Introduction to Literature, An (with Writing about Argument
The Craft of Argument)
14th Edition
Published on 28. January 2007
Book
Paperback/Softback
1800 pages
978-0-205-55702-8 (ISBN)
Description
The latest edition of this classic text continues to set a high standard for introductory literature anthologies by maintaining the traditions that have made it a success while continuing to evolve through the addition of fresh, new readings.
Authors of collectively more than a dozen texts for both literature and composition, this distinguished team provides integrated coverage of the elements of literature and extensive discussions of the writing process. Carefully selected classic and contemporary works, arranged in innovative and enlightening ways, incorporate a range of diverse voices.
Authors of collectively more than a dozen texts for both literature and composition, this distinguished team provides integrated coverage of the elements of literature and extensive discussions of the writing process. Carefully selected classic and contemporary works, arranged in innovative and enlightening ways, incorporate a range of diverse voices.
More details
Edition
14th edition
Language
English
Place of publication
United States
Publishing group
Pearson Education (US)
Target group
Primary & secondary/elementary & high school
Dimensions
Height: 235 mm
Width: 162 mm
ISBN-13
978-0-205-55702-8 (9780205557028)
Copyright in bibliographic data and cover images is held by Nielsen Book Services Limited or by the publishers or by their respective licensors: all rights reserved.
Schweitzer Classification
Content
Preface
Letter to Students
I. READING, THINKING, AND WRITING CRITICALLY ABOUT LITERATURE
1. Reading and Responding to Literature
What Is Literature?
Looking at an Example: Robert Frost, Immigrants
Robert Frost, Immigrants
Looking at a Second Example: Pat Mora, Immigrants
Pat Mora, Immigrants
Thinking About a Story: Luke, The Parable of the Prodigal Son.
Stories True and False:
Grace Paley, Samuel
What's Past Is Prologue
* Katherine Mansfield, Miss Brill
* Jamaica Kincaid, Girl
Tobias Wolff, Powder
James Merrill, Christmas Tree
W. F. Bolton, Might We Too?
2. Writing About Literature: From Idea to Essay.
Why Write?
Getting Ideas: Pre-Writing.
Annotating a Text.
Brainstorming for Ideas for Writing.
Kate Chopin, The Story of an Hour
Focused Free Writing.
Listing and Clustering.
Developing an Awareness of the Writer's Use of Language.
Asking Questions.
Keeping a Journal.
Arriving at a Thesis.
Writing a Draft.
Sample Draft of an Essay on Kate Chopin's "The Story of an Hour"
Revising a Draft.
Peer Review.
The Final Version
A Brief Overview of the Final Version.
Explication.
A Sample Explication.
William Butler Yeats, The Balloon of the Mind
Comparison and Contrast.
Review: How to Write an Effective Essay.
Additional Reading.
Kate Chopin, Ripe Figs
*William Stafford, Traveling through the Dark
Lorna Dee Cervantes, Refugee Ship
Jose Armas, El Tonto del Barrio
II. FICTION
3. Approaching Fiction: Responding in Writing.
Ernest Hemingway, Cat in the Rain
Responses, Annotations, and Journal Entries.
A Sample Essay by a Student
4. Stories and Meanings: Plot, Character, Theme.
Aesop, The Vixen and the Lioness
W. Somerset Maugham, The Appointment in Samara
Anonymous, Muddy Road
Anton Chekhov, Misery
Kate Chopin, Desiree's Baby
Alice Walker, Everyday Use
* Margaret Atwood, Happy Endings
5. Narrative Point of View.
Participant (or First-Person) Points of View
Nonparticipant (or Third-Person) Points of View
The Point of a Point of View
John Updike, A & P
Jack London, To Build a Fire
Alice Elliot Dark, In the Gloaming
V. S. Naipaul, The Night Watchman's Occurrence Book
* Katherine Anne Porter, The Jilting of Granny Weatherall
6. Allegory and Symbol.
A Note on Setting
Nathaniel Hawthorne, Young Goodman Brown
* John Steinbeck, The Chrysanthemums
Eudora Welty, A Worn Path
Gabriel Garcia Marquez, A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings: A Tale for Children
7. In Brief: Writing Arguments About Fiction.
Plot
Character.
Point of View.
Setting.
Symbolism.
Style.
Theme.
A Story, Notes, and an Essay.
Edgar Allan Poe, The Cask of Amontillado
A Student's Written Response to a Story
Notes.
A Sample Response Essay.
8. Three Fiction Writers in Depth: Flannery O'Connor, Raymond Carver, and Alice Munro
Flannery O'Connor: Two Stories and Observations on Literature
Flannery O'Connor, A Good Man Is Hard to Find
Flannery O'Connor, Revelation
On Fiction: Remarks from Essays and Letters.
From "The Fiction Writer and His Country"
From "Some Aspects of the Grosteque in Southern Fiction"
From "Th Nature and Aim of Fiction"
From "Writing Short Stories"
"A Reasonable Use of the Unreasonable"
On Interpreting "A Good Man Is Hard to Find"
Raymond Carver: Three Stories, an Interview, and Comments about Writing
Raymond Carver, Mine
Raymond Carver, Little Things
Raymond Carver, Cathedral
Talking About Stories
On Rewriting
On "Cathedral"
Alice Munro: Two Stories, an Essay, and an Interview
Boys and Girls
* The Children Stay
* What Is Real (essay)
* A Conversation (Interview)
9. Law and Disorder. Narratives from Biblical Times to the Present
Anonymous, The Judgment of Solomon.
John, The Woman Taken in Adultery.
Franz Kafka, Before the Law
Elizabeth Bishop, The Hanging of the Mouse
James Alan McPherson, An Act of Prostitution
Sherman Alexie, The Trial of Thomas Builds-the-Fire
10. American Voices: Fiction for a Diverse Nation
Lesllie Marmon Silko, The Man to Send Rain Clouds
*Jack Forbes, Only Aproved Indians Can Play: Made in USA
John Updike, The Rumor
Gloria Naylor, The Two
* Diana Chang, The Oriental Contingent
Katherine Min, Courting a Monk
Gish Jen, Who's Irish?
Toni Cade Bambara, The Lesson
* Katherine Anne Porter, He
* Bernard Malamud, Black Is My Favorite Color
* Oscar Casares, Yolanda
* Michele Serros, Senior Picture Day
11. A Collection of Short Fiction
Leo Tolstoy, The Death of Ivan Illych
Guy de Maupassant, The Necklace
Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Yellow Wallpaper
Willa Cather, Paul's Case: A Study in Termperament
James Joyce, Araby
William Faulkner, A Rose for Emily
* William Faulkner, Barn Burning
Jorge Luis Borges, The Gospel According to Mark
Langston Hughes, One Friday Morning
Ralph Ellison, Battle Royal
Contemporary Voices.
John Updike, Separating
Joyce Carol Oates, Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?
Bobbie Ann Mason, Shiloh
Tim O'Brien, The Things They Carried
Amy Tan, Two Kinds
Helene Marie Viramontes, The Moths
Elizabeth Tallent, No One's a Mystery
Lorrie Moore, How to Become a Writer
Louise Erdrich, The Red Convertible
12. The Novel.
Observations on the Novel.
Reading Kate Chopin's The Awakening
New Orleans in Kate Chopin's Day: An Album of Pictures.
Kate Chopin, The Awakening
III. POETRY.
13. Approaching Poetry: Responding in Writing
Langston Hughes, Harlem.
Thinking About "Harlem"
Some Journal Entries.
Final Draft:
Aphra Behn, Song: Love Armed.
Journal Entries.
A Sample Essay by a Student: "The Double Nature of Love."
14. Narrative Poetry
Popular Ballads and Other Narrative Poems
* Anonymous, There was a young fellow from Riga
Anonymous British Ballad, Sir Patrick Spence
Anonymous British Ballad, The Demon Lover
John Keats, La Belle Dame sans Merci
* A. E. Housman, Bredon Hill
* Anonymous African American Ballad, De Titanic
Thomas Hardy, The Convergence of the Twain
* Siegfried Sassoon, The General
Countee Cullen, Incident
Edward Arlington Robinson, Richard Cory
* Thomas Gray, Ode on the Death of a Favorite Cat Drowned in a Tub of Gold Fishes
Emily Dickinson, Because I could not stop for Death
* John Lennon and Paul McCartney, Eleanor Rigby
15. Lyric Poetry
Anonymous, Michael Row the Boat Ashore
Anonymous, Careless Love
Anonymous, The Colorado Trail
Anonymous, Western Wind
Julia Ward Howe, Battle Hymn of the Republic
Wendy Cope, Valentine
William Shakespeare, Spring
William Shakespeare, Winter
W. H. Auden, Stop All the Clocks, Cut Off the Telephone
Emily Bronte, Spellbound
Thomas Hardy, The Self-Unseeing
Anonymous African American Spiritual, Go Down, Moses
Langston Hughes, Evenin' Air Blues
Li-Young Lee, I Ask My Mother to Sing
Edna St. Vincent Millay, The Spring and the Fall
Wilfred Owen, Anthem for Doomed Youth
Walt Whitman, A Noiseless Patient Spider
John Keats, Ode on a Grecian Urn
Paul Laurence Dunbar, Sympathy
Linda Pastan, Jump Cabling
16. The Speaking Tone of Voice.
Emily Dickinson, I'm Nobody! Who are you?
Gwendolyn Brooks, We Real Cool.
Gwendolyn Brooks, The Mother
Linda Pastan, Marks
The Reader as the Speaker.
Stevie Smith, Not Waving but Drowning
Wislawa Szymborska, The Terrorist, He Watches
John Updike, Icarus
The Dramatic Monologue.
Robert Browning, My Last Duchess
Diction and Tone.
Robert Herrick, To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time
Thomas Hardy, The Man He Killed
Walter de la Mare, An Epitaph
Gerard Manley Hopkins, Spring and Fall: To a Young Child.
Countee Cullen, For a Lady I Know
Lyn Lifshin, My Mother and the Bed
The Voice of the Satirist.
E.E. Cummings, next to of course god america.i
Marge Piercy, Barbie Doll
Louise Erdrich, Dear John Wayne
* Jonathan Swift, A Satiric Elegy on the Death of a Late Famous General
* Alexander Pope, Engraved on the Collar of a Dog
17. Figurative Language: Simile, Metaphor, Personification, and Apostrophe.
Robert Burns, A Red, Red Rose.
Sylvia Plath, Metaphors
Simile.
Richard Wilbur, A Simile for Her Smile
Metaphor.
John Keats, On First Looking into Chapman's Homer
Personification.
Michael Drayton, Since There's no help
Apostrophe.
Edmund Waller, Song
William Carlos Williams, The Red Wheelbarrow
Alfred Lord Tennyson, The Eagle
Seamus Heaney, Digging
* Dana Gioia, Money
* Craig Raine, A Martian Sends a Postcard Home
* William Shakespeare, Sonnet 130
18. Imagery and Symbolism.
William Blake, The Sick Rose
Walt Whitman, I Saw in Louisiana a Live-Oak Growing (FACSIMILE)
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Kubla Khan
Frederick Morgan, The Master
Claude McKay, The Tropics in New York
Adrienne Rich, Diving into the Wreck
* Christina Rossetti, Uphill
* Wallace Stevens, Anecdote of the Jar
* Wallace Stevens, The Emperor of Ice Cream
* Edgar Allan Poe, To Helen
* Herman Melville, Dupont's Round Fight
* Thomas Hardy, Neutral Tones
A Note on Haiku.
Moritake, Fallen petals rise
Sokan, If only we could
Shiki, River in summer
Writing a Haiku.
Taigi, Look, O look, there go
Cyber-Haiku
19. Irony
Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias
Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress
John Donne, Holy Sonnet XIV ("Batter my heart, three-personed God")
* John Donne, The Flea
Langston Hughes, Dream Boogie
Martin Espada, Tony Went to the Bodega but He Didn't Buy Anything
Edna St. Vincent Millay, Love Is Not All: It Is Not Meat nor Drink
Sherman Alexie, Evolution
* Henry Reed, Naming of Parts
20. Rhythm and Versification.
Ezra Pound, An Immorality
A. E. Housman, Eight O'Clock
William Carlos Williams, The Dance
Robert Francis, The Pitcher
Galway Kinnell, Blackberry Eating
Versification: A Glossary for Reference.
Metrical; Feet
Patterns of Sound.
Galway Kinnell, Blackberry Eating
* A Note about Poetic Forms
Stanzaic Patterns
* Three Complex Forms: The Sonnet, The Villanelle, and the Sestina
The Sonnet
Six Sonnets.
William Shakespeare, Sonnet 73 ("That time of year thou mayst in me behold")
William Shakespeare, Sonnet 146 ("Poor soul, the center of my sinful earth")
John Milton, When I Consider How My Light Is Spent
John Crowe Ransom, Piazza Piece
X. J. Kennedy, Nothing in Heaven Functions as It Ought
Billy Collins, Sonnet
* The Villanelle
* Edwin Arlington Robinson, The House on the Hill
Dylan Thomas, Do Not go Gentle into that Good Night
* Elizabeth Bishop, One Art
* Wendy Cope, Reading Scheme
* The Sestina
* Rudyard Kipling, Sestina of the Tramp-Royal
* Eizabeth Bishop, Sestina
*Shaped Poetry or Pattern Poetry
* George Herbert, Easter Wings
Lillian Morrison, The Sidewalk Racer
Blank Verse and Free Verse.
Walt Whitman, When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer
* The Prose Poem
* Carolyn Forche, The Colonel
21. In Brief: Writing Arguments About Poetry
First Response.
Speaker and Tone.
Audience.
Structure and Form.
Center of Interest and Theme.
Diction.
Sound Effects.
A Note on Explication.
A Student's Written Response to a Poem.
Louise Glueck, Gretel in Darkness
Student Essay
22. Poets at Work.
William Butler Yeats, Leda and the Swan (three versions)
William Butler Yeats, Annunciation
William Butler Yeats, Leda and the Swan (1924)
William Butler Yeats, Leda and the Swan (1933)
Cathy Song, Out of Our Hands
Walt Whitman, Enfans d'Adam, number 9
* Donald Justice, Elsewheres
23. The Span of Life: 34 Poems, from the Cradle to the Grave.
Three Short Long Views.
Robert Frost, The Span of Life
Sir Walter Raleigh, What Is Our Life?
E. E. Cummings, anyone lived in a pretty how town
Early Years
William Blake, Infant Joy
William Blake, Infant Sorrow
Anonymous, How Many Miles to Babylon?
Sharon Olds, Rites of Passage
Louise Glueck, The School Children
Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays
Sex, Love, Marriage, Children
William Butler Yeats, For Anne Gregory
William Shakespeare, Sonnet 116 ("Let me not to the marriage of trueminds")
Kitty Tsui, A Chinese Banquet
Frank O'Hara, Homosexuality
Edna St.Vincent Millay, Sonnet xli
* Wyatt Prunty, Learning the Bicycle
Anonymous, Higamus, Hogamus
Work, Play, Getting On
John Updike, Ex-Basketball Player
Rita Dove, Daystar
Gary Snyder, Hay for the Horses
James Wright, Lying in a Hammock at William Duffy's Farm in Pine Island, Minnesota
Marge Piercy, To be of use
Last Years
Gwendolyn Brooks, The Bean Eaters
Robert Burns, John Anderson My Jo
William Butler Yeats, Sailing to Byzantium
Good Nights
A. E. Housman, To an Athlete Dying Young
W. H. Auden, The Unknown Citizen
Anonymous, Swing Low, Sweet Chariot
Voices from Below.
William Shakespeare, Epitaph ("Good frend for Jesus sake forbeare")
Thomas Hardy, Ah, Are You Digging on My Grave?
Edgar Lee Masters, Minerva Jones
Edgar Lee Masters, Doctor Meyers
Edgar Lee Masters, Mrs. Meyers
24. American Voices: Poems for a Diverse Nation
Paula Gunn Allen, Pocahontas to Her English Husband, John Rolfe
Robert Frost, The Vanishing Red
Aurora Levins Morales, Child of the Americas
Joseph Bruchac III, Ellis Island
Mitsuye Yamada, To the Lady
Yusef Komunyakaa, Facing It
Claude McKay, America
Dudley Randall, The Melting Pot
Martin Espada, Bully
Jimmy Santiago Baca, So Mexicans Are Taking Jobs from Americans
Nila northSun, Moving Camp Too Far
Sherman Alexie, On the Amtrak from Boston to New York City
Laureen Mar, My Mother, Who Came from China, Where She Never Saw Snow
25. Variations on Themes: Poems and Paintings.
Writing about Poems and Paintings
A Sample Student Essay
Jane Flanders, Van Gogh's Bed
Adrienne Rich, Mourning Picture
Cathy Song, Beauty and Sadness
Carl Phillips, Luncheon on the Grass
Anne Sexton, The Starry Night
W. H. Auden, Musee des Beaux Arts
X. J. Kennedy, Nude Descending a Staircase
Sherman Alexie, At Navajo Monument Valley Tribal School.
John Updike, Before the Mirror
Greg Pape, American Flamingo
26. Three Poets in Depth: Emily Dickinson, Robert Frost, and Langston Hughes.
On Reading Authors Represented in Depth.
Emily Dickinson.
These are the days when Birds come back.
Papa above?
Wild Nights-Wild Nights!
There's a certain Slant of light.
I got so I could hear his name-.
The Soul selects her own Society
This was a Poet-It is That
I heard a Fly Buzz-when I died.
This World is not Conclusion.
I like to see it lap the Miles.
A narrow Fellow in the Grass.
Further in Summer than the Birds
Tell all the Truth but tell it slant.
A Route of Evanesence.
Those-dying, then
Apparently with no surprise
I felt a funeral, in my Brain
I felt a Cleaving in my Mind
The Dust behind I strove to join
Letters about Poetry.
Letter to Susan Gilbert (Dickinson).
Letters to T.W. Higginson
Letter to T.W. Higginson
Robert Frost.
The Pasture
Mending Wall
The Wood-Pile.
The Road Not Taken.
The Telephone.
The Oven Bird.
The Aim Was Song
The Need of Being Versed in Country Things.
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
Acquainted with the Nigh.
Desert Places
Design
The Silken Tent
Come In
The Most of It.
Robert Frost on Poetry
The Figure a Poem Makes
From the Constant Symbol
Langston Hughes
The Negro Speaks of Rivers
Mother to Son
The Weary Blues
The South
Ruby Brown.
Poet to Patron.
Ballad of the Landlord
Too Blue
Harlem [1].
Theme for English B
Poet to Bigot
Langston Hughes on Poetry
The Negro and the Racial Mountain
On the Cultural Achievement of African-Americans
27. Poetry and Translation
A Poem Translated from Spanish, in an Essay by a Student
Federico Garcia Lorca, Despedida
A Note on Using the First-Person Singular Pronoun in Essays
Translating a Poem of your Choice, and Commenting on the Translation
Last-Minute Help: Three Spanish Poems
Anonymous, Ya se van los pastores
Anonymous, Una gallina con pollos
Gabriela Mistral, El Pensador de Rodin
Translating Haiku
Basho, Old pond
Further Thoughts about Translating Poetry
Catullus, Odi et amo
Can Poetry Be Translated?
Looking at translations of a Poem by Charles Baudelaire
Charles Baudelaire, L'Albatros
28. A Collection of Poems.
A Note on Folk Ballads
Anonymous British Ballad, The Three Ravens
Anonymous British Ballad, The Twa Corbies
Anonymous British Ballad, Edward
Anonymous, John Henry
William Shakespeare, Sonnet 29 ("When, in disgrace with Fortune and mens' eyes")
John Donne, A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning
* John Donne, The Flea
Ben Jonson, On My First Son.
* Ben Jonson, Still to be Neat
* Robert Herrick, Delight in Disorder
William Blake, The Lamb
William Blake, The Tyger
William Blake, London
William Wordsworth, The World Is Too Much with Us
William Wordsworth, I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud
* William Wordsworth, The Solitary Reaper
Phillis Wheatley, On Being Brought from Africa to America
Lydia Howard Huntley Sigourney, The Indian's Welcome tothe Pilgrim Fathers
John Keats, To Autumn
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses
Robert Browning, Porphyria's Lover
Matthew Arnold, Dover Beach: A Criticism of Life
Gerard Manley Hopkins, God's Grandeur
Gerard Manly Hopkins, Pied Beauty
James Weldon Johnson, To America
William Carlos Williams, Spring and All
Ezra Pound, In a Station of the Metro
H.D., Helen
T.S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
Archibald MacLeish, Ars Poetica
Elizabeth Bishop, The Fish
Contemporary Voices.
Gwendolyn Brooks, Martin Luther King Jr.
Anthony Hecht, The Dover Bitch
* Robert Bly, Driving to Town Late to Mail a Letter
Allen Ginsberg, A Supermarket in California
* Anne Sexton, Her Kind
Adrienne Rich, For the Felling of an Elm in the Harvard Yard
* Adrienne Rich, Aunt Jennifer's Tigers
Adrienne Rich, Living in Sin
X. J. Kennedy, For Allen Ginsberg
* Miller SWilliams, Listen / 014
Derek Walcott, A Far Cry from Africa
Sylvia Plath, Daddy
* Linda Pastan, Love Poem
Amiri Baraka, A Poem for Black Hearts
* Raymond Carver, Happiness
Lucille Clifton, in the inner city
Joseph Brodsky, Love Song
Bob Dylan, The Times They Are-A-Changin'
Pat Mora, Sonrisas
Pat Mora, Illegal Alien
Pat Mora, Legal Alien
Nikki Giovanni, Master Charge Blues
Ellen Bryant Voigt, Quarrel
Carol Muske, Chivalry
Wendy Rose, Three Thousand Dollar Death Song
Diane Ackerman, Pumping Iron
Joy Harjo, Vision
* Bob Hicok, Man of the House
Judith Ortiz Cofer, My Father in the Navy: A Childhood Memory
IV. DRAMA
29. Some Elements of Drama
Thinking About the Language of Drama.
Plot and Character.
Susan Glaspell, Trifles
Tennessee Williams, The Glass Menagerie
A Context for The Glass Menagerie
Tennessee Williams, Production Notes
30. Tragedy
A Note on Greek Theater
Two Plays by Sophocles
Sophocles, Oedipus the King
Sophocles, Antigone
Two Plays by Shakespeare
A Casebook on Hamlet
A Note on the Elizabethan Theater
A Note on the Text of Hamlet
Portfolio: Hamlet on the Stage
William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark
Ernest Jones, Hamlet and the Oedipus Complex
Stanley Wells, On the First Soliloquy
Elaine Showalter, Representing Ophelia
Claire Bloom, Playing Gertrude on Television
Bernice Kliman, The BBC Hamlet: A Television Production
Will Saretta, Branagh's Film of Hamlet (student essay)
A Note on the Texts of Othello
Portfolio: Playing Othello
* William Shakespeare, Othello, the Moor of Venice
31. Comedy
William Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night's Dream
32. Two Plays about Marriage
Henrik Ibsen, A Doll's House
Contexts for A Doll's House
Henrik Ibsen, Notes for the Tragedy of Modern Times
Henrik Ibsen, Adaptations of A Doll's House for a German Production
Henrik Ibsen, Speech at the Banquet of the Norwegian League for Women's Rights
Clare Boothe Luce, Slam the Door Softly
33. In Brief: Writing Arguments About Drama.
Plot and Conflict.
Character.
Tragedy.
Comedy.
Nonverbal Language.
The Play in Performance.
A Sample Student Essay, Using Sources.
34. American Visions: Plays for a Diverse Nation
Jane Martin, Rodeo
Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman
A Context for Death of a Salesman
Arthur Miller, Tragedy and the Common Man
Eve Merriam, Paula Wagner, and Jack Hofsiss, Out of Our Father's House
Luis Valdez, Los Vendidos
A Context for Los Vendidos
Luis Valdez, The Actos
Harvey Fierstein, On Tidy Endings
August Wilson, Fences
A Context for Fences
August Wilson, Talking About Fences
V. CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES.
35. Critical Approaches: The Nature of Criticism.
Formalist (or New) Criticism.
Deconstruction.
Reader Response Criticism.
Archetypal (or Myth) Criticism.
Historical Scholarship
Marxist Criticism
The New Historicism
Biographical Criticism
Psychological (or Psychoanalytic) Critcism
Gender (Feminist,and Lesbian and Gay) Criticism
Suggestions for Further Reading
Appendix A: Remarks About Manuscript Form
Basic Manuscript Form.
Corrections in the Final Copy.
Quotations and Quotation Marks.
Quotation Marks or Underlining?
A Note on the Possessive.
Appendix B: Writing a Research Paper.
What Research Is Not, and What Research Is.
Primary and Secondary Materials.
Locating Materials: First Steps.
Other Bibliographic Aids.
Taking Notes.
Two Mechanical Aids: The Photocopier and the Word Processor.
A Guide to Note-taking.
Drafting the Paper.
Keeping a Sense of Proportion.
Focus on Primary Sources
Documentation.
What to Document: Avoiding Plagiarism.
How to Document: Footnotes, Internal Parenthetic Citations, and a List of Works Cited (MLA Format).
Appendix C: New Approaches to the Research Paper: Literature, History, and the World Wide Web.
Case Study on Literature and History: The Internment of Japanese Americans.
Literary Texts.
Mitsuye Yamada, The Question of Loyalty
David Mura, An Argument: On 1942
Historical Sources
Basic Reference Books (Short Paper)
Getting Deeper (Medium Paper)
A Checklist: A Review of Researching a Literary-Historical Paper
Other Reference Sources (Long Paper)
Too Much Information?
Electronic Sources.
Evaluating Sources on the World Wide Web
A Checklist: A Review for Using the World Wide Web
Documentation: Citing a WWW Source
MLA General Conventions
Additional Print and Electronic Sources
Search Engines and Directories
Print Directories
Print Archives on Literature, History, and the WWW
Evaluating Websites and Materials
Recommended WWW Sites for Scholarly Citation and the Internet/WWW
Appendix D: Literary Research: Print and Electronic Resources
The Basics
Moving Ahead: Finding for Research Work
Literature: Print Reference Sources
Bibliographies
History--Reference and Bibliography Sources
What Does Your Own Institution Offer?
Appendix E: Glossary of Literary Terms.
Credits.
Index of Authors, Titles, and First Lines of Poems.
Letter to Students
I. READING, THINKING, AND WRITING CRITICALLY ABOUT LITERATURE
1. Reading and Responding to Literature
What Is Literature?
Looking at an Example: Robert Frost, Immigrants
Robert Frost, Immigrants
Looking at a Second Example: Pat Mora, Immigrants
Pat Mora, Immigrants
Thinking About a Story: Luke, The Parable of the Prodigal Son.
Stories True and False:
Grace Paley, Samuel
What's Past Is Prologue
* Katherine Mansfield, Miss Brill
* Jamaica Kincaid, Girl
Tobias Wolff, Powder
James Merrill, Christmas Tree
W. F. Bolton, Might We Too?
2. Writing About Literature: From Idea to Essay.
Why Write?
Getting Ideas: Pre-Writing.
Annotating a Text.
Brainstorming for Ideas for Writing.
Kate Chopin, The Story of an Hour
Focused Free Writing.
Listing and Clustering.
Developing an Awareness of the Writer's Use of Language.
Asking Questions.
Keeping a Journal.
Arriving at a Thesis.
Writing a Draft.
Sample Draft of an Essay on Kate Chopin's "The Story of an Hour"
Revising a Draft.
Peer Review.
The Final Version
A Brief Overview of the Final Version.
Explication.
A Sample Explication.
William Butler Yeats, The Balloon of the Mind
Comparison and Contrast.
Review: How to Write an Effective Essay.
Additional Reading.
Kate Chopin, Ripe Figs
*William Stafford, Traveling through the Dark
Lorna Dee Cervantes, Refugee Ship
Jose Armas, El Tonto del Barrio
II. FICTION
3. Approaching Fiction: Responding in Writing.
Ernest Hemingway, Cat in the Rain
Responses, Annotations, and Journal Entries.
A Sample Essay by a Student
4. Stories and Meanings: Plot, Character, Theme.
Aesop, The Vixen and the Lioness
W. Somerset Maugham, The Appointment in Samara
Anonymous, Muddy Road
Anton Chekhov, Misery
Kate Chopin, Desiree's Baby
Alice Walker, Everyday Use
* Margaret Atwood, Happy Endings
5. Narrative Point of View.
Participant (or First-Person) Points of View
Nonparticipant (or Third-Person) Points of View
The Point of a Point of View
John Updike, A & P
Jack London, To Build a Fire
Alice Elliot Dark, In the Gloaming
V. S. Naipaul, The Night Watchman's Occurrence Book
* Katherine Anne Porter, The Jilting of Granny Weatherall
6. Allegory and Symbol.
A Note on Setting
Nathaniel Hawthorne, Young Goodman Brown
* John Steinbeck, The Chrysanthemums
Eudora Welty, A Worn Path
Gabriel Garcia Marquez, A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings: A Tale for Children
7. In Brief: Writing Arguments About Fiction.
Plot
Character.
Point of View.
Setting.
Symbolism.
Style.
Theme.
A Story, Notes, and an Essay.
Edgar Allan Poe, The Cask of Amontillado
A Student's Written Response to a Story
Notes.
A Sample Response Essay.
8. Three Fiction Writers in Depth: Flannery O'Connor, Raymond Carver, and Alice Munro
Flannery O'Connor: Two Stories and Observations on Literature
Flannery O'Connor, A Good Man Is Hard to Find
Flannery O'Connor, Revelation
On Fiction: Remarks from Essays and Letters.
From "The Fiction Writer and His Country"
From "Some Aspects of the Grosteque in Southern Fiction"
From "Th Nature and Aim of Fiction"
From "Writing Short Stories"
"A Reasonable Use of the Unreasonable"
On Interpreting "A Good Man Is Hard to Find"
Raymond Carver: Three Stories, an Interview, and Comments about Writing
Raymond Carver, Mine
Raymond Carver, Little Things
Raymond Carver, Cathedral
Talking About Stories
On Rewriting
On "Cathedral"
Alice Munro: Two Stories, an Essay, and an Interview
Boys and Girls
* The Children Stay
* What Is Real (essay)
* A Conversation (Interview)
9. Law and Disorder. Narratives from Biblical Times to the Present
Anonymous, The Judgment of Solomon.
John, The Woman Taken in Adultery.
Franz Kafka, Before the Law
Elizabeth Bishop, The Hanging of the Mouse
James Alan McPherson, An Act of Prostitution
Sherman Alexie, The Trial of Thomas Builds-the-Fire
10. American Voices: Fiction for a Diverse Nation
Lesllie Marmon Silko, The Man to Send Rain Clouds
*Jack Forbes, Only Aproved Indians Can Play: Made in USA
John Updike, The Rumor
Gloria Naylor, The Two
* Diana Chang, The Oriental Contingent
Katherine Min, Courting a Monk
Gish Jen, Who's Irish?
Toni Cade Bambara, The Lesson
* Katherine Anne Porter, He
* Bernard Malamud, Black Is My Favorite Color
* Oscar Casares, Yolanda
* Michele Serros, Senior Picture Day
11. A Collection of Short Fiction
Leo Tolstoy, The Death of Ivan Illych
Guy de Maupassant, The Necklace
Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Yellow Wallpaper
Willa Cather, Paul's Case: A Study in Termperament
James Joyce, Araby
William Faulkner, A Rose for Emily
* William Faulkner, Barn Burning
Jorge Luis Borges, The Gospel According to Mark
Langston Hughes, One Friday Morning
Ralph Ellison, Battle Royal
Contemporary Voices.
John Updike, Separating
Joyce Carol Oates, Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?
Bobbie Ann Mason, Shiloh
Tim O'Brien, The Things They Carried
Amy Tan, Two Kinds
Helene Marie Viramontes, The Moths
Elizabeth Tallent, No One's a Mystery
Lorrie Moore, How to Become a Writer
Louise Erdrich, The Red Convertible
12. The Novel.
Observations on the Novel.
Reading Kate Chopin's The Awakening
New Orleans in Kate Chopin's Day: An Album of Pictures.
Kate Chopin, The Awakening
III. POETRY.
13. Approaching Poetry: Responding in Writing
Langston Hughes, Harlem.
Thinking About "Harlem"
Some Journal Entries.
Final Draft:
Aphra Behn, Song: Love Armed.
Journal Entries.
A Sample Essay by a Student: "The Double Nature of Love."
14. Narrative Poetry
Popular Ballads and Other Narrative Poems
* Anonymous, There was a young fellow from Riga
Anonymous British Ballad, Sir Patrick Spence
Anonymous British Ballad, The Demon Lover
John Keats, La Belle Dame sans Merci
* A. E. Housman, Bredon Hill
* Anonymous African American Ballad, De Titanic
Thomas Hardy, The Convergence of the Twain
* Siegfried Sassoon, The General
Countee Cullen, Incident
Edward Arlington Robinson, Richard Cory
* Thomas Gray, Ode on the Death of a Favorite Cat Drowned in a Tub of Gold Fishes
Emily Dickinson, Because I could not stop for Death
* John Lennon and Paul McCartney, Eleanor Rigby
15. Lyric Poetry
Anonymous, Michael Row the Boat Ashore
Anonymous, Careless Love
Anonymous, The Colorado Trail
Anonymous, Western Wind
Julia Ward Howe, Battle Hymn of the Republic
Wendy Cope, Valentine
William Shakespeare, Spring
William Shakespeare, Winter
W. H. Auden, Stop All the Clocks, Cut Off the Telephone
Emily Bronte, Spellbound
Thomas Hardy, The Self-Unseeing
Anonymous African American Spiritual, Go Down, Moses
Langston Hughes, Evenin' Air Blues
Li-Young Lee, I Ask My Mother to Sing
Edna St. Vincent Millay, The Spring and the Fall
Wilfred Owen, Anthem for Doomed Youth
Walt Whitman, A Noiseless Patient Spider
John Keats, Ode on a Grecian Urn
Paul Laurence Dunbar, Sympathy
Linda Pastan, Jump Cabling
16. The Speaking Tone of Voice.
Emily Dickinson, I'm Nobody! Who are you?
Gwendolyn Brooks, We Real Cool.
Gwendolyn Brooks, The Mother
Linda Pastan, Marks
The Reader as the Speaker.
Stevie Smith, Not Waving but Drowning
Wislawa Szymborska, The Terrorist, He Watches
John Updike, Icarus
The Dramatic Monologue.
Robert Browning, My Last Duchess
Diction and Tone.
Robert Herrick, To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time
Thomas Hardy, The Man He Killed
Walter de la Mare, An Epitaph
Gerard Manley Hopkins, Spring and Fall: To a Young Child.
Countee Cullen, For a Lady I Know
Lyn Lifshin, My Mother and the Bed
The Voice of the Satirist.
E.E. Cummings, next to of course god america.i
Marge Piercy, Barbie Doll
Louise Erdrich, Dear John Wayne
* Jonathan Swift, A Satiric Elegy on the Death of a Late Famous General
* Alexander Pope, Engraved on the Collar of a Dog
17. Figurative Language: Simile, Metaphor, Personification, and Apostrophe.
Robert Burns, A Red, Red Rose.
Sylvia Plath, Metaphors
Simile.
Richard Wilbur, A Simile for Her Smile
Metaphor.
John Keats, On First Looking into Chapman's Homer
Personification.
Michael Drayton, Since There's no help
Apostrophe.
Edmund Waller, Song
William Carlos Williams, The Red Wheelbarrow
Alfred Lord Tennyson, The Eagle
Seamus Heaney, Digging
* Dana Gioia, Money
* Craig Raine, A Martian Sends a Postcard Home
* William Shakespeare, Sonnet 130
18. Imagery and Symbolism.
William Blake, The Sick Rose
Walt Whitman, I Saw in Louisiana a Live-Oak Growing (FACSIMILE)
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Kubla Khan
Frederick Morgan, The Master
Claude McKay, The Tropics in New York
Adrienne Rich, Diving into the Wreck
* Christina Rossetti, Uphill
* Wallace Stevens, Anecdote of the Jar
* Wallace Stevens, The Emperor of Ice Cream
* Edgar Allan Poe, To Helen
* Herman Melville, Dupont's Round Fight
* Thomas Hardy, Neutral Tones
A Note on Haiku.
Moritake, Fallen petals rise
Sokan, If only we could
Shiki, River in summer
Writing a Haiku.
Taigi, Look, O look, there go
Cyber-Haiku
19. Irony
Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias
Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress
John Donne, Holy Sonnet XIV ("Batter my heart, three-personed God")
* John Donne, The Flea
Langston Hughes, Dream Boogie
Martin Espada, Tony Went to the Bodega but He Didn't Buy Anything
Edna St. Vincent Millay, Love Is Not All: It Is Not Meat nor Drink
Sherman Alexie, Evolution
* Henry Reed, Naming of Parts
20. Rhythm and Versification.
Ezra Pound, An Immorality
A. E. Housman, Eight O'Clock
William Carlos Williams, The Dance
Robert Francis, The Pitcher
Galway Kinnell, Blackberry Eating
Versification: A Glossary for Reference.
Metrical; Feet
Patterns of Sound.
Galway Kinnell, Blackberry Eating
* A Note about Poetic Forms
Stanzaic Patterns
* Three Complex Forms: The Sonnet, The Villanelle, and the Sestina
The Sonnet
Six Sonnets.
William Shakespeare, Sonnet 73 ("That time of year thou mayst in me behold")
William Shakespeare, Sonnet 146 ("Poor soul, the center of my sinful earth")
John Milton, When I Consider How My Light Is Spent
John Crowe Ransom, Piazza Piece
X. J. Kennedy, Nothing in Heaven Functions as It Ought
Billy Collins, Sonnet
* The Villanelle
* Edwin Arlington Robinson, The House on the Hill
Dylan Thomas, Do Not go Gentle into that Good Night
* Elizabeth Bishop, One Art
* Wendy Cope, Reading Scheme
* The Sestina
* Rudyard Kipling, Sestina of the Tramp-Royal
* Eizabeth Bishop, Sestina
*Shaped Poetry or Pattern Poetry
* George Herbert, Easter Wings
Lillian Morrison, The Sidewalk Racer
Blank Verse and Free Verse.
Walt Whitman, When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer
* The Prose Poem
* Carolyn Forche, The Colonel
21. In Brief: Writing Arguments About Poetry
First Response.
Speaker and Tone.
Audience.
Structure and Form.
Center of Interest and Theme.
Diction.
Sound Effects.
A Note on Explication.
A Student's Written Response to a Poem.
Louise Glueck, Gretel in Darkness
Student Essay
22. Poets at Work.
William Butler Yeats, Leda and the Swan (three versions)
William Butler Yeats, Annunciation
William Butler Yeats, Leda and the Swan (1924)
William Butler Yeats, Leda and the Swan (1933)
Cathy Song, Out of Our Hands
Walt Whitman, Enfans d'Adam, number 9
* Donald Justice, Elsewheres
23. The Span of Life: 34 Poems, from the Cradle to the Grave.
Three Short Long Views.
Robert Frost, The Span of Life
Sir Walter Raleigh, What Is Our Life?
E. E. Cummings, anyone lived in a pretty how town
Early Years
William Blake, Infant Joy
William Blake, Infant Sorrow
Anonymous, How Many Miles to Babylon?
Sharon Olds, Rites of Passage
Louise Glueck, The School Children
Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays
Sex, Love, Marriage, Children
William Butler Yeats, For Anne Gregory
William Shakespeare, Sonnet 116 ("Let me not to the marriage of trueminds")
Kitty Tsui, A Chinese Banquet
Frank O'Hara, Homosexuality
Edna St.Vincent Millay, Sonnet xli
* Wyatt Prunty, Learning the Bicycle
Anonymous, Higamus, Hogamus
Work, Play, Getting On
John Updike, Ex-Basketball Player
Rita Dove, Daystar
Gary Snyder, Hay for the Horses
James Wright, Lying in a Hammock at William Duffy's Farm in Pine Island, Minnesota
Marge Piercy, To be of use
Last Years
Gwendolyn Brooks, The Bean Eaters
Robert Burns, John Anderson My Jo
William Butler Yeats, Sailing to Byzantium
Good Nights
A. E. Housman, To an Athlete Dying Young
W. H. Auden, The Unknown Citizen
Anonymous, Swing Low, Sweet Chariot
Voices from Below.
William Shakespeare, Epitaph ("Good frend for Jesus sake forbeare")
Thomas Hardy, Ah, Are You Digging on My Grave?
Edgar Lee Masters, Minerva Jones
Edgar Lee Masters, Doctor Meyers
Edgar Lee Masters, Mrs. Meyers
24. American Voices: Poems for a Diverse Nation
Paula Gunn Allen, Pocahontas to Her English Husband, John Rolfe
Robert Frost, The Vanishing Red
Aurora Levins Morales, Child of the Americas
Joseph Bruchac III, Ellis Island
Mitsuye Yamada, To the Lady
Yusef Komunyakaa, Facing It
Claude McKay, America
Dudley Randall, The Melting Pot
Martin Espada, Bully
Jimmy Santiago Baca, So Mexicans Are Taking Jobs from Americans
Nila northSun, Moving Camp Too Far
Sherman Alexie, On the Amtrak from Boston to New York City
Laureen Mar, My Mother, Who Came from China, Where She Never Saw Snow
25. Variations on Themes: Poems and Paintings.
Writing about Poems and Paintings
A Sample Student Essay
Jane Flanders, Van Gogh's Bed
Adrienne Rich, Mourning Picture
Cathy Song, Beauty and Sadness
Carl Phillips, Luncheon on the Grass
Anne Sexton, The Starry Night
W. H. Auden, Musee des Beaux Arts
X. J. Kennedy, Nude Descending a Staircase
Sherman Alexie, At Navajo Monument Valley Tribal School.
John Updike, Before the Mirror
Greg Pape, American Flamingo
26. Three Poets in Depth: Emily Dickinson, Robert Frost, and Langston Hughes.
On Reading Authors Represented in Depth.
Emily Dickinson.
These are the days when Birds come back.
Papa above?
Wild Nights-Wild Nights!
There's a certain Slant of light.
I got so I could hear his name-.
The Soul selects her own Society
This was a Poet-It is That
I heard a Fly Buzz-when I died.
This World is not Conclusion.
I like to see it lap the Miles.
A narrow Fellow in the Grass.
Further in Summer than the Birds
Tell all the Truth but tell it slant.
A Route of Evanesence.
Those-dying, then
Apparently with no surprise
I felt a funeral, in my Brain
I felt a Cleaving in my Mind
The Dust behind I strove to join
Letters about Poetry.
Letter to Susan Gilbert (Dickinson).
Letters to T.W. Higginson
Letter to T.W. Higginson
Robert Frost.
The Pasture
Mending Wall
The Wood-Pile.
The Road Not Taken.
The Telephone.
The Oven Bird.
The Aim Was Song
The Need of Being Versed in Country Things.
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
Acquainted with the Nigh.
Desert Places
Design
The Silken Tent
Come In
The Most of It.
Robert Frost on Poetry
The Figure a Poem Makes
From the Constant Symbol
Langston Hughes
The Negro Speaks of Rivers
Mother to Son
The Weary Blues
The South
Ruby Brown.
Poet to Patron.
Ballad of the Landlord
Too Blue
Harlem [1].
Theme for English B
Poet to Bigot
Langston Hughes on Poetry
The Negro and the Racial Mountain
On the Cultural Achievement of African-Americans
27. Poetry and Translation
A Poem Translated from Spanish, in an Essay by a Student
Federico Garcia Lorca, Despedida
A Note on Using the First-Person Singular Pronoun in Essays
Translating a Poem of your Choice, and Commenting on the Translation
Last-Minute Help: Three Spanish Poems
Anonymous, Ya se van los pastores
Anonymous, Una gallina con pollos
Gabriela Mistral, El Pensador de Rodin
Translating Haiku
Basho, Old pond
Further Thoughts about Translating Poetry
Catullus, Odi et amo
Can Poetry Be Translated?
Looking at translations of a Poem by Charles Baudelaire
Charles Baudelaire, L'Albatros
28. A Collection of Poems.
A Note on Folk Ballads
Anonymous British Ballad, The Three Ravens
Anonymous British Ballad, The Twa Corbies
Anonymous British Ballad, Edward
Anonymous, John Henry
William Shakespeare, Sonnet 29 ("When, in disgrace with Fortune and mens' eyes")
John Donne, A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning
* John Donne, The Flea
Ben Jonson, On My First Son.
* Ben Jonson, Still to be Neat
* Robert Herrick, Delight in Disorder
William Blake, The Lamb
William Blake, The Tyger
William Blake, London
William Wordsworth, The World Is Too Much with Us
William Wordsworth, I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud
* William Wordsworth, The Solitary Reaper
Phillis Wheatley, On Being Brought from Africa to America
Lydia Howard Huntley Sigourney, The Indian's Welcome tothe Pilgrim Fathers
John Keats, To Autumn
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses
Robert Browning, Porphyria's Lover
Matthew Arnold, Dover Beach: A Criticism of Life
Gerard Manley Hopkins, God's Grandeur
Gerard Manly Hopkins, Pied Beauty
James Weldon Johnson, To America
William Carlos Williams, Spring and All
Ezra Pound, In a Station of the Metro
H.D., Helen
T.S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
Archibald MacLeish, Ars Poetica
Elizabeth Bishop, The Fish
Contemporary Voices.
Gwendolyn Brooks, Martin Luther King Jr.
Anthony Hecht, The Dover Bitch
* Robert Bly, Driving to Town Late to Mail a Letter
Allen Ginsberg, A Supermarket in California
* Anne Sexton, Her Kind
Adrienne Rich, For the Felling of an Elm in the Harvard Yard
* Adrienne Rich, Aunt Jennifer's Tigers
Adrienne Rich, Living in Sin
X. J. Kennedy, For Allen Ginsberg
* Miller SWilliams, Listen / 014
Derek Walcott, A Far Cry from Africa
Sylvia Plath, Daddy
* Linda Pastan, Love Poem
Amiri Baraka, A Poem for Black Hearts
* Raymond Carver, Happiness
Lucille Clifton, in the inner city
Joseph Brodsky, Love Song
Bob Dylan, The Times They Are-A-Changin'
Pat Mora, Sonrisas
Pat Mora, Illegal Alien
Pat Mora, Legal Alien
Nikki Giovanni, Master Charge Blues
Ellen Bryant Voigt, Quarrel
Carol Muske, Chivalry
Wendy Rose, Three Thousand Dollar Death Song
Diane Ackerman, Pumping Iron
Joy Harjo, Vision
* Bob Hicok, Man of the House
Judith Ortiz Cofer, My Father in the Navy: A Childhood Memory
IV. DRAMA
29. Some Elements of Drama
Thinking About the Language of Drama.
Plot and Character.
Susan Glaspell, Trifles
Tennessee Williams, The Glass Menagerie
A Context for The Glass Menagerie
Tennessee Williams, Production Notes
30. Tragedy
A Note on Greek Theater
Two Plays by Sophocles
Sophocles, Oedipus the King
Sophocles, Antigone
Two Plays by Shakespeare
A Casebook on Hamlet
A Note on the Elizabethan Theater
A Note on the Text of Hamlet
Portfolio: Hamlet on the Stage
William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark
Ernest Jones, Hamlet and the Oedipus Complex
Stanley Wells, On the First Soliloquy
Elaine Showalter, Representing Ophelia
Claire Bloom, Playing Gertrude on Television
Bernice Kliman, The BBC Hamlet: A Television Production
Will Saretta, Branagh's Film of Hamlet (student essay)
A Note on the Texts of Othello
Portfolio: Playing Othello
* William Shakespeare, Othello, the Moor of Venice
31. Comedy
William Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night's Dream
32. Two Plays about Marriage
Henrik Ibsen, A Doll's House
Contexts for A Doll's House
Henrik Ibsen, Notes for the Tragedy of Modern Times
Henrik Ibsen, Adaptations of A Doll's House for a German Production
Henrik Ibsen, Speech at the Banquet of the Norwegian League for Women's Rights
Clare Boothe Luce, Slam the Door Softly
33. In Brief: Writing Arguments About Drama.
Plot and Conflict.
Character.
Tragedy.
Comedy.
Nonverbal Language.
The Play in Performance.
A Sample Student Essay, Using Sources.
34. American Visions: Plays for a Diverse Nation
Jane Martin, Rodeo
Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman
A Context for Death of a Salesman
Arthur Miller, Tragedy and the Common Man
Eve Merriam, Paula Wagner, and Jack Hofsiss, Out of Our Father's House
Luis Valdez, Los Vendidos
A Context for Los Vendidos
Luis Valdez, The Actos
Harvey Fierstein, On Tidy Endings
August Wilson, Fences
A Context for Fences
August Wilson, Talking About Fences
V. CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES.
35. Critical Approaches: The Nature of Criticism.
Formalist (or New) Criticism.
Deconstruction.
Reader Response Criticism.
Archetypal (or Myth) Criticism.
Historical Scholarship
Marxist Criticism
The New Historicism
Biographical Criticism
Psychological (or Psychoanalytic) Critcism
Gender (Feminist,and Lesbian and Gay) Criticism
Suggestions for Further Reading
Appendix A: Remarks About Manuscript Form
Basic Manuscript Form.
Corrections in the Final Copy.
Quotations and Quotation Marks.
Quotation Marks or Underlining?
A Note on the Possessive.
Appendix B: Writing a Research Paper.
What Research Is Not, and What Research Is.
Primary and Secondary Materials.
Locating Materials: First Steps.
Other Bibliographic Aids.
Taking Notes.
Two Mechanical Aids: The Photocopier and the Word Processor.
A Guide to Note-taking.
Drafting the Paper.
Keeping a Sense of Proportion.
Focus on Primary Sources
Documentation.
What to Document: Avoiding Plagiarism.
How to Document: Footnotes, Internal Parenthetic Citations, and a List of Works Cited (MLA Format).
Appendix C: New Approaches to the Research Paper: Literature, History, and the World Wide Web.
Case Study on Literature and History: The Internment of Japanese Americans.
Literary Texts.
Mitsuye Yamada, The Question of Loyalty
David Mura, An Argument: On 1942
Historical Sources
Basic Reference Books (Short Paper)
Getting Deeper (Medium Paper)
A Checklist: A Review of Researching a Literary-Historical Paper
Other Reference Sources (Long Paper)
Too Much Information?
Electronic Sources.
Evaluating Sources on the World Wide Web
A Checklist: A Review for Using the World Wide Web
Documentation: Citing a WWW Source
MLA General Conventions
Additional Print and Electronic Sources
Search Engines and Directories
Print Directories
Print Archives on Literature, History, and the WWW
Evaluating Websites and Materials
Recommended WWW Sites for Scholarly Citation and the Internet/WWW
Appendix D: Literary Research: Print and Electronic Resources
The Basics
Moving Ahead: Finding for Research Work
Literature: Print Reference Sources
Bibliographies
History--Reference and Bibliography Sources
What Does Your Own Institution Offer?
Appendix E: Glossary of Literary Terms.
Credits.
Index of Authors, Titles, and First Lines of Poems.