The Practice of Silviculture

Preface PART ONE: INTRODUCTION TO SILVICULTURE CHAPTER 1 THE HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SILVICULTURE Introduction Silviculture, Its Origin and Development as an Applied Ecology The Philosophies of Silviculture as a Practice Silviculture as a Body of Knowledge CHAPTER 2 SILVICULTURE AND ITS PLACE IN MANAGING CURRENT FORESTS AND WOODLANDS Introduction The Purpose of Silviculture Today Scope and Terminology of Silvicultural Practice The Silvicultural Framework for Managing a Forest PART TWO: ECOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF SILVICULTURE CHAPTER 3 ECOLOGICAL SITE CLASSIFICATION, STANDS AS MANAGEMENT UNITS, AND LANDSCAPE-SCALE PLANNING Introduction Ecological Methods of Identifying and Classifying Sites Stands as Management Units New Developments in Landscape-Level Ecological Planning CHAPTER 4 STAND DYNAMICS: THE ECOLOGY OF FOREST SUCCESSION Introduction Initiating disturbances and sources of regeneration Stages of stand development Defining cohorts and age-classes Defining canopy stratification by age-class Relationship of stand dynamics to other interpretations of vegetational development Choice of development patterns CHAPTER 5 ECOLOGY OF REGENERATION Introduction ECOLOGICAL ROLE OF NATURAL DISTURBANCE Kinds of natural regenerative disturbances Disturbance and the environment of the microsite THE REGENERATION PROCESS Mechanisms of essential stages of natural regeneration Provisions for initiating natural regeneration DISTURBANCE, CLIMATE, AND REGIONAL PATTERNS IN FLORISTICS OF FOREST REGENERATION Fire, wind and water REGENERATION METHODS AS ANALOGS TO NATURAL DISTURBANCE PART THREE: METHODS OF REGENERATION CHAPTER 6 DEVELOPMENT OF SILVICULTUREAL SYSTEMS AND METHODS OF REGENERATION Introduction Conceptual Formation of Silvicultural Systems: The Science of Place Classification of natural methods of regeneration Classification of plantations and artificial seeding CHAPTER 7 SITE TREATMENTS Introduction Disposal of logging slash Treatment of the forest floor and competing vegetation PART 3A: NATURAL REGENERATION METHODS CHAPTER 8 NATURAL REGENERATION: THE CLEARCUTTING METHOD Introduction The protocol Regeneration of pure stands from natural seeding Applications of true clearcutting: case studies from North America CHAPTER 9 NATURAL REGENERATION: THE SEED-TREE METHOD Introduction The protocol Variations in spatial patterns of stand structure Application of seed-tree methods CHAPTER 10 NATURAL REGENERATION: THE SHELTERWOOD METHOD Introduction The protocol for the uniform shelterwood Protocols for alternative arrangements Application of shelterwood methods CHAPTER 11 NATURAL REGENERATION: MULTI-AGED SYSTEMS (IRREGULAR SEED-TREE AND SHELTERWOOD METHODS) Introduction Development of two- or three-aged stands Regeneration methods including reserve trees within irregular seed-tree and shelterwood systems Application of two- or three-aged systems CHAPTER 12 NATURAL REGENERATION: THE COPPICE METHOD Introduction Vegetative regeneration and the nature of disturbance The physiology and morphology of sprouting Types of vegetative regeneration Simple coppice systems Coppice systems with irregular structures and age classes The role of coppice stands in the past, present, and future Conversion of coppice stands to high forests CHAPTER 13 NATURAL REGENERATION: SELECTION METHOD Introduction The protocol The selection regeneration method and its variation Managing for balanced all-aged stands Managing for unbalanced all-aged stands PART 3B: METHODS BASED ON ARTIFICIAL REGENERATION CHAPTER 14 SPECIES SELECTION AND GENETIC IMPROVEMENT Introduction Selection of species and provenances Genetic improvement CHAPTER 15 NURSERY, PLANTING, AND SEEDING TECHNIQUES Introduction Part one: Propagation Part two: Planting and seeding CHAPTER 16 THE ARRANGEMENT, COMPOSITION AND METHODS OF PLANTING Introduction The role of planting Density of plantings Spatial arrangement of plantings High forest plantations Single-species, single-aged plantations Mixed-species, single-aged plantations Mixed-species with all-aged or multiple-aged (two- or three-aged) systems Enrichment planting and underplanting in native forests Low forest plantations Single-aged, single-species plantations Single-aged, mixed-species plantations Protection of new plantations PART FOUR: POST-ESTABLISHMENT (INTERMEDIATE) TREATMENTS CHAPTER 17 TREE AND STAND GROWTH Introduction Growth within individual trees Stand scale patterns of production The effect of thinning on stand production The effect of thinning on the economic yield of stands CHAPTER 18 POST-ESTABLISHMENT TOOLS IN SILVICULTURE Introduction Cutting and girdling Use of herbicides Methods of applying herbicides Use of insecticides Prescribed burning Use of fertilizer Irrigation CHAPTER 19 PRUNING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS Introduction The ecology of natural pruning processes Pruning trees to improve timber quality in forests Techniques of pruning open-grown trees within urban and agricultural lands Training and pruning fruit and shade trees in orchards and agroforestry systems CHAPTER 20 RELEASE OPERATIONS IN SEEDLING AND SAPLING STANDS Introduction Competing vegetation Concept of free-to-grow Early use of release treatments Vegetation control methods Timing and extent of release treatments Ecological impact of release treatments on plant communities Liberation treatments Release treatments that control invasives CHAPTER 21 METHODS OF THINNING Introduction The different approaches to thinning Low thinning Crown thinning Dominant thinning Free-form thinning Variable density thinning Geometric thinning Application of thinnings CHAPTER 22 QUANTITATIVE GUIDELINES FOR STAND DENSITY MANAGEMENT PART FIVE: SILVICULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR MANAGING ALL FORESTS CHAPTER 23 CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT PRACTICES Introduction Management practices CHAPTER 24 SILVICULTURE FOR WILDLIFE HABITAT Introduction Habitat elements within stands Landscape elements across stands Examples of application CHAPTER 25 SILVICULTURAL APPLICATIONS TO FOREST RETORATION: REHABILITATION AND RECLAMATION Introduction Degradation and restoration processed of forests CATEGORIES OF FOREST DEGRADATION AND THEIR RESTORATION TREATMENTS Least severity degradation: Rehabilitation through assisted natural regeneration and enrichment planting Medium severity degradation: Rehabilitation through natural regeneration, direct seeding, or planting High severity degradation: Forest reclamation Synthesis CHAPTER 26 approaches AND treatmentS TO MAINTAINING HEALTHY FOREST ECOSYSTEMS The Concept of Forest Ecosystem Health within Stand Dynamics Protection against Biotic Agencies: Insects and Disease Protection against Abiotic Agencies Using Silviculture to Control Damage CHAPTER 27 MANAGING FOREST CARBON IN CHANGING CLIMATES Introduction The Ecology of Forest Carbon Avoiding deforestation and increasing reforestation Carbon management in existing forests The use of wood as biomass energy or in wood products for carbon storage PART SIX: SILVICULTURAL APPLICATIONS FOR DIFFERENT LAND USES CHAPTER 28 ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT: MANAGING PUBLIC NATURAL FORESTS FOR MULTIPLE VALUES Introduction Regional and global differences in public land ownership MANAGING COMPLEX LARGE-SCALE FORESTS The ecosystem management paradigm REGIONAL EXAMPLES OF ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT Sustainable forest management in the Canadian Boreal, Quebec Managing for complexity in the longleaf pine ecosystem, Southeastern United States Managing ponderosa pine for a Pre-European landscape in the U. S. Southwest CHAPTER 29 APPLICATION OF SILVICULTURE TO WATERSHED MANAGEMENT Introduction Baseline watershed conditions Paired watershed studies: impacts of land clearance and forest disturbance Managing forests for water quality: examples from the U.S. Managing forest for water yield: examples form the U.S. Summary CHAPTER 30 INDUSTRIAL TIMBER MANAGEMENT Introduction PRINCIPLES OF REGULATING TIMBER MANAGEMENT HARVESTS Considerations for timber production in forests GLOBAL AND NATIONAL TRENDS IN PLANTATION FORESTRY Industrial plantation forestry CHAPTER 31 APPLICATION OF SILVICULTURE TO AGROFORESTRY Introduction Stages of stand development and agroforestry Successional agrisilvicultural practices Permanent agrisilvicultural practices Selection of tree species for agroforestry CHAPTER 32 APPLICATION OF SILVICULTURE TO URAN ECOSYSTEMS AND THE URBAN-RURAL INTERFACE Introduction Aesthetics and landscape design of urban forests Mitigating urban meso- and micro-environments The application of silviculture to urban watersheds CHAPTER 33 SYNTHESIS Glossary Index