Graphics Shaders

The Fixed-Function Graphics Pipeline


The Traditional View


The Vertex Pipeline


The Triangle-Rendering Part of the Pipeline


State in the Graphics Pipeline


How the Traditional View is Implemented


Vertex Processing


Rendering Processing


Homogeneous Coordinates in the Fixed-Function Pipeline


Vertex Arrays


Conclusions


Exercises


Fundamental Shader Concepts


History of Shaders


Shaders in the Graphics Pipeline


Vertex Shaders


A Warning on Shader Code Efficiency


Fragment Shaders


Geometry Shaders


The GLSL Shading Language


Exercises


Using glman


Using glman


Loading a GLIB File


Editing GLIB and Shader Source Files


GLIB Scene Creation


Window and Viewing


Transformations


Defining Geometry


Specifying Textures


Specifying Shaders


Miscellaneous


Specifying Uniform Variables


Examples of GLIB Files


More on Textures and Noise


Using Textures


Using Noise


Functions in the glman Interface Window


Generating and Displaying a Copy of Your Scene


Global Scene Transformation


Eye Transformation


Texture Transformation


Object Picking and Transformation


Monitoring the Frame Rate


Miscellaneous


Exercises


The GLSL Shader Language


Factors that Shape Shader Languages


Graphics Card Capabilities


Parallellism in Graphics Cards


The Need to Support Graphics Operations


Built-In Data


General GLSL Language Concepts


Extended Function and Operator Capabilities


New Functions


New Variable Types


New Function Parameter Types


Language Details


Omitted Language Features


New Matrix and Vector Types


Functions Extended to Matrices and Vectors


Operations Extended to Matrices and Vectors


New Functions


Name Sets


Swizzle


New Data Types


New Function Parameter Types


Shared Namespaces


What's Coming in GLSL Version .


Deprecation


New Functionality in GLSL.


Summary


Exercises


Lighting


The ADS Lighting Model


The ADS Lighting Model Function


Kinds of Lights


Positional Lights


Directional Lights


Spot Lights


Setting Up Lighting for Shading


Flat Shading


Smooth (Gouraud) Shading


Phong Shading


Anisotropic Shading


Exercises


Vertex Shaders


Vertex Shaders in the Graphics Pipeline


Input to Vertex Shaders


Output from Vertex Shaders


Fixed-Function Processing After the Vertex Shader


The Relation of Vertex Shaders to Geometry Shaders


Replacing Fixed-Function Graphics with Vertex Shaders


Standard Vertex Processing


Going Beyond the Fixed-Function


Pipeline with Vertex Shaders


Vertex Modification


Dome Geometry Example


Issues in Vertex Shaders


Exercises


Fragment Shaders and Surface Appearance


Basic Function of a Fragment Shader


Inputs to Fragment Shaders


Particularly Important Varying Variables


Coordinate Systems


Fragment Shader Processing


Outputs from Fragment Shaders


Replacing Fixed-Function Processing


with Fragment Shaders


Shading


Traditional Texture Mapping


False Coloring


What Follows a Fragment Shader?


Additional Shader Effects


Discarding Pixels


Phong Shading


Exact Shading


Anisotropic Shading


Data-Driven Coloring


Exercises


Texture Mapping in Fragment Shaders


Texture Coordinates


Traditional Texture Mapping


GLSL Texture Mapping


The Texture Context


Standard Texture Operations


Samplers


Textures


Procedural Textures


Bump Mapping


Cube Maps


Render to Texture


Exercises


Noise


Fundamental Noise Concepts


Three Types of Noise: Value, Gradient, and Value+Gradient


Cubic and Quintic Interpolation


Noise Equations


Other Noise Concepts


Fractional Brownian Motion (FBM, /f, Octaves)


Noise in Two and Three Dimensions


Using Noise with glman


Turbulence


Some Examples of Noise in Different Environments


Marble Shader


Cloud Shader


Wood Shader


Advanced Noise Topics


Using noisegraph


Exercises


Image Manipulation with Shaders


Basic Concepts


Single-Image Manipulation


Luminance


CMYK Conversions


Hue Shifting


Image Filtering


Image Blurring


Chromakey Images


Stereo Anaglyphs


D TV


Edge Detection


Embossing


Toon Shader


Artistic Effects


Image Flipping, Rotation, and Warping


The Image Blending Process


Blending an Image with a Constant Base Image


Color Negative


Brightness


Contrast


Blending an Image with a Version of Itself


Saturation


Sharpness


Blending Two Different Images


Dissolve


Other Combinations


Notes


Exercises


Geometry Shader Concepts and Examples


What Does the Geometry Shader Do?


New Adjacency Primitives


New OpenGL API Functions


New GLSL Variables and Variable Types


Communication Between a Vertex Shader and a Geometry Shader


Normals in Geometry Shaders


Examples


Bezier Curves


Shrinking Triangles


Sphere Subdivision


D Object Silhouettes


Exercises


The OpenGL API


Shaders in the OpenGL Programming Process


Handling OpenGL Extensions


How Is a GLSL Shader Created?


Creating and Compiling Shader Objects


The CheckGLErrors Function


Creating, Attaching, Linking, and Activating Shader Programs


Creating a Shader Program and Attaching Shader Objects


Linking Shader Programs


Activating a Shader Program


Passing Data into Shaders


Application-Defined Uniform Variables


Application-Defined Per-Vertex Attribute Variables


A C++ Class to Handle Shader Program Creation


Exercises


Using Shaders for Scientific Visualization


Image-Based Visualization Techniques


Image Negative


Image Edge Detection


Toon Rendering


Hyperbolic Geometry


D Scalar Data Visualization


Point Clouds


Cutting Planes


Volume Probe


Direct Volume Rendering


Transfer Functions


Passing in Data Values with Your Geometry


Flow Visualization


D Line Integral Convolution


D Line Integral Convolution


Extruding Objects for Streamlines


Geometry Visualization


Silhouettes


Hedgehog Plots


Exercises


Serious Fun


Light Interference


Diffraction Gratings


Oil Slicks


Lens Effects


Atmospheric Effects


Rainbows


The Glory


Fun with One


Using the glman Timer Function


Disco Ball


Fog, With and Without Noise


Algorithmic Art


An Explosion Shader


Exercises


A. GLSL Program Class Source Code


The Header File


The Program Body


References


Index