas Hardy, The Man He Killed 607
Thomas Hardy, The Ruined Maid 608
Countee Cullen, For a Lady I Know 609
Anne Bradstreet, To My Dear and Loving Husband 610
Lyn Lifshin, My Mother and the Bed 610
Mitsuye Yamada, To the Lady 612
The Voice of the Satirist 613
E. E. Cummings, next to of course god America i 613
Marge Piercy, Barbie Doll 614
Louise Erdrich, Dear John Wayne 615
Stephen Duck, On Mites 617
20. Figurative Language: Simile, Metaphor, Personification, Apostrophe 618
Robert Burns, A Red, Red Rose 619
Sylvia Plath, Metaphors 620
Simile 621
Metaphor 621
John Keats, On First Looking into Chapman's
Homer 622
Kay Ryan, Turtle 623
Marge Piercy, A Work of Artifice 624
Personification 624
Michael Drayton, Since There's No Help 625
Apostrophe 626
Edmund Waller, Song 626
For Further Study
William Carlos Williams, The Red Wheelbarrow 628
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The Eagle 628
Seamus Heaney, Digging 629
Linda Pastan, Baseball 630
William Shakespeare, Sonnet 130 ("My mistress' eyes are
nothing like the sun") 630
21. Imagery and Symbolism 632
William Blake, The Sick Rose 633
Walt Whitman, I Saw in Louisiana a Live-Oak
Growing 633
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Kubla Khan 636
Emma Lazarus, The New Colossus 639
Nila northSun, Moving Camp Too Far 640
Adrienne Rich, Aunt Jennifer's Tigers 641
Adrienne Rich, Diving into the Wreck 641
Christina Rossetti, Uphill 643
Wallace Stevens, The Emperor of Ice-Cream 644
Edgar Allan Poe, To Helen 645
A Note on Haiku 646
Moritake, Fallen petals rise 646
Sokan, If only we could 647
Shiki, River in summer 647
Taigi, Look, O look, there go 647
22. Irony 649
Dorothy Parker, General Review of the Sex
Situation 650
Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias 651
Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress 652
John Donne, Holy Sonnet 14 ("Batter my heart, threepersoned
God") 654
Langston Hughes, Dream Boogie 655
Martin Espada, Tony Went to the Bodega but He Didn't Buy
Anything 655
Edna St. Vincent Millay, Love Is Not All: It Is Not Meat nor
Drink 657
Sherman Alexie, Evolution 658
Henry Reed, Naming of Parts 658
23. Rhythm and Versification 660
Ezra Pound, An Immorality 661
A. E. Housman, Eight O'Clock 663
William Carlos Williams, The Dance 664
Versification: A Glossary for Reference 665
Meter 665
Patterns of Sound 668
Galway Kinnell, Blackberry Eating 669
For Further Study
William Carlos Williams, The Artist 670
Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Constantly Risking Absurdity 671
A Note About Poetic Forms 672
Stanzaic Patterns 673
Three Complex Forms: The Sonnet, the Villanelle, and the
Sestina 674
The Sonnet 674
William Shakespeare, Sonnet 73 ("That time of year thou
mayst in me behold") 675
William Shakespeare, Sonnet 146 ("Poor soul, the center of
my sinful earth") 676
John Milton, When I Consider How My Light Is Spent 678
X. J. Kennedy, Nothing in Heaven Functions as It
Ought 679
Billy Collins, Sonnet 679
The Villanelle 680
Dylan Thomas, Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night 681
Elizabeth Bishop, One Art 682
The Sestina 683
Elizabeth Bishop, Sestina 684
Shaped Poetry or Pattern Poetry 685
George Herbert, Easter-Wings 685
Blank Verse and Free Verse 686
Walt Whitman, When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer 687
The Prose Poem 688
Carolyn Forche, The Colonel 688
24. Students Writing About Poems 690
Prompts for Writing About Poems 690
First Response 690 Speaker and Tone 690 Audience 691
Structure and Form 691 Center of Interest and Theme 691
Diction 691 Sound Effects 692 A Note on Explication 692
Seven Students Writing About Poems 693
Louise Glueck, Gretel in Darkness 693
A Student Essay on Louise Glueck's "Gretel in Darkness" 696
A Student Essay on Adrienne Rich's "Aunt Jennifer's Tigers" 699
A Student Essay on a Theme in Several Poems by Emily
Dickinson 700
Robert Herrick, Upon Julia's Clothes 703
A Student Essay on the Structure of Robert Herrick's "Upon Julia's
Clothes" 705
A Student Essay on Metrics in Housman's "Eight O'Clock" 707
Two Student Essays, for Evaluation, on Robert Frost's "Stopping
by Woods on a Snowy Evening" 711
25. Poets at Work 719
Walt Whitman, Enfans d'Adam, number 9 719
Cathy Song, Out of Our Hands 721
William Butler Yeats, "Leda and the Swan"
( Three Versions) 723
Annunciation (1923) 724
Leda and the Swan (1924) 725
Leda and the Swan (1933) 725
26. Variations on Themes: Poems and Paintings 726
Writing About Poems and Paintings 726
Anne Sexton, The Starry Night 727
A Student Essay, Two Ways of Looking at a Starry Night 728
W. H. Auden, Musee des Beaux Arts 730
William Carlos Williams, The Great Figure 733
27. Three Poets in Depth: Emily Dickinson,
Robert Frost, and Langston Hughes 734
On Reading Authors Represented in Depth 734
Emily Dickinson 736
These are the days when Birds come back 736
Papa above! 737
Wild Nights-Wild Nights! 737
There's a certain Slant of light 737
I got so I could hear his name 738
The Soul selects her own Society 739
This was a Poet-It is That 739
I heard a Fly Buzz-when I died 740
The World is not Conclusion 741
I like to see it lap the Miles 741
A narrow Fellow in the Grass 742
Further in Summer than the Birds 742
Tell all the Truth but tell it slant 743
A Route of Evanescence 743
Those-dying, then 743
Apparently with no surprise 744
I felt a Funeral, in my Brain 745
I felt a Cleaving in my Mind 747
The Dust behind I strove to join 747
Letters About Poetry 747
To Susan Gilbert (Dickinson) 748
To Thomas Wentworth Higginson 748
To Thomas Wentworth Higginson 749
Robert Frost 750
The Pasture 750
Mending Wall 751
The Wood-Pile 752
The Road Not Taken 752
The Telephone 753
The Oven Bird 753
The Aim Was Song 754
The Need of Being Versed in Country Things 754
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening 755
Acquainted with the Night 756
Desert Places 756
Design 757
Come In 757
The Silken Tent 758
The Most of It 759
Robert Frost on Poetry 759
The Figure a Poem Makes 759
From "The Constant Symbol" 761
Langston Hughes 761
The Negro Speaks of Rivers 762
Mother to Son 762
The Weary Blues 763
The South 763
Ruby Brown 764
Poet to Patron 765
Ballad of the Landlord 765
Too Blue 766
Harlem [1] 766
Theme for English B 767
Poet to Bigot 768
Langston Hughes on Poetry 768
The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain 768
On the Cultural Achievements of African-Americans 772
28. A Collection of Poems 774
Anonymous British Ballad, The Three Ravens 774
Anonymous British Ballad, The Twa Corbies 775
Anonymous African American Ballad, John Henry 776
Sherman Alexie, On the Amtrak from Boston
to New York City 777
Matthew Arnold, Dover Beach 778
W. H. Auden, The Unknown Citizen 779
Jimmy Santiago Baca, So Mexicans Are Taking
Jobs from Americans 780
Amiri Baraka, A Poem for Black Hearts 781
Elizabeth Bishop, The Fish 783
William Blake 784Infant Joy 785
Infant Sorrow 785
The Lamb 785
The Tyger 786
London 786
Robert Bly, Driving to Town Late to Mail a Letter 787
Gwendolyn Brooks, Martin Luther King Jr. 787
Gwendolyn Brooks, The Bean Eaters 787
Robert Browning, Porphyria's Lover 788
George Gordon, Lord Byron, She Walks in Beauty 790
Lucille Clifton, in the inner city 791
Judith Ortiz Cofer, My Father in the Navy 791
John Donne 792
A Valediction:Forbidding Mourning 792
The Flea 793
Death, Be Not Proud 794
Rita Dove, Daystar 794
Bob Dylan, The Times They Are A-Changin' 795
T. S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock 796
Martin Espada, Bully 800
Allen Ginsberg, A Supermarket in California 801
Nikki Giovanni, Master Charge Blues 802
Louise Glueck, The School Children 802
H. D., Helen 803
Thomas Hardy, Ah, Are You Digging on My Grave? 804
Joy Harjo, Vision 805
Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays 805
Anthony Hecht, The Dover Bitch 806
Robert Herrick, Delight in Disorder 807
Gerard Manley Hopkins, God's Grandeur 807
Gerard Manley Hopkins, Pied Beauty 808
A. E. Housman 808
To an Athlete Dying Young 808
When I Was One-and-Twenty 809
Loveliest of trees, the cherry now 809
James Weldon Johnson, To America 810
John Keats, To Autumn 810
X. J. Kennedy, For Allen Ginsberg 811
Yusef Komunyakaa, Facing It 812
Archibald MacLeish, Ars Poetica 813
Claude McKay, America 814
Pat Mora, Illegal Alien 815
Pat Mora, Legal Alien 816
Sharon Olds, Rite of Passage 816
Linda Pastan, Love Poem 817
Sylvia Plath, Daddy 817
Ezra Pound, In a Station of the Metro 819
Dudley Randall, The Melting Pot 820
Adrienne Rich, Living in Sin 821
Anne Sexton, Her Kind 821
William Shakespeare, Sonnet 29 ("When, in disgrace with
Fortune and men's eyes") 822
William Shakespeare, Sonnet 116 ("Let me not to the
marriage of true minds") 823
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses 823
Kitty Tsui, A Chinese Banquet 825
John Updike, Ex-Basketball Player 826
Derek Walcott, A Far Cry from Africa 827
Walt Whitman, A Sight in Camp in the Daybreak
Gray and Dim 828
William Carlos Williams, Spring and All 829
William Wordsworth 829
The World Is Too Much with Us 830
I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud 830
The Solitary Reaper 831
James Wright, Lying in a Hammock at William Duffy's Farm
in Pine Island, Minnesota 832
Mitsuye Yamada, The Question of Loyalty 832
William Butler Yeats, Sailing to Byzantium 833
P A R T I V
29. Drama 837
How to Read a Play 839
Thinking About the Language of Drama 839
Plot and Character 842
Susan Glaspell, Trifles 845
Tennessee Williams, The Glass Menagerie 855
A Context for The Glass Menagerie 901
Production Notes by Tennessee Williams 901
30. Tragedy 905
A Note on Greek Tragedy 909
Two Plays by Sophocles 910
Sophocles, Oedipus the King 910
Sophocles, Antigone 953
Hamlet, A Play by Shakespeare 989
A Note on the Elizabethan Theater 990
A Note on the Texts of Hamlet 991
Portfolio: Hamlet on the Stage 997
William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark 999
31. Comedy 1112
William Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night's Dream 1114
32. Students Writing About Plays 1172
Prompts for Writing About Plays 1172
Plot and Conflict 1172 Character 1173 Tragedy 1173
Comedy 1174 Nonverbal Language 1174 The Play in
Performance 1174
Writing About a Filmed Version of a Play 1175
Checklist: Writing About a Filmed Play 1176
Five Students Write About Plays 1176
A Student Essay on Plot, The Solid Structure of The Glass
Menagerie 1177
A Student Essay on Setting, What the Kitchen in Trifles
Tells Us 1181
A Student Essay on Character and Theme, Fairy Mischief and
Morality in A Midsummer Night's Dream 1183
A Student Review of a Film Version of a Play: Branagh's Film of
Hamlet 1186
A Student Essay on Using Sources, The Women in Death of a
Salesman 1190
33. A Casebook on Death of a Salesman 1199
Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman 1199
Contexts for Death of a Salesman 1268
Arthur Miller, Tragedy and the Common Man 1268
Brooks Atkinson, [Review of Premier Performance of ]
Death of a Salesman 1270
Mary McCarthy, American Realistic Drama 1272
Arthur Miller, Remembering Death of a Salesman 1273
Lorraine Hansberry, Reflections on Willy Loman 1276
John Lahr, Hard Sell: A Black Death of a Salesman 1277
34. Seven Additional Plays 1280
Henrik Ibsen, A Doll's House 1280
Contexts for A Doll's House 1333
Notes for the Tragedy of Modern Times, Adaptation of A
Doll's House for a German Production, Speech at the
Banquet of the Norwegian League for Women's Rights
by Henrik Ibsen, 1333-34
Luis Valdez, Los Vendidos 1334
A Context for Los Vendidos 1344
The Actos by Luis Valdez 1344
Jane Martin, Rodeo 1346
August Wilson, Fences 1349
A Context for Fences 1400
Talking About Fences by August Wilson 1400
Samuel Beckett, Krapp's Last Tape: A Play in One Act 1402
David Ives, Sure Thing 1409
Terrence McNally, Andre's Mother 1418
P A R T V
Critical Approaches 1421
35. Critical Approaches: The Nature of Criticism 1422
Formalist (or New) Criticism 1423
Deconstruction 1425
Reader-Response Criticism 1426
Archetypal (or Myth) Criticism 1429
Historical Scholarship 1430
Marxist Criticism 1431
The New Historicism 1431
Biographical Criticism 1432
Psychological (or Psychoanalytic) Criticism 1433
Gender (Feminist, and Lesbian and Gay) Criticism 1434
Suggestions for Further Reading 1441
Appendix A: How Much Do You Know About Citing
Sources? A Quiz with Answers 1445
Appendix B: Remarks About Manuscript Form 1452
Basic Manuscript Form 1452
Quotations and Quotation Marks 1453
Documentation: Internal Parenthetical Citations and a List of
Works Cited (MLA Format) 1456
Citing Sources on the World Wide Web 1464
Appendix C: Glossary of Literary Terms 1468
Literary Credits 1479
Photo Credits 1492
Index of Terms 1493
Index of Authors, Titles, and First Lines of Poems 1499