The Science and Engineering of Materials

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering 1-1 What is Materials Science and Engineering? 1-2 Classification of Materials 1-3 Functional Classification of Materials 1-4 Classification of Materials Based on Structure 1-5 Environmental and Other Effects 1-6 Materials Design and Selection Summary Glossary Problems Chapter 2 - Atomic Structure 2-1 The Structure of Materials: Technological Relevance 2-2 The Structure of the Atom 2-3 The Electronic Structure of the Atom 2-4 The Periodic Table 2-5 Atomic Bonding 2-6 Binding Energy and Interatomic Spacing Summary Glossary Problems Chapter 3 - Atomic and Ionic Arrangements 3-1 Short-Range Order versus Long-Range Order 3-2 Amorphous Materials 3-3 Lattice, Unit Cells, Basis, and Crystal Structures 3-4 Allotropic or Polymorphic Transformations 3-5 Points, Directions, and Planes in the Unit Cell 3-6 Interstitial Sites 3-7 Crystal Structures of Ionic Materials 3-8 Covalent Structures 3-9 Diffraction Techniques for Crystal Structure Analysis Summary Glossary Problems Chapter 4 - Imperfections in the Atomic and Ionic Arrangements 4-1 Point Defects 4-2 Other Point Defects 4-3 Dislocations 4-4 Significance of Dislocations 4-5 Schmid?s Law 4-6 Influence of Crystal Structure 4-7 Surface Defects 4-8 Importance of Defects Summary Glossary Problems Chapter 5 - Atom and Ion Movements in Materials 5-1 Applications of Diffusion 5-2 Stability of Atoms and Ions 5-3 Mechanisms for Diffusion 5-4 Activation Energy for Diffusion 5-5 Rate of Diffusion (Fick?s First Law) 5-6 Factors Affecting Diffusion 5-7 Permeability of Polymers 5-8 Composition Profile (Fick?s Second Law) 5-9 Diffusion and Materials Processing Summary Glossary Problems Chapter 6 - Mechanical Properties: Part One 6-1 Technological Significance 6-2 Terminology for Mechanical Properties 6-3 The Tensile Test: Use of the Stress-Strain Diagram 6-4 Properties Obtained from the Tensile Test 6-5 True Stress and True Strain 6-6 The Bend Test for Brittle Materials 6-7 Hardness of Materials 6-8 Strain Rate Effects and Impact Behavior 6-9 Properties Obtained from the Impact Test Summary Glossary Problems Chapter 7 - Mechanical Properties: Part Two 7-1 Fracture Mechanics 7-2 The Importance of Fracture Mechanics 7-3 Microstructural Features of Fracture in Metallic Materials 7-4 Microstructural Features of Fracture in Ceramics, Glasses, and Composites 7-5 Weibull Statistics for Failure Strength Analysis 7-6 Fatigue 7-7 Results of the Fatigue Test 7-8 Application of Fatigue Testing 7-9 Creep, Stress Rupture, and Stress Corrosion 7-10 Evaluation of Creep Behavior 7-11 Use of Creep Data Summary Glossary Problems Chapter 8 - Strain Hardening and Annealing 8-1 Relationship of Cold Working to the Stress-Strain Curve 8-2 Strain-Hardening Mechanisms 8-3 Properties versus Percent Cold Work 8-4 Microstructure, Texture Strengthening, and Residual Stresses 8-5 Characteristics of Cold Working 8-6 The Three Stages of Annealing 8-7 Control of Annealing 8-8 Annealing and Materials Processing 8-9 Hot Working Summary Glossary Problems Chapter - 9 Principles of Solidification 9-1 Technological Significance 9-2 Nucleation 9-3 Applications of Controlled Nucleation 9-4 Growth Mechanisms 9-5 Solidification Time and Dendrite Size 9-6 Cooling Curves 9-7 Cast Structure 9-8 Solidification Defects 9-9 Casting Processes for Manufacturing Components 9-10 Continuous Casting and Ingot Casting 9-11 Directional Solidification [DS], Single Crystal Growth, and Epitaxial Growth 9-12 Solidification of Polymers and Inorganic Glasses 9-13 Joining of Metallic Materials Summary Glossary Problems Chapter - 10 Solid Solutions and Phase Equilibrium 10-1 Phases and the Phase Diagram 10-2 Solubility and Solid Solutions 10-3 Conditions for Unlimited Solid Solubility 10-4 Solid-Solution Strengthening 10-5 Isomorphous Phase Diagrams 10-6 Relationship Between Properties and the Phase Diagram 10-7 Solidification of a Solid-solution Alloy 10-8 Nonequilibrium Solidification and Segregation Summary Glossary Problems Chapter - 11 Dispersion Strengthening and Eutectic Phase Diagrams 11-1 Principles and Examples Of Dispersion Strengthening 11-2 Intermetallic Compounds 11-3 Phase Diagrams Containing Three-Phase Reactions 11-4 The Eutectic Phase Diagram 11-5 Strength of Eutectic Alloys 11-6 Eutectics and Materials Processing 11-7 Nonequilibrium Freezing in the Eutectic System Summary Glossary Problems Chapter 12 - Dispersion Strengthening by Phase Transformations and Heat Treatment 12-1 Nucleation and Growth in Solid-State Reactions 12-2 Alloys Strengthened by Exceeding the Solubility Limit 12-3 Age or Precipitation Hardening 12-4 Applications of Age-hardened Alloys 12-5 Microstructural Evolution in Age or Precipitation Hardening 12-6 Effects of Aging Temperature and Time 12-7 Requirements for Age Hardening 12-8 Use of Age-Hardenable Alloys at High Temperatures 12-9 The Eutectoid Reaction 12-10 Controlling the Eutectoid Reaction 12-11 The Martensitic Reaction and Tempering 12-12 The Shape-Memory Alloys (SMAs) Summary Glossary Problems Chapter 13 - Heat Treatment of Steels and Cast Irons 13-1 Designations and Classification of Steels 13-2 Simple Heat Treatments 13-3 Isothermal Heat Treatments 13-4 Quench and Temper Heat Treatments 13-5 Effect of Alloying Elements 13-6 Application of Hardenability 13-7 Specialty Steels 13-8 Surface Treatments 13-9 Weldability of Steel 13-10 Stainless Steels 13-11 Cast Irons Summary Glossary Problems Chapter 14 - Nonferrous Alloys 14-1 Aluminum Alloys 14-2 Magnesium and Beryllium Alloys 14-3 Copper Alloys 14-4 Nickel and Cobalt Alloys 14-5 Titanium Alloys 14-6 Refractory and Precious Metals Summary Glossary Problems Chapter 15 - Ceramic Materials 15-1 Applications of Ceramics 15-2 Properties of Ceramics 15-3 Synthesis and Processing of Ceramic Powders 15-4 Characteristics of Sintered Ceramics 15-5 Inorganic Glasses 15-6 Glass-Ceramics 15-7 Processing and Applications of Clay Products 15-8 Refractories 15-9 Other Ceramic Materials Summary Glossary Problems Chapter 16 - Polymers 16-1 Classification of Polymers 16-2 Addition and Condensation Polymerization 16-3 Degree of Polymerization 16-4 Typical Thermoplastics 16-5 Structure_Property Relationships in Thermoplastics 16-6 Effect of Temperature on Thermoplastics 16-7 Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastics 16-8 Elastomers (Rubbers) 16-9 Thermosetting Polymers 16-10 Adhesives 16-11 Polymer Processing and Recycling Summary Glossary Problems Chapter 17 - Composites: Teamwork and Synergy in Materials 17-1 Dispersion-Strengthened Composites 17-2 Particulate Composites 17-3 Fiber-Reinforced Composites 17-4 Characteristics of Fiber-Reinforced Composites 17-5 Manufacturing Fibers and Composites 17-6 Fiber-Reinforced Systems and Applications 17-7 Laminar Composite Materials 17-8 Examples and Applications of Laminar Composites 17-9 Sandwich Structures Summary Glossary Problems Chapter 18 - Construction Materials 18-1 The Structure of Wood 18-2 Moisture Content and Density of Wood 18-3 Mechanical Properties of Wood 18-4 Expansion and Contraction of Wood 18-5 Plywood 18-6 Concrete Materials 18-7 Properties of Concrete 18-8 Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete 18-9 Asphalt Summary Glossary Problems Chapter 19 - Electronic Materials 19-1 Ohm?s Law and Electrical Conductivity 19-2 Band Structures of Solids 19-3 Conductivity of Metals and Alloys 19-4 Superconductivity 19-5 Conductivity in Other Materials 19-6 Semiconductors 19-7 Applications of Semiconductors 19-8 Insulators and Dielectric Properties 19-9 Polarization in Dielectrics 19-10 Electrostriction, Piezoelectricity, Pyroelectricity, and Ferroelectricity Summary Glossary Problems Chapter 20 - Magnetic Materials 20-1 Classification of Magnetic Materials 20-2 Magnetic Dipoles and Magnetic Moments 20-3 Magnetization, Permeability, and the Magnetic Field 20-4 Diamagnetic, Paramagnetic, Ferromagnetic, Ferrimagnetic, and Superparamagnetic Materials 20-5 Domain Structure and the Hysteresis Loop 20-6 The Curie Temperature 20-7 Applications of Magnetic Materials 20-8 Metallic and Ceramic Magnetic Materials Summary Glossary Problems Chapter 21 - Photonic Materials 21-1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 21-2 Refraction, Reflection, Absorption, and Transmission 21-3 Selective Absorption, Transmission, or Reflection 21-4 Examples and Use of Emission Phenomena 21-5 Fiber-Optic Communication System Summary Glossary Problems Chapter 22 - Thermal Properties of Materials 22-1 Heat Capacity and Specific Heat 22-2 Thermal Expansion 22-3 Thermal Conductivity 22-4 Thermal Shock Summary Glossary Problems Chapter 23 - Corrosion and Wear 23-1 Chemical Corrosion 23-2 Electrochemical Corrosion 23-3 The Electrode Potential in Electrochemical Cells 23-4 The Corrosion Current and Polarization 23-5 Types of Electrochemical Corrosion 23-6 Protection Against Electrochemical Corrosion 23-7 Microbial Degradation and Biodegradable Polymers 23-8 Oxidation and Other Gas Reactions 23-9 Wear and Erosion Summary Glossary Problems Appendix A: Selected Physical Properties of Metals Appendix B: The Atomic and Ionic Radii of Selected Elements Answers to Selected Problems Index