Circus in the Long Nineteenth Century
A Documentary History
1st Edition
Will be published approx. on 29. June 2026
Book
2184 pages
978-1-032-45490-0 (ISBN)
Description
This collection of primary sources brings together a series of documents derived from archives, journals, newspapers, out-of-print books, memoirs, letters, and other written materials pertaining to the circus during the long nineteenth century (1789-1919). Historians concur that the 'modern' circus emerged in London in the late-eighteenth century, following the entrepreneurial initiatives of Philip Astley (1742-1814). It soon spread to Scotland, Ireland, France, Russia, Scandinavia, and other regions of Europe. Introduced to the United States by and English equestrian, John Bill Ricketts, in 1793, the modern circus transformed into a movable tent show by 1825. Following the Civil War and the development of railroad transport, the uniquely American circus transformed again into an 'industrialized juggernaut' capable of entertaining a large and diverse population from coast to coast. Transmitted across the globe through the British colonial project, the circus flourished in the colonies of Australasia, South Africa, South- and Southeast Asia, and was nourished by traditional performance forms of China, Japan, India, and Southeast Asia. The modern circus evolved through interaction with different geographies, socio-political contexts, new technologies, cultural heritage, and absorption of vernacular performance forms.
Accompanied by extensive editorial commentary, and edited by an international team of scholars, this collection will be of great interest to students and researchers of circus studies, theatre and performance studies and cultural history.
Accompanied by extensive editorial commentary, and edited by an international team of scholars, this collection will be of great interest to students and researchers of circus studies, theatre and performance studies and cultural history.
More details
Language
English
Place of publication
London
United Kingdom
Publishing group
Taylor & Francis Ltd
Target group
College/higher education
Postgraduate and Undergraduate Advanced
Illustrations
105 s/w Photographien bzw. Rasterbilder
105 Halftones, black and white
Dimensions
Height: 234 mm
Width: 156 mm
Weight
4500 gr
ISBN-13
978-1-032-45490-0 (9781032454900)
Copyright in bibliographic data and cover images is held by Nielsen Book Services Limited or by the publishers or by their respective licensors: all rights reserved.
Schweitzer Classification
Persons
Gillian Arrighi is an independent scholar who was until recently Associate Professor and Head of Creative and Performing Arts in the School of Creative Industries, University of Newcastle, Australia. She has published numerous journal articles and chapters in edited volumes on popular entertainments, child actors, and acting theory.
Kim Baston was until recently Senior Lecturer in Theatre and Drama at La Trobe University, Melbourne and is a member of the curriculum advisory group of the National Institute of Circus Arts (NICA). Her research interests include popular entertainments in the eighteenth century, circus history and culture, and the intersection of music and theatre.
Aastha Gandhi is an Assistant Professor teaching graduate program in Performance Studies at B.R. Ambedkar University, Delhi. Her area of research engages with the circus, migration, networks, and discourses of the performing body. A degree in law and proficiency in dance adds to her multi-faceted and inter-disciplinary approach to research. Her forthcoming book, A Critical History of the Indian Circus: Performance, Networks, and Migration (Palgrave Macmillan) frames the evolution of Indian circus history and practice through mobility, migration, and actor-networks.
Kate Holmes is an honorary fellow at the University of Exeter. She has recently finished working as a postdoctoral researcher on the major collaborative UK Arts and Humanities Research Council funded 'Theatre and Visual Culture in the Long Nineteenth Century' project. As part of this project, she researched popular entertainments as an integrated element of visual culture and managed impact activities such as exhibitions. Kate's research has also considered how world events influenced circus performer's careers and explored how audience experience was guided by differences in early twentieth century North American and British circus spaces.
Betsy Golden Kellem is a scholar of the unusual. She is the author of Jumping Through Hoops: Performing Gender in the Nineteenth Century Circus (Feminist Press, 2025). Her writing on circus and entertainment history has appeared in outlets including The Atlantic, Vanity Fair, The Washington Post, The Public Domain Review, Atavist Magazine, Smithsonian, Atlas Obscura, and Slate. Betsy is a two-time regional Emmy winner and has served on the boards of the Barnum Museum and the Circus Historical Society.
Jenny Leigh Du Puis is an Assistant Professor in the School of Fashion at Columbia College Chicago. In her scholarly career as a PhD candidate with Cornell University, she explores the past, present, and future of circus costume through presentations, publications, and the curation of digital and physical clothing exhibitions. Her professional career in circus costume includes working with such companies and organizations as Cirque Us, Circus Smirkus, Circus Couture, Circus Culture, Circus Juventas, Sunset Circus, and Cirque du Soleil's KA.
Matthew McMahan is assistant professor of comedic studies at Emerson College, where he teaches the history and theory of comedy. He is the author of Border-Crossing and Comedy at the Theatre Italien, 1716-1723 (Palgrave Macmillan), and numerous articles and reviews on vaudeville, clowning, farce, and French theatre.
Jennifer Lemmer Posey is Tibbals Curator of Circus at the John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art in Sarasota, Florida, a campus of Florida State University. She has been working with circus collections and the diverse circus community for twenty years. With research interests focused on the relationship of the circus arts, mass media, identity, and popular culture.
Mark St Leon is a freelance lecturer in accounting, economics and management, now retired. Descended from one of Australia's earliest circus families, he pioneered the study of Australia's circus and travelling show people.
Laurence Senelick is Fletcher Professor Emeritus of Drama and Oratory, Tufts University, and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. For many years he served as an adjudicator of the International Mime & Movement Festival in Philadelphia. He has published many books and articles on popular entertainment.
Kim Baston was until recently Senior Lecturer in Theatre and Drama at La Trobe University, Melbourne and is a member of the curriculum advisory group of the National Institute of Circus Arts (NICA). Her research interests include popular entertainments in the eighteenth century, circus history and culture, and the intersection of music and theatre.
Aastha Gandhi is an Assistant Professor teaching graduate program in Performance Studies at B.R. Ambedkar University, Delhi. Her area of research engages with the circus, migration, networks, and discourses of the performing body. A degree in law and proficiency in dance adds to her multi-faceted and inter-disciplinary approach to research. Her forthcoming book, A Critical History of the Indian Circus: Performance, Networks, and Migration (Palgrave Macmillan) frames the evolution of Indian circus history and practice through mobility, migration, and actor-networks.
Kate Holmes is an honorary fellow at the University of Exeter. She has recently finished working as a postdoctoral researcher on the major collaborative UK Arts and Humanities Research Council funded 'Theatre and Visual Culture in the Long Nineteenth Century' project. As part of this project, she researched popular entertainments as an integrated element of visual culture and managed impact activities such as exhibitions. Kate's research has also considered how world events influenced circus performer's careers and explored how audience experience was guided by differences in early twentieth century North American and British circus spaces.
Betsy Golden Kellem is a scholar of the unusual. She is the author of Jumping Through Hoops: Performing Gender in the Nineteenth Century Circus (Feminist Press, 2025). Her writing on circus and entertainment history has appeared in outlets including The Atlantic, Vanity Fair, The Washington Post, The Public Domain Review, Atavist Magazine, Smithsonian, Atlas Obscura, and Slate. Betsy is a two-time regional Emmy winner and has served on the boards of the Barnum Museum and the Circus Historical Society.
Jenny Leigh Du Puis is an Assistant Professor in the School of Fashion at Columbia College Chicago. In her scholarly career as a PhD candidate with Cornell University, she explores the past, present, and future of circus costume through presentations, publications, and the curation of digital and physical clothing exhibitions. Her professional career in circus costume includes working with such companies and organizations as Cirque Us, Circus Smirkus, Circus Couture, Circus Culture, Circus Juventas, Sunset Circus, and Cirque du Soleil's KA.
Matthew McMahan is assistant professor of comedic studies at Emerson College, where he teaches the history and theory of comedy. He is the author of Border-Crossing and Comedy at the Theatre Italien, 1716-1723 (Palgrave Macmillan), and numerous articles and reviews on vaudeville, clowning, farce, and French theatre.
Jennifer Lemmer Posey is Tibbals Curator of Circus at the John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art in Sarasota, Florida, a campus of Florida State University. She has been working with circus collections and the diverse circus community for twenty years. With research interests focused on the relationship of the circus arts, mass media, identity, and popular culture.
Mark St Leon is a freelance lecturer in accounting, economics and management, now retired. Descended from one of Australia's earliest circus families, he pioneered the study of Australia's circus and travelling show people.
Laurence Senelick is Fletcher Professor Emeritus of Drama and Oratory, Tufts University, and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. For many years he served as an adjudicator of the International Mime & Movement Festival in Philadelphia. He has published many books and articles on popular entertainment.
Content
Volume I: Circus in Great Britain
Acknowledgments
General Introduction
Volume I Introduction
Part 1. A Century of Circus in Bristol
1. 'Park Row Circus Plans'(1886), Illustration, Bristol Archives, Building Plans and Indices of the City Planning Officer, 22/8c.#
2. 'Astley's Wonderful Troop,' Bristol Gazette & Public Advertiser, 10 September 1789.
3. Report of Amphitheatre construction, Bristol Mercury, 1 March 1790.
4. Handy & Franklin's Troop, Bath Chronicle & Weekly Gazette, 15 December 1791.
5. Mr Taylor's benefit at Handy's Circus, Bristol Gazette and Public Advertiser, 26 April 1792.
6. 'Last week of the Catauba Indians,' Bonner & Middleton's Bristol Journal, 13 February 1796.
7. 'Poney Races,' Bonner & Middleton's Bristol Journal, 24 February 1796.
8. 'New Circus Intelligence,' Bristol Gazette & Public Advertiser, March 3 1796.
9. 'Catauba Indians and the Poney Races,' Bonner & Middleton's Bristol Journal, 5 March 1796.
10. 'Olympic Circus,'Bristol Gazette and Public Advertiser, 15 June 1799.
11. Charles Dibdin the Younger, 'Olympic Circus poem,' Bristol Gazette & Public Advertiser, 11 July 1799.
12. Charles Dibdin the Younger, 'IV: Parker and Davis. 1799', The Memoirs of Charles Dibdin the Younger. ed, G. Speaight (London: Society for Theatre Research, 1956 [1830]), 34-38.
13. 'Shows, Exhibitions, Machinery etc', list of St James's Fair stalls & fees, Bristol Archives, Fair accounts, giving details of stall, rent collected, name of holder (some copies from account book 1807 - 1839), 1721-1830, Records of the Anglican Parish of St James', St James' Fair, P St-J F10, 1811.
14. 'During the Fair,' Bristol Mercury, 4 September 1820.
15. St James's Fair Circus & Menagerie advertisements, Bristol Mercury, 1 September 1821
16. Wombwell's Immense Royal Menagerie, Bristol Gazette, 31 July 1823.
17. Wombwell's Menagerie, Bristol Mercury, 4 August 1823.
18. Merchant Taylor's Menagerie, Bristol Gazette, 25 September 1823.
19. 'Ducrow's Amphitheatre,' Bristol Mirror, 5 November 1825.
20. 'Ryan's New Grand Equestrian Arena,' Bristol Gazette, 23 August 1827.
21. 'Ryan's Circus and Spacious Arena,' Bristol Mercury, 25 August 1829.
22. 'Ryan's Equestrian Circus,' Bristol Mercury, 7 September 1833
23. 'Ryan's Royal Amphitheatre,' Bristol Mercury, 20 June 1839.
24. 'Ryan's Amphitheatre,' Bristol Mercury, 16 November 1839.
25. 'POLICE INTELLIGENCE, WEDNESDAY', Bristol Mercury, 22 August 1840.
26. RYAN'S CIRCUS, Bristol Mercury, 12 September 1840.
27. 'Provincial Intelligence, GLOUCESTERSHIRE,' Bristol Mercury, 24 October 1840.
28. 'Ryan's Circus, North-Street,' Bristol Mercury, 14 November 1840.
29. 'Sales by Auction,' Bristol Mercury, 25 December 1841.
30. 'Price & Powell's New Circus Royal,' & 'Ducrow's National Olympic Arena of Arts,' Bristol Mercury, 16 April 1842.
31. 'Ducrow's Arena' & 'The Circus Royal,' Bristol Mercury, 16 April 1842.
32. 'To Carpenters, Builders, &c.,' Bristol Mercury, 11 June 1842.
33. 'Batty's Circus Royal,' Bristol Mercury, 23 July 1842.
34. 'Batty's Circus,' Bristol Mercury, 23 July 1842
35. 'Great Novelty!' Bristol Mercury, 6 August 1842.
36. 'Clifton and Bristol Polytechnic,' [Ryan's Circus] Bristol Mercury, 3 December 1842
37. 'Cornwall's Temple of Wonder,' Bristol Mercury, 24 December 1842.
38. 'Hughes's Circus Royal,' Bristol Times & Mirror, 14 December 1844.
39. Report of accident to Mr Ryan, Bristol Times & Mirror, 31 October 1846.
40. 'William Cooke's Royal Circus,' Bristol Times & Mirror, 25 December 1847.
41. 'A Treat for the Million,' Bristol Times & Mirror, 18 May 1850.
42. 'Allied Circus,' Bristol Mercury, 27 December 1856.
43. Pablo Fanque's Circus, Bristol Mercury, 27 December 1856.
44. 'Pablo Fanque's Circus,' Bristol Mercury, 3 January 1857.
45. 'Important Decision,' Bristol Mercury, 13 March 1858.
46. 'Zoological Gardens,' Bristol Daily Post, 5 August 1861.
47. 'Ginnett's Circus in Bristol,' Western Daily Press, 20 February 1877.
48. Excerpt from 'An Old Man's Recollections Of St James's Pleasure Fair,' Bristol Mercury, 25 December 1880.
49. 'Licensing Application for Messrs Sanger's Circus,' Western Daily Press, 11 November 1886.
50. 'Messrs. Sanger's Circus,' Bristol Mercury, 12 November 1886.
51. 'Opening of Messrs Sanger's Circus,' Bristol Mercury, 16 November 1886.
52. Attendance of Magistrate, Bristol Mercury, 10 December 1886.
53. Excerpt from 'Christmas Amusements,' Western Daily Press, 24 December 1886.
54. 'Hengler's Grand Cirque,' Western Daily Press, 7 September 1888.
55. 'Hengler's Circus,' Bristol Mercury, 11 September 1888.
56. 'Buffalo Bill in Bristol,' Western Daily Press, 29 September 1891.
57.'Buffalo Bill in Bristol,' Bristol Mercury, 29 September 1891.
58. Harry Bow [William Henry Bow], Extracts on Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show, 1891, Bristol Archives, Diaries of W. Harry Bow, 31416/1
59. 'Hengler's Circus: The Water Novelty,' Western Daily Press, 11 October 1892.
60. '"Cinderella" At Hengler's Circus,' Western Daily Press, 29 August 1893.
61. 'Action by a Circus Rider,' Bristol Mercury, 30 June 1893.
62. 'Professor Crocker's Horses at the Drill Hall,' Western Daily Press, 20 November 1894.
63. Harry Bow [William Henry Bow], diary extracts on circus acts at the Zoo & Sanger's Circus, 1894, Bristol Archives, Diaries of W. Harry Bow, 31416/8.
64. 'Lord George Sanger's Circus,' Bristol Mercury, 21 June 1894.
65. 'Boswell's Pavilion Circus,' Bristol Mercury, 2 September 1895.
66. Lord John Sanger & Sons' Circus, Bristol Magpie, 2 December 1897.
67. 'Barnum & Bailey Big Show,' Bristol Mercury, 15 August 1898.
68. 'Earth's Greatest Show,' Bristol Mercury, 16 August 1898.
69. 'Barnum and Bailey's Show,' Bristol Mercury, 22 April 1899.
70. 'The Italian Circus at the Palace,' Bristol Times & Mirror, 2 July 1901.
71. 'The Royal Italian Circus,' Western Daily Press, 18 April 1911.
72. 'Bristol Exhibition,' Western Daily Press, 11 June 1914.
Part 2. The Long Eighteenth Century
2.1 The Late-eighteenth Century Circus
73. William Garbott, 'The New River, a Poem', (London, c.1728), 18, 21-22, 25-26.
74. Letter from Patty Astley to Mr and Mrs Pownall, Astley Theatre Cuttings, British Library, Vol. 1 (TH.cts/35, item 1171).
75. George Speaight (ed), Memoirs of Charles Dibdin the Younger (London: The Society for Theatre Research, 1956 [1830]), 17-21.
76. Charles Dibdin, The Elder, Royal Circus Epitomized (London, 1784), 21-24.
77. Thomas Read, The History of the Royal Circus Introductory to the Case of Mr. Read, Late Stage Manager of that theatre in a letter to a friend (London, 1791), 6-20.
78. Jacob Decastro, The Memoirs of J. De Castro, Comedian ... Accompanied by an Analysis of the Life of the Late Philip Astley ... Also an Accompanying History of the Royal Circus, Now the Surrey Theatre; and an Historical Sketch of Sadler's Wells. Likewise Scarce Theatrical Advertisements (London, 1824), 148-160.
79. James C. Dibdin, The Annals of The Edinburgh Stage with an account of the Rise and Progress of Dramatic Writing in Scotland (Edinburgh: Richard Cameron, 1888), 332-340.
80. Frederick W. Hawkins, The Life of Edmund Kean, 2 vols. (London, Tinsley 1869), Vol.1, 39-41.
81. An Act for the Control of Theatrical Representations 1788 Public Act, 28 George III, c. 30
2.2 Performers and Performances
82. Philip Astley, Natural Magic: or Physical Amusements Revealed (London, 1785), 25-27.
83. S. Hooper, A Guide to Health, Beauty, Riches, and Honour (London, 1785), 51-55.
84. An equestrian career: George Smith, the Little Devil, 1787-1807 (compilation of newspaper sources: Bath Chronicle and Weekly Gazette, Aris's Birmingham Gazette, Manchester Mercury, Bristol Mercury, Newcastle Chronicle, Caledonian Mercury, The Times, Hampshire Chronicle).
85. 'Rope Dancing at the Theatre Royal, Norwich', Bury and Norfolk Post, 6 December 1786.
86. 'Scaglioni's Dancing Dogs at Swann's Amphitheatre, Livery Street, Birmingham', Aris's Birmingham Gazette, 5 November 1787.
87. 'Equestrian Performances at the Botanic Garden, Leith Walk, Edinburgh', Caledonian Mercury, 19 July 1788.
88. 'Frederick Wilkinson's Sagacious Dog at Bathwick Fields, Bath', (Bath Chronicle and Weekly Gazette, 29 October 1789).
89. 'Pugilism at the Edinburgh Equestrian Circus', Caledonian Mercury, 3 March 1792.
90. 'Pony races at the Edinburgh Equestrian Circus', Caledonian Mercury, 6 February 1796.
91. 'Fireworks at Jones's Amphitheatre, Mr. Higgins's Livery Stable Yard, Oxford', Oxford Journal 7 May, 1796.
92. 'The Antipodean Whirligig at the Edinburgh Equestrian Circus', Caledonian Mercury, 21 January 1799.
93. Anon. The History and Comical Adventures of Harlequin and His Pleasing Companion Columbine (1790).
94. Nathaniel Wanley, The Wonders of the Little or Moral World: Or a General History of Man (London, c.1790), 115-117.
95. William Frederick Pinchbeck, Witchcraft or the Art of Fortune Telling Unveiled (Boston, 1805), 54-59.
96. Pierce Egan, 'Astley's Spanish Horse', in Sporting Anecdotes (London Sherwood, Jones and Co., 1825), 458.
Part 3. The Nineteenth-century Circus
3. 1 Circus Life
97. William Clarke, Every Night book: or Life after Dark (London: T. Richardson,1827), 22-24.
98. James Grant, The Great Metropolis Vol. 2 (London: Saunders and Otley, 1837) 77-80.
99. Henry Valentine, Behind the Curtain (London: G. F Frost, 1848?), 100-102.
100. Peter Paterson, Behind the Scenes or the Confessions of a Strolling Player (Edinburgh: D. Mathews, 1858), 89-97.
101. William F. Wallett, The Public Life of W. F. W., the Queen's Jester: An Autobiography, J. Luntley (ed.), (London: Bemrose and Sons, 1870), 86-94.
102. Charlie Keith, Circus Life and Amusements (Derby: Bewley and Roe, 1879), 5-10, 28-30.
103. Charles W. Montague, Recollections of an Equestrian Manager (London: W and R Chambers, 1881), 25-28.
104. 'Sanger's and Howes and Cushing's Circus', The Preston Chronicle, 18 June 1870.
105. Samuel Wild, The Original, Complete and Only Authentic Story of "Old Wild's:" ... a Nursery of Strolling Players ... Being the Reminiscences of Its Chief and Last Proprietor, "Sam" Wild. Edited by "Trim" [i.e. W. B. Megson]. Reprinted from the Halifax Courier (London: G. Vickers, 1888), 112-113, 189-195.
106. Whimsical Walker, [Thomas Henry Walker] From Sawdust to Windsor Castle (London: Stanley Paul, 1922), 8-10.
107. James Lloyd, My Circus Life, Etc. (London: Noel Douglas, 1925), 15-17, 20-23.
108. George Sanger, Seventy Years a Showman (London: J. M Dent, 1927), 181-190.
109. E. H. Bostock, Menageries, Circuses and Theatres (London: Chapman & Hall, 1927), 129-140.
3.2 Performances Explained
110. Charles Dickens, (ed.), 'The Trick of the Trapeze', All the Year Round, Vol. 8, No. 186, (Nov 15, 1862), 232-235.
111. George Forrest, 'The Trapeze- Single and Double', Every Boy's Magazine, 1 June, 1863, 360-370.
112. William Henry Cremer and Wiljalba Frikell, Magic No Mystery; Conjuring Tricks with Cards, Balls and Dice ... By the Author of "The Secret Out" [i.e. W. Frikell]. Edited by W. H. Cremer. With ... Illustrations. 1876, 45-47.
113. Percy Hetherington Fitzgerald, The World behind the Scenes (London: Chatto and Windus, 1881), 55-60.
114. Percy Hetherington Fitzgerald, Music Hall Land (London: Ward and Downey 1890), 49-50.
115. Chas E. Griffin, How to become a Contortionist or Bending Made Easy, by an old professional (New York, 1896).
116. Albert A. Hopkins, Magic Stage Illusions and Scientific Diversions (London: Sampson Low, Marston and Company, 1897), 139-163.
3.3 Risky Business & Representation: Aerial Performance
117. 'Leotard, The Flying Man', The Era.
118.'M Leotard, the Gymnast', The Field, 1 June 1861, 476.
119.'Lofty Tumbling', Chambers's Journal, 13 June 1861, 28-30.
120. Musicus, 'To the Editor', The Musical World, 22 March 1862, 186.
121. 'Amusements for the People', Tomahawk, 18 July 1868.
122. 'Royal Amphitheatre and Circus Advertisement', The Era, 1 March 1868.
123. 'Royal Amphitheatre', The Standard, 11 March 1868.
124.'Royal Amphitheatre', The Morning Post, 7 April 1868.
125. Advertisements, The Standard, 5 June 1868.
126. 'A New Lady Gymnast', The Era, 15 September 1878
127.'Leona-Dare at "The Oxford"', The Era, 6 October 1878
128. 'Summary of this Morning's News', Pall Mall Gazette, 14 March 1879.
129. 'Birmingham - Myers's Hippodrome', The Era, 25 Jan 1880
130.'Royal Aquarium', Morning Post, 12 March 1879
131. 'Westminster Aquarium', The Era, 16 March 1879
132.'Westminster Aquarium', Morning Post, 16 October 1883
133.'Amusements in Edinburgh - Moss's Varieties', The Era, 13 February 1892
134. 'The Empire Palace', Portsmouth Evening News, 10 October 1893
3.4 Children and the Circus
135. Ellen Barlee, 'Acrobats', in Pantomime Waifs; or, A Plea for our City Children (London: S.W. Partridge & Co, 1884), 111, 113-27.
136. Ellen Barlee, 'Appendix: Juvenile Acrobats', in Pantomime Waifs; A Plea for our City Children (London: S.W. Partridge & Co, 1884), 273-6.
137. Ellen Barlee, 'Theatres, Music-Halls, etc.', in Pantomime Waifs; A Plea for our City Children (London: S.W. Partridge & Co, 1884), 34-40.
138. 'Juggling', in Routledge's Book of the Circus (London: Routledge: 1892), 36-9.
139. Frances Stratton, Nan the Circus Girl (London: J.F. Shaw & Co, 1898), 11-16, 26-28, 33-36.
140. Kenneth Grahame, 'The Magic Ring', in Dream Days (London and New York: John Lane, The Bodley Head, 1899), 72-93.
141. Henry Camille Bordeaux, The House, trans. Louise S. Houghton (London: J.M. Dent & Sons, 1916), 228-234.
142. An Act to regulate the Employment of Children in places of amusement in certain cases, 24th July 1879 (The Children's Dangerous Performances Act, 1879)
143. An Act for the Prevention of Cruelty to, and better Protection of Children, Child Protection Act, 1889 (The Children's Charter)
144. An Act to extend the Age under which the Employment of young persons in dangerous Performances is prohibited, 6th August 1897.
3.5 Menageries, Exotic Animals, and Horses
145. Isaac Van Amburgh, 'Van Amburgh's Magnificent Collection of Trained Animals', A Concise Account Interspersed with Anecdotes of Mr. Van Amburgh's Celebrated Collection of Trained Animals, etc (London: J. W. Peel, 1841), 3-12.
146. Peter Hanley, Random Recollections of the Stage. By an Old Playgoer (London, Diprose and Bateman, 1883), 38-40.
147. Charles Frederick Holder, 'Jumbo', in The Ivory King (London: Sampson Low & Co, 1886), 64-68.
148. Frank C. Bostock, 'Origin and History of Wild Animal Training', in The Training of Wild Animals (New York: The Century Co, 1903), 23-33.
149. Carl Hagenbeck, 'Training Wild Animals', in Beasts and Men: Being Carl Hagenbeck's Experiences for Half a Century among Wild Animals (New York: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1909), 118, 121-26, 129-30, 133-36, 139-40, 143-46.
150. Mixed Species Act with tigers, lions, polar bears and brown bears. German, late-nineteenth/early-twentieth century. (Image)
151. 'Lord' George Sanger, 'How Buck-Jumping Horses are Trained', in Seventy Years a Showman (London: J.M. Dent & Sons, 1927), 192-94.
152. A. H. Kober, Circus Nights and Circus Days, extracts from the diary of a circus man, trans. Claud W. Sykes (London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co 1931), 154-164.
153. An Act to regulate the Exhibition and Training of Performing Animals, 30 June 1925.
3.6 Patents
154. 1869, No. 447. Walking on Ceilings, etc. Patent lodged by Alfred Walter Taylor.
155. 1877, No. 4587. Appliance for Theatrical or Gymnastic Performance. This is Farini's second, improved patent for firing performers out of a canon.
156. 1882, No. 753. Travelling Building for a Circus. Patent lodged by Charles Henry Keith.
157. 1890, No. 9047. Apparatus for Producing Nautical or Aquatic Scenes in Circus Arenas, Theatres, and the like. Patent lodged by Albert Henry Hengler.
158. 1891, No. 2041. Improvements in and relating to Bicycles (patent filed by Nicholas Edward Kaufmann).
159. 1892, No. 8708. A New or Improved Gymnastic Apparatus (velocipede/bicycle on rope /wire with trapeze). Patent lodged by Cornelius Latelle and Richard Latelle.
160. 1892, No. 11,675. Apparatus for use in Performances of Physical Strength and Endurance. Patent lodged by George Mulhall, otherwise known as George Testo.
Bibliography
Index
Volume II: Circus in North America
Acknowledgments
General Introduction
Volume II Introduction
Part 1. Origins & Impresarios
1. Letter, George Washington to Samuel and Elizabeth Willing Powel, 24 April 1793.
2. 'New-York, May 15', Federal Gazette (Philadelphia), 17 May 1793, p. 2.
3. Excerpts from the papers of Benjamin Franklin Brown (1830s), The John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art, Circus Museum.
4. 'The Traveling Circus', excerpt from The Life of P.T. Barnum (New York: Redfield, 1855), pp. 177-178.
5. 'A New Circus', The New York Herald, 31 May 1846, p. 3.
6. 'Circus for Sale', The New York Herald, 27 August 1846, p. 3.
7. 'Spalding & Rogers' Circus Fleet', Gallipolis Journal, 17 June 1852, p. 3.
8. 'P.T. Barnum's Grand Colossal Museum and Menagerie', The Evening Post (Cleveland), August 6, 1852, p. 3.
9. The Great Exhibitions of Van Amburgh, Den Stone, and Tyler, Three Distinct Features in One Entertainment (1855). The John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art, Tibbals Circus Collection Booklet Inventory, Box 10, Folder 19.
10. 'Spalding & Rogers' New Railroad Circus', Springfield Daily Republican, 7 May 1856, p. 4.
11. The Great National Circus under the direction of Mrs. Chas Warner formerly Mrs. Dan Rice (1864), The John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art, Tibbals Circus Collection Booklet Inventory, Box 26, Folder 11. Excerpt
12. 'Castello's Circus', Deseret Evening News (Salt Lake City), 30 June 1869, p. 3.
13. 'Forepaugh As He Was', The Philadelphia Inquirer, 26 January 1890, p. 7.
14. 'A Caesar Among Showmen', The New York Times, 19 April 1891, p. 20.
15. W. C. Coup, 'How Barnum Circus was Started', New York Clipper, 16 May 1891, p. 169.
16. 'The Circus Trust', The Indianapolis Journal, 16 July, 1899, p. 3.
17. 'Story of the Ringling Brothers: Starting as Boys with a Penny Circus and Creating the Largest Show in the World', in The Circus Annual Season 1903 A Route Book of Ringling Brothers' World's Greatest Shows (1903), The John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art, Circus Museum.
18. 'Four Generations of a Family', The Billboard, 7 December 1901, p. 16.
Part 2: The Circus as Business
2.1 Business & Logistics
19. Tony Parker (J.B. Agler, clown), On the Road with a Wagon Show: Fifty-Three Years (1910), p.14. The John & Mable Ringling Museum of Art, Sarasota, Florida, Stuart Thayer Collection.
20. Letter, H.W. Franklin to John Center, August 11, 1857, in Albert Dressler (ed.), California's Pioneer Circus (San Francisco: H.S. Crocker), 1926, p. 69.
21. 'S.P. Stickney & Sons' World's Circus', The Montreal Star, Thursday, 14 May 1874, p. 3.
22. 'Montague vs. Forepaugh, etc.', New York Clipper, 17 February 1883, p. 782.
23. 'Sheriff's Sale', Garnett Journal-Plaindealer (Kansas),12 October 12, 1883, p. 5.
24. 'The Circus Sale', Garnett Journal-Plaindealer (Kansas), 21 December 1883, p. 1.
25. 'Circus Privileges', Morning Journal and Courier (Connecticut), 6 March 1884, p. 1.
26. Charles Ringling journal, 1884, excerpt, The John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art, Circus Museum.
27. 'Incendiary', The Boston Globe, 22 November 1887, p. 1.
28. 'Short Notes', Appleton Post (Wisconsin), 8 August 1889, p. 3, and
29. 'Eph Williams' Famous Troubadours', The Freeman, 12 February 1910, p. 6.
30. 'How a Circus is Run', New York Tribune, 22 March 1891, p. 16.
31. 'A City Built in Two Hours', Philadelphia Inquirer, 21 April 1895, p. 25.
32. 'With a Circus in Mexico: A Kansas City Man Tells of the Amusement Enterprise in the Republic', The Kansas City Star, 1 March 1900, p. 8.
33. 'Lighting a Circus', Electrical World and Engineer, 23 May 1903, p. 904.
2.2 Corporate Circus
34. Articles of Agreement, Spalding, Rogers, & Barnum, reprinted in New York Daily Herald, 24 March 1856, p. 1.
35. Letter, P.T. Barnum to W.C. Coup, 8 October 1870.
36. Greatest Show on Earth Correspondence, Nathans, Bailey, & P.T. Barnum, 1870s.
37. Barnum, Bailey, & Hutchinson Partnership Agreement, 26 August 1880.
38. 'The Forepaugh Show Sold: Now There Will Be an Aggregation of Circus-Ring Talent', The New York Times, 14 January 1892, p. 1.
39. 'What! No Peanuts? Can It Be Circus?', Chicago Inter-Ocean, 23 March 1906, p. 12.
40. Otto Ringling letter in support of purchase of Barnum & Bailey show, 1907, Illinois State University Special Collections, Milner Library.
41. James L. Hoff, 'Status of the Barnum & Bailey Show' The Billboard, 26 October 1907, p. 5.
42. 'Circus Men May Form an Anti-Trust League', Nebraska City News Press, 20 June 1907, p. 4.
2.3 Labor
43. 'Little Ones on Bicycles: The Exhibition at Barnum's Circus Not Interrupted', The New York Times, 31 March 1883, p. 2.
44. 'Season of 1894, Casualties: Health', Official Route Book of the Adam Forepaugh Shows: Presenting a Complete Chronicle of Interesting Events and Happenings and Valuable Data, for the Season of 1894, Circus World Museum (Baraboo, Wisconsin).
45. 'Too Much Prosperity Hurt the Big Circus', Washington Times Herald, 8 November 1903, p. 21.
46. 'Circus Musicians Go on Strike for Wages', The Plain Speaker (PA), 26 June 1905, p. 1.
47. Telegram from Francis B. Loomis to Theodore Roosevelt, 27 August 1905, Theodore Roosevelt Papers, Library of Congress Manuscript Division.
48. Letter from William F. Cody to Joseph T. McCaddon, 25 May 1907, Buffalo Bill Center of the West (Cody, Wyoming).
49. Cole Brothers Sign Circus Agreement, Show World, 16 January 1909, p. 16.
2.4 Brand & Marketing
50. Broadside, '$1,500,000 in Challenges - P.T. Barnum to the Public', 7 April 1873, Barnum Museum 2016.036.001 (Bridgeport, Connecticut)
51. 'The Advance Department', in Route Book of Cooper, Bailey & Company's Great London Circus, Sanger's British Menagerie, International Allied Shows, for the Season of 1879, p.4, John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art, Circus Museum, Route Books.
52. 'Their Scheme', Life, 26 June 1884, p. 364.
53. '"Freaks" are not Freaks', Chicago Tribune, 11 February 1899, p. 10.
54. 'Injunction Served on a Show Manager', Rochester Democrat and Chronicle, 25 August 1900, p. 9.
55. Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Co., 188 U.S. 239 (1903), pp. 239-253.
56. Paul Latzke, 'Fortunes and Freaks in Advertising: When the Circus Comes to Town', Saturday Evening Post, 22 August 1903, pp. 4-5.
57. 'Men in Barking Business are Paid Large Salaries', The Elyria Reporter, 18 December 1905, p. 4.
58. Circus Billers are Victorious in Sport, Show World, June 19, 1909, p. 13.
59. Louis E. Cooke and R.M. Harvey, 'Handling the Advance', The Billboard, April 15, 1911, pp. 7, 72.
Part 3. Circus Acts
60. 'Ricketts' Equestrian Circus', The Philadelphia Inquirer, 7 October 1794, p. 3.
61. 'Lailson's Circus', Porcupine's Gazette (Philadelphia), 18 July 1797.
62. 'New Pavilion Arena', Daily National Intelligencer and Washington Express, 20 April 1846, p. 4.
63. 'An Exciting Scene: M. Blondin's Feat at Niagara Falls', The New York Times, 4 July 1859, p. 3.
64. 'A Phenomenon on Horseback', New York Tribune, 27 January 1860, p. 5.
65. 'Zampillarrostation', New York Daily Tribune, 5 December 1861, p. 7.
66. 'Amusements: Theatrical: Academy of Music - Leotard', The New York Times, 30 October 1868, p. 7.
67. Tony Denier, How to Join the Circus and Gymnasium (New York: Happy Hours Co., 1877), excerpt.
68. Letter, P.T. Barnum to George Starr regarding Zazel, 1889.
69. 'A Famous Equestrienne', St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 27 August 1880, p. 7.
70. 'Walking on the Ceiling Head Down', Scientific American, 5 July 1890, p. 8.
71. 'Peeps Under the Big Tent. Glimpses at Some of the Barnum and Bailey Performers', Brooklyn Daily Times, April 30, 1896.
72. 'Brilliant Spectacle to be Seen in Boston after a Five Years' Tour of Europe', The Boston Globe, 6 June 1903, p. 5.
73. 'Circo "Orrin"', El Mundo Ilustrado, 4 February 1906 (year 13, vol. 1, no. 6), np.
74. 'L'Auto Bolide', Seattle Sunday Times magazine section, 13 August 1905, p.3.
75. 'Wonderful Strong Woman a Model of Grace and Beauty', La Grande Observer (Oregon), 20 August 1912, p. 6.
Part 4. Allied Arts & Spectacle
4.1 Variable Bodies & Sideshow
76. 'The Siamese Twins', The North Star (Vermont), 4 May 1835, p. 1.
77. 'The Bearded Lady from Switzerland', Barnum's American Museum playbill, 9 July 1853.
78. Hybrid Indian!, the misnomered bear woman, Julia Pastrana (Concord, NH: Steam Job Press of McFarland & Jenks, 1855)
79. Sketch of the Life, Personal Appearance, Character and Manners of Charles S. Stratton (New York: Press of Wynkoop & Hallenbeck, 1863), excerpt.
80. 'Barnum's New York Museum Collection of Living Wonders', Titusville Herald (Pennsylvania), 29 April 1868, p. 3.
81. A wonderful book. The lives of three very remarkable persons; Mr. John Battersby, skeleton, Mrs. Hannah Battersby, mammoth lady, Zanobia, the renowned African fan cannibal child (Philadelphia: np, 1871).
82. 'The Wild Men of Borneo', The Crescent (S. Carolina), 19 April 1877, p. 1.
83. 'Wild Men of Borneo', Brooklyn Times-Union, 19 April 1877, p. 3.
84. Biography of Myrtle Corbin, the four-legged girl (New York: New York Popular Publishing Co., 1881).
85. 'Freak in Side Show Tells of Circus Life', Saint Paul Globe, 21 August 1904, p. 20.
4.2 Spectacle
86. 'Perilous Descent in a Balloon', York Gazette (Pennsylvania), 28 August 1838, p. 1.
87. 'Welch, Delavan & Nathan's National Circus', Wheeling Times and Advertiser, 25 April 1848, p. 3.
88. Circular Letter, P.T. Barnum, 9 August 1882.
89. The Beautiful Oriental Pageant of Lalla Rookh', The North Missouri Register, 1 September 1882, p. 3.
90. 'Real Black Tent of Startling Mysteries', in Courier: The Barnum and Bailey 15 New United Shows for Monday, 22 April 1889, p. 8. [IMAGE]
91. 'The Barnum and Bailey Greatest Show on Earth, With Imre Kiralfy's Nero, or; The Destruction of Rome', The Sun (New York), 6 April 1890, p. 26.
92. 'The Circus Napoleon', Evening Standard (Kansas), 30 April 1891, p. 3
93. '1776 - The American Revolution!', The Cincinnati Post, 1 May 1893, p. 2. (excerpt from ad, THE ADAM FOREPAUGH SHOWS: Circus, Menagerie, Hippodrome, Grand Horse Fair!)
94. 'Our Electric Light', poster for Great London Circus, Sanger's Royal British Menagerie Consolidation with Cooper, Bailey & Co.'s Great International Allied Shows (1879). [IMAGE]
95. 'A Genuine Novelty', The Minneapolis Daily Times, 25 February 1894, p. 9.
96. 'There Can Be Only One Like This', Rough Rider Annual, 1902.
97. Chauncey Yellow Robe, 'The Indian and the Wild West Show', Society of American Indians Quarterly Journal, January-March 1914, pp. 39-40.
4.3 Menageries & Performing Animals
98. 'The Elephant', Philadelphia Daily Advertiser, 25 January 1797, p. 1.
99. 'Exhibition of Living Animals', Charleston Daily Courier, 5 March 1808, p. 1.
100. 'Now or Never', The Richmond Enquirer, 3 May 1808, p. 1.
101. A Brief Biographical Sketch of I. A. Van Amburgh, and an Illustrated and Descriptive History of the Animals Contained in the Menagerie, by O.J. Ferguson (date unknown), excerpt .
102. 'Thrilling Incident at the Menagerie', St. Joseph Gazette (Missouri), 17 November 1848, p. 2.
103. 'Mr. Barnum Does It', Morning Journal-Courier (Connecticut), 21 April 1880, p. 1.
104. 'The Elephants Cross the Bridge', The New York Times, 18 May 1884, p. 2.
105. 'Playing With Snakes', South-Western Presbyterian, 14 June 1883, p. 6.
106. 'Forepaugh & Sells Bros.' Circuses', The Portland Daily Press, 3 June 1899, p. 3.
107. 'Captain Woodward's Trained Sea Lions', in Forepaugh-Sells courier, 30 October 1901.
108. 'Adgie in a Den of Playful Lions', The Omaha Daily News (Nebraska) 22 April 1901, p. 5.
109. 'A Notable Enterprise', The Billboard, 23 March 1901, v.13, i.12, p. 22.
110. 'City News', Franklin's Paper The Statesman, 6 July 1906, np.
Part 5. Audience Experience & Material Culture
111. A Law for Suppressing of Mountebanks (1773), Acts and Laws of the State of Connecticut, in America (New London: Timothy Green, 1784), p. 161.
112. The Circus (Philadelphia: American Sunday-School Union, 1857).
113. 'Grand Forest City Circus', Catoctin Clarion (Maryland), 3 August 1872, p. 3.
114. 'Lincoln Attends a Circus', in T.G. Onstot, Pioneers of Menard & Mason Counties (Forest City, Illinois: T.G. Onstot, 1902), Chapter III, pp. 46-50.
115. 'Amusements: Great Crowd at John Robinson's Circus', Birmingham Post-Herald, 6 November 1886, P. 4.
116. 'Making War on Tights', The Atlanta Journal, 16 March 1897, p. 9.
117. 'Yesterday's Big Circus', The New Haven Journal-Courier, 4 May 1900, p. 8.
118. 'Circus Women a Credit to Their Calling and an Honor to Their Sex', Marion Daily Chronicle, 13 August 1902, p. 7.
119. The Barnum & Bailey Greatest Show on Earth: The Mathews Sisters, Female Jesters Together with Miss Dunbar the Lady Ring-Master, Strobridge Lithographing Company, 1896.
120. 'The Passing of the Girl in Tights', San Francisco Call, 3 September 1905, p. 3.
121. 'A Circus Minus Gauze and Spangles', Buffalo Evening News, 27 March 1907, p. 9.
122. 'Perry Great and His Show Good', The Eureka Herald (Kansas), 14 January 1909, p.1.
123. 'Lowery's Minstrels, the Best Under Canvas', Indianapolis Freeman, 31 May 1913, p. 6.
124. George Conklin, The Ways of the Circus: Being the Memories and Adventures of George Conklin, Tamer of Lions, (New York: Harper, 1921), pp. 228-232.
125. C.G. Sturtevant, 'Circus Band Music', The Billboard, 19 March 1927, p. 94.
126. 'Young America Will Be Out in Force Today', The Arizona New Republican, 21 September 1914, p. 10.
Bibliography
Index
Volume 3: The Circus in Australia
Acknowledgments
General Introduction
Introduction to Volume 3
Part 1. Australian Circus Foundations, 1833-51
1.1 Early Innovations
1. 'The Amphitheatre', Moreton Bay Courier (Brisbane), 1 May 1847, 2.
2.'Circus Royal of Tasmania', Colonial Times (Hobart Town), 3 November 1848, 3.
3. 'Australian tightrope dancer', Courier (Hobart Town), 18 November 1848, 2.
4. 'Circus, Little Bourke Street', Port Phillip Gazette & Settler's Journal (Melbourne), 5 June 1849, 5.
5. John Askew, A Voyage to Australia and New Zealand (London: Simpkin Marshall and Co., 1857), 105-06.
6. 'Circus Royal of Tasmania', Hobarton Guardian, or, True Friend of Tasmania, 4 October 1848, 2.
7. 'Circus Royal', Hobarton Guardian, or, True Friend of Tasmania, 7 October 1848, 3.
8.'The Amphitheatre', Cornwall Chronicle (Launceston), 15 February 1851, 99.
1.2 Luigi Dalle Case & his Foreign Gymnastic Company, 1841-43
9. 'Royal Victoria Theatre', Sydney Gazette & New South Wales Advertiser, 21 August 1841, 3.
10. 'Request For permissn. to erect Gymnasium', 1841.
11. 'The Olympic', Australian (Sydney), 29 January 1842, 2.
12. 'Signor Dalle Case', Cornwall Chronicle (Launceston), 4 March 1843, 2.
1.3 Radford's Royal Circus, 1847-48
13. Radford's licence application 'for the public Exhibition of Horsemanship', 1847.
14. 'Christmas Time', Cornwall Chronicle (Launceston), 25 December 1847, 2.
15. 'The Circus', Cornwall Chronicle (Launceston), 26 January 1848, 2.
16. 'The Circus', Courier (Hobart Town), 5 April 1848, 2.
17. 'The Circus', Hobart Town Advertiser, 8 September 1848, 2.
18. 'Radford's Circus', Cornwall Chronicle (Launceston), 5 August 1848, 3.
1.4 Edward (Hughes) La Rosiere & John Jones, 1850-51
19. Jones, request for a license to hold a circus of horsemanship, 1850.
20. Rosier request for a license to hold a circus of horsemanship,1850.
21. 'Royal Australian Equestrian Circus', Sydney Morning Herald, 15 October 1850, 1.
22. 'Royal Australian Circus', Sydney Morning Herald, 24 December 1850, 1.
23 'The Circus', Sydney Morning Herald, 21 January 1851, 1.
24. 'Mr Jones' Benefit', Sydney Morning Herald, 1 March 1851, 1.
Part 2. Australian Circus Life
2.1 Indigenous Performers
25. Aboriginal Protection Act, Victoria, 1869, 33 Vic c. 3.
26. 'Old Billy Jones', Bulletin (Sydney), 9 March 1895, 9.
27. 'The Australian black ... Little Alick', Illustrated Sydney News, 23 June 1855, 71.
28. 'Death', Illawarra Mercury (Wollongong), 7 July 1856, 6.
29. 'Serious Accident at Greta', Newcastle Morning Herald & Miners' Advocate, 17 August 1896, 4.
30. 'Inquest', Newcastle Morning Herald & Miners' Advocate, 20 August 1896, 8.
31. 'Alick, the aboriginal', Bulletin (Sydney), 10 October 1896, 12.
2.2 Social conditions
32. 'Monster Public Meeting of the Balaarat Diggers', Banner (Melbourne), 25 November 1853, 10.
33. 'Clermont, Peak Downs', Australian Town & Country Journal, 3 May 1873, 16.
34. Mary Salmon, 'An Old-Time Circus', Australian Town & Country Journal, 3 August, 34.
35. Te Whero, 'A Morning in a Circus Tent: 'Behind the Scenes' at Fitzgerald's Show',
Sydney Mail & New South Wales Advertiser, 26 April 1905, 1055.
2.3 Daily routines
36. Onlooker, 'Spangles & Sawdust: A Chronicle of Colonial Circus Life', Theatre: An Illustrated Theatrical Journal, (Sydney),
No. 1, 2 December 1907, 12-14
No. 2, 2 January 1908, 12-13
No. 3, 1 February 1908, 12
No. 4, 2 March 1908, 8-9
No. 5, 1 April 1908, 11
No. 6, 1 May 1908, 10
No. 7, 1 June 1908, 16-17
No. 8, 1 July 1908, 16-17
No. 9, 1 August 1908, 14-15
No. 10, 1 October 1908, 14-15
No. 11, 1 December 1908, 15-16.
2.4 Memorials
37. 'Wide Bay and Burnett Districts', Brisbane Courier, 31 January 1889, 3.
38. 'A King of the Ring', Port Fairy Gazette, 24 April 1900, 3.
39. 'Personal', Age (Melbourne), 16 April 1903, 5.
40. 'At Poverty Point', Bulletin, 16 May 1903, 30.
41. 'Death of Dan Fitzgerald, The Great Circus Proprietor', Catholic Press, 8 February 1906, 22.
2. 5 Children and the Circus
42. 1887 Neglected Children's Act, Victoria (excerpt)
43. 1890 Infant Life Protection Act, Victoria (excerpt).
44. 1892 NSW Child Protection Act, (excerpt)
45. Obit, Mrs. Ellen R. Dowd (Nellie Ridgway), Nambour Chronicle and North Coast Advertiser (Queensland), 26 December 1952, 7.
46. The Stage (UK), 22 February 1884, 3.
47. 'Ridgway's Pavilion', The Daily Telegraph (Sydney), 20 September 1886, 7.
48. 'Ridgeway's Circus', The Argus (Melbourne), 1 November 1886, 6.
49. 'Ridgway's Pavilion of Varieties'' Melbourne Punch, 16 December 1886, 8.
50. 'Ridgway's Pavilion of Varieties', Hamilton Spectator, 27 January 1887, 3.
51. Contract for Ernest McMurtry (a.k.a. Ernie Shand), apprenticed to the FitzGerald Brothers' Circus, 1894.
52. 'Hobart Police Court', Launceston Examiner, 5 January 1889, 3.
53. 'Experiences of A Circus Boy', Argus, 27 November 1891, 10.
54. 'Alleged Cruelty to a Child', Sydney Morning Herald, 1 August 1893, 3.
55. 'FitzGerald Bros.' New Circus: Interesting Chat with their Right-Hand Man', (excerpt), New Zealand Mail, 21 March 1901, 30.
56. Con Colleano, typescript memoir (excerpt), c. 1941.
Part 3. Australian Circus Business
3.1 Business Conditions
57. 'Ten Mile Creek', Albury Banner & Wodonga Express, 14 October 1871, 14.
58. 'St Leon's Circus Troupe', Gundagai Times & Tumut, Adelong and Murrumbidgee District Advertiser, 20 December 1878, 2.
59. 'Under the Tents: Capt. Jack Sutton, writing from Hawera', New York Clipper, 12 June 1897, 235.
3.2 Financial management
60. Theatre Royal, Sydney - miscellaneous papers, together with some papers of Samuel Lazar, ca. 1864-1895, Theatrical Receipts & c, Mitchell Library, Sydney, A 652: The Asiatic Circus Troupe, Receipts March 3-9, 1875, 7; March 10-13, 1875, 6; March 15-20, 1875, 5; March 22-27, 1875, 4; March 29-April 5, 1875, unpaginated.
61. 'Running a Circus', Referee (Sydney), 30 January 1907, 12.
62. Charles Owen Peart, contract to perform with the FitzGerald Brothers' Circus, 1895.
3.3 Law & Order
63. 'To the Editor', Geelong Advertiser & Intelligencer, 19 August 1852, 2.
64. 'Amusements at the Diggings', Bell's Life in Sydney and Sporting Reviewer, 30 April 1853, 1.
65. 'Supreme Court. New Court. Sitting at Nisi Prius, Friday, 11th May 1855. Before His Honour Mr Justice Barry and Special Juries of Four; Berg v. Lewis', Argus (Melbourne), 14 May 1855, 6.
66. 'To the Editor', Cornwall Chronicle (Launceston), 9 January 1864, 5.
67. 'St Leon's Circus Company', Wagga Wagga Advertiser, 20 February 1878, 2.
Part 4. Visitors from Overseas
4.1 Worrell and Gardner North American Circus
68. Worrell & Gardiner North American Circus Company seeking renewal of a theatrical licence to operate in the Colony of Victoria, 1860.
4.2 Cooke Zoyara and Wilson's World Circus
69. 'Cooke, Zoyara, and Wilson's Mammoth Circus', Sydney Mail, March 10, 1866, 2.
70. 'Mr James Cooke, of the World Circus', Illustrated Sydney News, March 16, 1866, 4.
71. Tom Cringle, Ella Zoyara, The Beautiful; The Fairy of the Magic Ring (Melbourne: Clarson, Massina, & Co, 1866).
72. 'The Ella Zoyara Hoax', Mount Alexander Mail (Victoria), July 23, 1870, 3.
73. 'Mummer Memoirs', Truth (Perth), 26 November 1910, 6.
4.3 Chiarini's Royal Italian Circus
74. 'Chiarini's Royal Italian Circus', Sydney Morning Herald, June 18, 1873, 5.
75. Chiarini Silk program, Haymarket Reserve, June 11, 1880.
76. Program, Chiarini's Royal Italian Circus and Performing Animals, Sydney, 1884.
77. Letter, Chiarini to Sydney City Council, inviting Mayor and Aldermen to the circus for a special performance in their honour. 1880
78. Letter, from Chiarini's agent, Guilo Agrati, to Sydney City Council, requesting reduction in rent, c. 9-17 June 1880.
79. Chiarini in New Zealand, 1879 (image).
80. Selection of brief newspaper articles, Chiarini's in New Zealand 1879-1880.
4.4 Cooper and Bailey (US)
81. 'The Australian Tour of Cooper, Bailey and Co's great International Allied Shows 1877'.
82. 'The Circus Procession', The Herald (Melbourne), January 18, 1877, p. 3.
83. 'Cooper and Bailey's Menagerie and Circus', Argus (Melbourne), January 9, 1877, 6.
84. Letter to the Chief Commissioner of Police, Melbourne, March 6, 1877, about loading/embarking animals, and paraphernalia at the Queen's Wharf, Melbourne
85. Cooper and Bailey accounts, tour of 1876-77.
86. Letters of thanks to Cooper, Bailey & Co. from the Mayor and clergy in Auckland
4.5. Harmstons from The East
87. Harmston's Grand Circus & Royal Menagerie program, New Zealand, 1898.
88. Announcement of 'arrangement' between Harmston's and FitzGerald's circuses, Sydney Morning Herald, November 27, 1897, 10.
89. 'Harmston's Circus', pre-show announcement, Age, December 8, 1897, 5.
90. 'Harmstons' Circus' (review), Age, December 15, 1897, 5.
4.6 Frank Fillis Circus from South Africa
91. 'Sawdust and Spangles: Some Sketches of Circus Life', Illustrated Sydney News, January 21, 1893, 18.
92. 'Arrival of the Innaminka', Express and Telegraph (Adelaide), March 17, 1893, 2.
93. 'Mr F. E. Fillis: An Interesting Interview', Express and Telegraph (Adelaide), March 18, 1893, 6.
94. 'Fillis's Circus: The Water Pantomime', Express and Telegraph (Adelaide), March 30, 1893, 4.
4.7 Herbert Family case study
95. Te Whero (pseud.), 'A Morning in a Circus Tent: 'Behind the Scenes' at FitzGerald's show', Sydney Mail and New South Wales Advertiser, April 26, 1905, 1055.
96. 'The English Circus', Launceston Examiner, June 18, 1880, 2.
97. 'A Peep at the Shows', Queensland Figaro (Brisbane), March 24, 1883, 7.
98. John D. FitzGerald, 'The Fitz-Gerald Brothers' Circus: a narrative of adventure, of picturesque incident, and of Australian pluck and enterprise', unpublished MS, 51-53.
99. John D. FitzGerald, 'The Fitz-Gerald Brothers' Circus', unpublished MS, 61.
100. 'Ridgway's Circus', Age (Melbourne), November 1, 1886, 5.
101. 'The Three-in-One Circus', Western Star and Roma Advertiser, May 2, 1888, 2.
102. 'World's Circus', Sydney Morning Herald (advertisement), December 15, 1888, 2.
103. 'Sells' Circus: The Opening Night', Australian Star (Sydney), November 20, 1891. 7.
4.8 The Wild West Show in Australia
104. 'Harmston's Wild West Show and Circus', Queensland Times, Ipswich Herald and General Advertiser, February 17, 1891, 3.
105. 'Wirth's Wild West Show', Auckland Star, September 26, 1890, 2.
106. 'Wirth Bros.' Wild West Show', Express and Telegraph (Adelaide) December 18, 1890, 4.
107. 'The Noble Red Man: American Indians before the courts. Deserted and Desperate," Australian Star, July 23, 1891, 5.
108. 'Dr. Carver's "Wild" America', Sydney Mail and New South Wales Advertiser, 7 February 7, 1891, 314.
109. 'Alexandra Theatre - The Scout', review of the show, produced by Dr. Carver, Alfred Dampier and Garnet Walch, Age, May 12, 1891, 6.
110. Wild Australia, program, Festival of Empire, Crystal Palace, London, 1911.
111. 'Wild Australia', Sporting Life (London), May 22, 1911
112. Wild Australia (Image)
Part 5. Australian Artistes Overseas
5.1 James [Munro] Melville
113. 'The Circus', Moreton Bay Courier (Brisbane), 22 December 1855, 2.
114. 'The Circus', Nashville Daily Union, 25 March 1864, 3.
115. 'Training a Circus Rider: Reminiscences of a Veteran in the Ring', New York Times, 17 February 1881, 3.
116. 'Deaths in the Profession', New York Clipper, 26 November 1892, 611.
117. 'Vaudeville', Sioux City Journal, 29 November 1908, 18.
5.2 Ella Zuila & George Loyal
118. 'Theatre Royal', Evening Journal [Adelaide], 23 January 1869, 2.
119. 'The Loyals', Telegraph [Brisbane], 9 February 1874, 3.
120. 'Shot from a Cannon', New York Clipper, 26 July 1879, 142.
121. 'Arrested in Her Airy Flight', Richmond Dispatch [Virginia], 25 August 1879, 3.
122. 'An Interview with Ella Zuila', Era [London], 6 May 1893, 16.
5.3 Alfred St Leon & Family
123. 'Under the Tents', New York Clipper, 21 May 1898, 196.
124. 'Features at St Leon's Circus', Spokane Chronicle, 6 October 1898, 7.
125. 'How I Train My Trick Horses for Daring Feats in the Circus Ring', San Francisco Examiner, 4 June 1899, 31.
126. 'The Reigning Equestrienne of the World ... La Belle Leona', Forepaugh & Sells Brothers Enormous United Shows, St Louis (Missouri), Courier dated 20 April 1903.
127. 'Notes from the Great Wm. P. Hall Shows', New York Clipper, 15 July 1905, 535.
128. 'Pubillones', Diario de la Marina (Havana), 9 November 1906, 6.
5.4 The Wirth circuses, world tours, 1888-1900
129. Extracts from 'Under the Big Top: The Life Story of George Wirth, Circus Proprietor', a series published in Life (Sydney), 1933.
Bibliography
Index
Volume IV: Circus in India
Acknowledgments
General Introduction
Introduction to Volume IV
Part 1. The First Touring Indian Artists- The Jugglers, Tamers, and Wrestlers
1. 'Engraving of Indian jugglers Mooty and Madua Samme performing the Chinese stick play', Prague, c. 1822.
2. 'Ramo Samee at Royal Coburg Theatre', juggler, Handbill, 1821.
3. 'The Celebrated Indian Jugglers and Theatrical Performers, For One Night Only (Australia)', Handbill, 1852.
4. 'Wonder of Wonders Rowe's American Circus- Indian Jugglers', Argus (Melbourne), May 21, 1853, p. 8.
5. W.A.C., 'Journal of a Trip to Melbourne', South Australian Advertiser (Adelaide, SA:1858-1889), January 30, 1861, p. 3
6. 'Ancient Indian Jugglers', Star (Ballarat, Victoria), August 3, 1861, p1.
7. 'Indian Juggling - Once a Week', Victorian Farmers Journal and Gardner's Chronicle (Melbourne), May 18, 1861, p604.
8. 'Death Transcription of Mahomet Cassim', NSW Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages, May 29, 1863
9. 'Indian Juggler Tricks', Darlings Down Gazette (Qld.), September 10, p. 1.
10. H. Dutt, Lieut. Suresh Biswas. His Life and Adventures (Calcutta: P. C. Dass, 1899), pp. 114-117.
11. William Hazlitt, 'Indian Jugglers', Table Talk- Essays on Men and Manners, 1828.
12. 'Wirth's Circus', Kapunda Herald (South Australia), September 2,1904, p. 5.
13. 'Bilby's Circus', Hamilton Spectator (Victoria), October 14, 1912, p. 4.
14. 'Wirth's Circus', The Sydney Morning Herald, April 5, 1927, p. 12
Part 2. Traveling Artists from Asia
15. 'Che-Mah, the Chinese Dwarf', Childhood and Education, 1882
16. 'Carl Hagenbeck's Ceylonese Exhibition in Islington', poster, 1886
17. 'Article 14- No Title', Ceylon Village in Manchester, The Times of India, May 12, 1886, p. 5.
18. 'Tannaker's Great Japanese Entertainment', poster, 1886.
19. 'Repatriation of certain Burmese jugglers alleged to have been deserted at Liverpool in a destitute condition', Government Record, National Archives of India, 1898.
20. 'The Barnum and Bailey: Supreme Pageant Aladin and His Wonderful Land', poster, Collection of the John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art Tibbals Collection, 1917.
21. 'Bertram Mills' Circus: Scottish Tour Inaugurated in Edinburgh, A Wonderful Show', Linlithgowshire Gazette, July 5, 1935, p. 6.
22. 'Moving a Tented Town', The Evening Telegraph, July 23, 1935, p. 2.
23. 'The Big Top at Kirkclady: Bertram Mills' Circus', The Fife Free Press. July 20, 1935, p. 2.
Part 3. Precarious Conditions of Indian Artists in Foreign Lands and a Public Outcry
24. 'Distressed Indians in the South of France; lately employed in a circus as acrobats', British Library Archives. Collection Indian Office Records and Private Papers.
25. 'Proposed Removal of Quarantine by Egypt against arrival of artists from Madras', Government Record, National Archives of India, 1892.
26. 'Removal of Quarantine by Egypt against arrival of artists from Madras', Government Record, National Archives of India, 1892.
27. 'Passport granted to Babu Jogendra Nath Paul, and thirty-one members of the Great Indian, Circus, proceeding to Java', Government Record, National Archives of India, 1897.
28. Native jugglers, dancers, and circus attendants prohibited from embarking from Bombay for any country out of British India', Telegrams and Memorandum by the Commissioner of Bombay, Government Record, National Archives of India, 1900.
29. 'Letter from British Embassy, Berlin with Memorandum regarding Travelling Indian Showmen engaged by Mr. John Hagenbeck, Berlin. With enclosure of particulars of passports of Indian troupe touring Germany, including children and adults', National Archives of India, 1926.
30. 'Making Show of Indians, German's Exploit, Pampering Morbid Taste, Protest Unheeded', Forward, August 2, 1926.
31. 'India misrepresented', Bombay Chronicle, August 9, 1926.
32. 'Exhibition of Indians at Berlin, Fulminations of Carl Hagenbeck', Forward, August 17, 1926.
33. 'Indians in Berlin Zoo', The Tribune, November 14, 1926.
34. 'Indians in a German Zoo, Exhibition Closed', Leader (Allahabad), November 13, 1926.
35. 'Exhibition given by Indians in Berlin under the direction of Mr. Hagenbeck', Legislative Assembly Proceedings, South Asia Archive, March 4, 1927. pp. 1648-49.
36. 'Removal of the ban on Herr John Hagenbeck of the "Hagenbeck family" circus proprietors and animal dealers of Hamburg (Germany) visiting India', Government Record, National Archives of India, 1929.
Part 4. Touring International Circuses in India
37. 'McCollum's Circus, On the Maidan, Calcutta', Playbill. South Asia Archive, 1864.
38. 'McCollum and Cousins' Circus', (review), The Times of India, November 29, 1865, p. 3.
39. 'Wilson's Great World Circus', The Times of India, April 22, 1879, p. 1.
40. 'Miss Cooke's Medal', The Friend of India and Statesman, No.2313, Vol. XLV, July 1, 1879, p. 579.
41. 'A Happy New Year- Chiarini's Royal Italian Circus and Performing Animal', (poster), Richard Flint Collection, 1881.
42. "Chiarini's Royal Italian Circus and Performing Animals". The Athenaeum & Daily News, Asiatic Society of Mumbai Archive, December 17, 1881, p. 1.
43. 'Chiarini's Royal Italian Circus and Performing Animals', The Times of India, March 11, 1881, p. 1.
44. 'Wilson's Great World Circus', The Times of India, March 3, 1883, p2.
45. 'Blondin Blondin Blondin', Early Calcutta Advertisements, 29 January 1884.
46. 'Wilson's Great World Circus', Early Calcutta Advertisements, January, 1885.
47. 'Abell, Klaer, and Olman's Circus', The Times of India, 1888.
48. 'Fillis' Circus: An Exciting Incident', The Times of India, February 23, 1891, p. 3.
49. 'Cooke's Circus', The Statesman, July, 1895.
50. George Lansbury; enquires as to whereabouts of brother, performing with a circus in India, 14 Apr 1896
51. 'Harmston's Circus', (review), The Times of India, February 14, 1902, p. 5.
52. 'Harmston's Grand Circus and Royal Menagerie of Wild Animals, Madras', December 26, 1905, Silk Programme, Theatre and Performance Collection. Accession No. S.15-2007. V & A Archives, London.
53. 'Harmston's Grand Circus and Royal Menagerie of Performing Wild Animals, Calcutta', December 28, 1906, Silk Programme, Theatre and Performance Collection. Accession No. S.769-1982. V & A Archives, London.
54. 'Fitzgerald Bros. All New Circus and Menagerie of Highly Educated Wild Animals', The Times of India, February 10, 1905, p. 3.
55. 'Col. Frank Fillis' Circus', The Times of India, January 29, 1918, p. 3.
56. 'Maurice Wirth, of the Wirth Circus Family', transcript of interview, 1920. Maurice Wirth interviewed by Michelle Rayner, ABC Radio National, Australia, Transcription by Mark St. Leon.
57. 'Thrills for Bombay- Bostock's Circus Attractions', The Times of India, March 8, 1923.
Part 5. First Indian Circuses
58. 'The Great Indian Circus', The Times of India, February 3, 1876, p. 3.
59. 'Prof. Ramchandra Rao's Marhatta Circus', Circus Programme, (Year Unknown).
60. 'Grand Indian Circus', The Times of India, November 23, 1883, p. 2.
61. 'Grand Indian Circus', The Times of India, November 24, 1883, p. 2.
62. 'The National Circus', Early Calcutta Advertisements, 5 December, 1883.
63. 'The Grand Indian Circus', The Times of India, January 25, 1884, p. 1.
64. 'Roy's Indian Circus', Early Calcutta Advertisements, September 12, 1885.
65. 'Professor Chatre's Circus', The Times of India, April 9, 1888, p. 5.
66. 'The Great Indian Circus', The Times of India, October 6, 1890, p. 3.
67. 'The Great Indian Circus', The Bangalore Spectator, April 11, 1893, p. 1.
68. 'Professor Bose's Great Bengal Circus', Early Calcutta Advertisements, 1900.
69. 'Chatre's Indian Circus', The Times of India. November 16, 1908, p. 5.
70. 'Prof Deval's Circus', The Times of India. November 3, 1911, p. 5.
71. 'State Ceremonies' (during Delhi Durbar)-The Badshahi Mela- Patiala and Rampur Circus', book section, 1911, p. 92.
72. 'Karlekar' s Grand Circus', Circus Programme, December 18, 1914.
73. 'Karlekar' s Grand Circus', Circus Programme, 1915.
74. 'Karlekar' s Grand Circus,' Special Circus Programme (year unknown).
75. 'A Hindu Ballyhoo', The Literary Digest, July 7, 1917, p. 57.
76. 'Karlekar's Royal Circus and Menagerie of Performing Wild Animals', The Times of India, January 29, 1918, p. 3.
77. 'Karlekar's Circus: Frenchman's Daring Feat in Motor', The Times of India, April 1, 1929, p. 6.
78. 'Karlekar's Circus: Terrifying Motor Car Turn', The Times of India, April 16, 1929, p. 4.
79. Abanindra Krishna Basu, 'Bangalir Circus', (Bengali with quotations in English), 1938/2018.
80. Abanindra Krishna Basu, 'Bangalir Circus', (Bengali with quotations in English), 1938/2018.
Part 6. Women Artists in Indian Circus
81. Abanindra Krishna Basu, 'Bangalir Circus', (Bengali with quotations in English), 1938/2018.
82. 'Miss Tara Bai: The Indian Lady Sandow', The Bombay Chronicle. March 12, 1914, p. 9.
83. 'Sushila Sundari with Shumbha and Nishumbha Tigers', (image) Banganibasi, Archives for the Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta. Image from before 1924.
84. 'Sushila Sundari with Tigress Lakshmi', (image), Bangalir Circus, Original Publication by Publicity Studio, 1938. Re-published by Gangchil Publications, 2013.
85. 'Sushila Sundari in a Pyramid Act', (image), Bangalir Circus, Original Publication by Publicity Studio, 1938. Re-published by Gangchil Publications, 2013.
Part 7. Strongmen in Circuses and their Acts
86. 'Shyamakanta Banerjee', in Strongmen over the years (A chronicle of Athletes) (Oudh Printing Press/ South Asia Archives, 1942), pp. 6-12
87. 'Health and Hygiene - A Weakling can become an Athlete - Rash Behary - The Gymnast', India Tomorrow, August 6, 1933, pp. 585-586.
88. Saint Nihal Singh, 'The Indian Hercules: The Amazing Feats of Professor Rama Murti Naidu', The Strand Magazine. 1915, pp. 695-696.
Part 8. Circus Tents
89. 'Public Meeting to Protest Against the License Tax', The Times of India, February 20, 1878, p. 2.
90. 'Article 12-No Title" (Chiarini's Circus), December 1, 1880, p. 3.
91. 'Fillis' Circus', February 24, 1891, p. 5.
92. 'The Circuses', The Times of India, January 23, 1904, p. 8.
Part 9. Non-human Performers from India in International Circuses
93. 'The Circus', Sydney Daily Telegraph, June 2, 1880, p. 3.
94. 'Woodloch's Circus', South Australian Register, December 24, 1894, p. 7.
95. 'Harmston's Circus', Barrier Miner, December 11, 1897, p. 4.
96. 'Fitzgerald's Circus', South Australian Register, June 9, 1897, p. 6.
97. 'Harmston's Circus', Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners; Advocate, February 24, 1898, p. 5.
98. 'Article 3 - No Title', The Times of India, January 5, 1898, p. 5.
99. 'Lennon's Circus', Hamilton Spectator, August 1, 1911, p. 4.
100. 'Eroni's Circus', St. Arnaud Mercury, October 10, 1914, p. 4.
101. 'Wirth's Circus', Brisbane Courier. May 28, 1930, p. 24.
Part 10. Indian Circuses and Artists on International Tours
102. 'Chatre's Circus', The China Mail, July 12, 1902, p. 4.
103. 'Chatre's New Indian Circus', The China Mail, July 12, 1902, p. 5.
104. 'Chatre's Circus', The Hong Kong Weekly Press and China Overland Trade Report, July 19, 1902, p. 51.
105. 'Liners to and From Orient: Shinano Reaches Port - Has Indian Circus on Board', The Daily Colonist, November 5, 1902, p. 4.
106. 'Hindoo Circus', The Billboard, November 22, 1902, p. 13.
107. 'Empress's First Circus: Epoch-Making Performance at Pekin', The Evening Telegraph. November 11, 1903, p. 3.
108. Jas P. Schooner, 'A Visit to the Summer Palace with Chatre's New Indian Circus', The North China Herald and Supreme Court & Consular Gazette, November 20, 1903, pp. 1074-75.
109. 'Chatre's Indian Circus (in Hong Kong)', The China Mail, November 26, 1903, p. 4.
110. 'Kannan Bombayo at Hagenbeck-Wallace Circus', (image), Billy Rose Theatre Division Collection: Circus and Magic Posters, New York Public Library, 1933.
111. 'Bertram Mills' Circus: Forthcoming Visit to Edinburgh for Two Weeks', Linlithgowshire Gazette, June 28, 1935, p. 6.
112. '"The Big Top" at Kirkcaldy: Bertram Mills' Circus', The Fife Free Press. July 20, 1935, p. 2.
113. 'Circus Children', The Yorkshire Post, July 22, 1937, p. 8.
114. 'Bertram Mills' Circus: Coming to Boston next Monday', The Skegness News, May 26, 1937, p. 7.
Bibliography
Index
Volume V: Clowns and Clowning
General Introduction
Volume V: Introduction
Part 1: Clown Genres
1.1 The Equestrian Clown
1. Franconi as Mme Angot on horseback at the Cirque Franconi. Martinet, Paris. Colored engraving. Laurence Senelick collection.
2. E. D. Manne, Le Cirque Franconi. Details historiques sur cet etablissement hippique et ses prominents ecuyers (Lyon: Louis Perrin et Martinet, 1875), repr. in P.-R. Levy, Les clowns et le tradition clownesque (Sorvilier: Editions se la Gardine, 1991), pp. 295-98.
3. Mme B., nee de V., Le Cirque Olympique ou les exercices des chevaux de MM. Franconi...(Paris: Nepven Librairie, 1817).
4. The Taylor of Brentford at the Cirque Olympique, Paris. Colored engraving. Public domain.
5. I. Greenwood, The Circus. Its Origin and Growth Prior to 1835 [1898] (New York Burt Franklin, 1970), pp. 54-56.
6. J. Durang, The Memoir of John Durang American Actor 1785-1816, ed. A. S. Downer (n.p.: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1966), pp. 68-69.
7. Eastern Argus (Portland, ME), 7 August to 11 Oct. 1816, qtd. in S. Thayer, Annals of the American Circus 1793-1829 (Seattle: Dauven & Thayer, 1993), p. 77.
8. J. Turnour, The Autobiography of a Clown as told to Isaac P. Marcosson, 1909 (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1931), pp. 50-54.
9. 'Amusements', New York Clipper, 26 June 1858, p. 79.
10. 'The Circus', The Knickerbocker 13 (January 1839), pp. 74-76.
11. G. Van Hare, Fifty years of a showman's life or The Life and Travels of Van Hare (London: Sampson Low, Marston, 1893), pp. 8-9.
12. 'Detectives Outwitted by an Actor', Era (London), 29 August 1869.
13. O. Preuss, 'Cirkusclowns', Belhagen und Klasing's Monatsheft 1 (1895-96), pp. 97-98.
14. D. Alperov, Na arena starogo tsirka. Zapiska klouna, ed. V. E. Beklemisheva (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaya literatura, 1936), pp. 66-68.
15. Turnour, Autobiography of a Clown, pp. 55-56.
16. Jules Turnour. Pencil sketch by Jolly Bill Steinke. Laurence Senelick collection.
17. Die-cut of Clown and mule, c.1890. Laurence Senelick Collection.
18. H. W. Root, The ways of the circus being the memories and adventures of George Conklin, tamer of lions (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1921), pp. 148-49.
19. C. Bernard, Bernard's Half Century Circus Reviews and Red Wagon Stories ([Savannah, GA]: Chas. Bernard, 1930), p. 75.
20. Ill. Peppino el 88. Photograph.
21. J. C. N., 'Prologue', Pepe Podesta, Nuevas canciones ineditas del gran Pepino 88 para cantar con guitarra (1897), qtd. in R. H. Castagnino, El circo criollo. Datos y documentos para su historia 1757-1924 (Buenos Aires: Plus Ultra, 1969), p. 91.
22. E. G. Velloso, 'Lo primeros dramas en los circus criollos', Boletin de estudios de teatro 2 (1936), pp. 22-23; qtd. in Castagnino, El circo criollo, p. 102.
23. A. Smith, A Month in Constantinople (Boston: Barbury and Guild, 1852), p. 77.
1.2 The Acrobatic Clown
24. Gontard, Cirque Olympique. Drawing by Paul; lith. Delaunois. Laurence Senelick collection.
25. 'Premiere representation de Polichinelle-Vampire; debut de M. Mazurier', Le Pandore. Journal des spectacles, des lettres, des moeurs, et des arts, 29 Mai 1823, p. 3.
26. Mazurier as Polichinelle Vampire. Colored lithograph, W. Day's Litho., London. Laurence Senelick Collection.
27. Journal de Gand, 28 juin 1827, qtd. in F. J. Faber, Histoire du theatre Francais en Belgique depuis son origine jusqu'a nos jours (Brussels: Olivier, 1879), vol. 3, p. 207.
28. M. Alhoy, 'Mazurier' in Grande Biographie Dramatique (Paris: Marchands de Nouveautes, 1824), pp. 239-240.
29. A. V. Arnault, 'Polichinelle', OEuvres de A. V. Arnault (Leipzig: Bossange, 1827), pp. 378-379.
30. 'Covent Garden Theatre', British Press, 1 November 1825, p. 2.
31. 'Covent Garden Theatre', Berkshire Chronicle, 5 November 1825, p. 2.
32. Unidentified clipping, 30 July 1825, Harvard Theatre Collection.
33. Monsieur Gouffe as Jocko, San-Souci Theatre, London, c1829. Wood engraving, playbill. Laurence Senelick collection.
34. 'The Island Ape', Cumberland Paquet, 6 Sept. 1824, p. 4.
35. 'Animal Actors', Boston Evening, 2 June 1899, Harvard Theatre Collection.
36. C. Baudelaire, Curiosites esthetiques (Paris: Levy, 1868), pp. 417-418.
37. 'Cirque Olympique: Le Grotesque Guerdener', La Pandore: journal des spectacles, des lettres, des arts, des moeurs et des modes, 5 octobre 1823, pp. 2-3.
38. 'Nouvelles des Theatres', Journal de Paris, 4 octobre 1824, p. 2.
39. 'Theatre du Cirque-Olympique', Le Courrier des theatres, in Recueil factice d'articles de presse concernant le Cirque Olympique, 1820-1850, Bibliotheque nationale de France, department Arts du spectacle, 8-RO-16778.
40. A. Vulpian et Gauthier, Code des theatres ou Manuel a l'usage des directeurs, entrepreneurs et actionnaires de spectacles, des auteurs et artistes dramatiques, etc. (Paris: Warree, 1829), pp. 252-253.
41. Boni de Castellane, Journal du Marechal de Castellane, 7 septembre 1833 (Paris: E. Plon, 1897), vol. 3, p. 87.
42. T. Gautier, Histoire de l'art dramatique en France depuis vingt-cinq ans (Paris: Heltzel, 1858), vol 1, pp. 11, 25-26.
43. C. de Launay, 'Lettre XXII' (1839), in Lettres parisiennes, ed. Delphine Girardin (Paris: Michel Levy, 1868), vol. 1, pp. 199-200.
44. 'Theatres', in L'Illustration, journal universel (Paris: Dubochet, 1843), vol. 1, p. 248.
45. Salvador (J.-B. Tuffet), Les mysteres des theatres de Paris: Observations! Indiscretions!! Revelations!!! (Paris: Marchant, 1844), pp. 80-81.
46. 'Opening of Vauxhall Gardens', Illustrated London News, 9 June 1849.
47. Auriol at the Vauxhall Theatre, London. Woodcut, Illustrated London News, 9 June 1849. Laurence Senelick Collection.
48. E. Texier, Tableau de Paris (Paris: Paulin et Le Chevalier, 1852), vol. 1, pp. 12-13.
49. A. Debay, Histoire naturelle de l'homme et de la femme depuis leur apparition sur le globe Terrestre jusqu'a nos jours, race humaine primitive, ses metamorphoses en races, types, et varietes de race suivie de l'histoire des monstruosites humaines (Paris: Dentu, 1865), pp. 244-256.
50. C. Monselet, 'Auriol', in Le petit Paris. Tableaux et figures de ce temps (Paris: E. Dentu, 1879), pp. 17-18.
51. J. Claretie, La vie a Paris 1881 (Paris: Victor Havard, 1882), pp. 345-348.
52. Journal des Haras, des chasses, et des courses de chevaux 39 (Juillet 1845), p. 149.
53. Lawrence and Redisha.at the Theater an der Wien, Vienna. Colored engraving. Allgemeiner Theater Zeitung no. 2 (1837). Laurence Senelick Collection.
54. Gautier, Histoire de l'art dramatique en France, vol. 1, pp. 154-155.
55. Knips, 'Sketches of Paris. A stroll in the Champs Elysees', Mirror of Literature, Amusement and Instruction 32 (1839), p. 198.
56. Boswell. Drawing by T., colored lithograph by Fernique. Martinet, Paris. Laurence Senelick Collection.
57. 'Hengler's Circus', Windsor and Eton Express, 20 December 1845, p. 4.
58. 'Merthyr and Neighbourhood', Cardiff and Merthyr Guardian, Glamorgan, Monmouth, and Brecon Gazette, 19 December 1846, p. 3.
59. 'Hengler's Circus Royal', Cheltenham Journal and Gloucestershire Fashionable Weekly Gazette, 22 December 1851, p. 2.
60. 'Hengler's Equestrian Circus', Exeter and Plymouth Gazette, 17 January 1852, p. 5.
61. Le Nouvelliste: Journal de Paris, 12 octobre 1853, pp. 2-3.
62. P. de Saint-Victor, 'Theatres', La Presse, 22 June 1856.
63. 'Music and the Drama on the Continent', Morning Post, 23 November 1857, p. 5.
64. E. Blum, 'Boswel', Figaro: journal non politique, 10 mai 1859, p. 5.
65. A. Watripon, 'Le Buveur et Clown Boswel', Almanach de Jean Raisin, joyeux et vinicole, pour 1860, ed. G. Mathieu (Paris: Eugene Pick, 1860), pp. 159-164.
66. Claretie, La vie a Paris, pp. 345-61.
67. T. Frost, Circus Life and Circus Celebrities (London: Tinsley Brothers, 1875), pp. 104-106.
68. Dewhurst's benefit at the Surrey Theatre, 29 February 1830. Playbill in the Victoria & Albert Museum Enthoven Collection.
69. R. Nicholson, Rogue's Progress. The Autobiography of 'Lord Chief Baron' Nicholson [1860], ed. J. Bradley (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1968), pp. 300-302.
70. West Kent Guardian, 19 Oct. 1844, p. 2.
71. Barry pulled by geese on the Thames. Wood engraving, Illustrated London News (28 Sept. 1844). Laurence Senelick Collection.
72. H. Mayhew, London Labour and the London Poor (London: Griffin, Bohn, 1861-62), vol. 3, pp. 119-21.
73. J. Halperson, Das Buch vom Zirkus. Beitraege zur Geschichte der Wanderkuenstlerwelt (Duesseldorf: 1926), pp. 182-83.
74. 'Cirque de L'Imperatrice', Revue franco-italienne, 11 octobre 1855, p. 317.
75. Little Wheal at the Cirque Napoleon. Drawing by T., lithograph by Fernique. Martinet, Paris. Laurence Senelick Collection.
76. Little Wheal, Selbst-Biographie des beruehmten englishcen Komikers Little Wheal vom Circus Renz (Pest: Gustav Emich, 1869), pp. 11-13, 20-23.
77. G. Strehly, L'acrobatie et les acrobates (Paris: Delagrave, 1880), pp. 110-111.
78. John Price with his violin. Photograph. A. Siegmund, Hamburg. Laurence Senelick Collection.
79. E. de Perrodil, 'Monsieur Clown!' Echo des marches du centre, 2 avril 1899, p. 5.
80. Frank Brown alias Flan Blon. A medal struck to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the Coliseo Argentino, Buenos Aires, in 1905. Laurence Senelick collection.
81. S. Estrada, El Diario (Buenos Aires), qtd. in D. Cuneo, Frank Brown (Buenos Aires: Editorial Nova, n.d.), pp. 16-20.
82. M. de Sarmiento, El Censor (julio 1886), qtd. in Cuneo, Frank Brown, 24.
83. W. C. Shrode, 'The clown speaks', Broadway Magazine 13:1 (Feb. 1905), pp. 61-65.
1.3 The Speaking Clown
84. Paillasse mourning the new law against street performers. Caricature by Andre Gill. L'Eclipse (Paris, 2 August 1874). Laurence Senelick Collection.
85. A. Challamel, Les amuseurs de la rue (Paris: Ducrocq, 1875), pp. 48-62.
86. Bobeche and Galimafre on a Parade, Boulevard du Temple, Paris, c1820. Painting by Jean Roller. Musee Carnavalet, Paris.
87. Challamel, Les amuseurs de la rue, pp. 6-8, 11-14.
88. A. Pougin, Dictionnaire du theatre et des arts qui s'y rattachent (Paris: Firmin-Didot, 1885), p. 106.
89. D. P. Miller, The Life of a Showman: to which is added Managerial Struggles (London and Leeds: Thomas Hailes Lacy, 1849), pp. 79-80.
90. Portrait of Billy Purvis as Clown. Engraving by J. Swain from a painting, n.d.
91. Chater's Illustrated Annual (1881), qtd. in D. Mayer, 'Billy Purvis - travelling showman', Theatre Quarterly 4 (Oct.-Dec. 1971), pp. 27-34, on p. 33.
92. A. Y. Alekseev-Yakovlev, Russkie naradnye gulyan'ya. . .[c.1890, from notes taken in 1934-34], ed. E. Kuznetsov (Leningrad-Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1948), pp. 52-54.
93. P. N. Tikhonov, "Chernigov raus" [collected c.1890] in Fol'klorny teatr (1988), vol. 3, pp. 111-113.
94. G. Uspensky, Svetly den'. 1. Noch' i uveseleniya (1884-85), in Polnoe sobranie sochineny v 14-ti tomakh (Moscow: Akademiya Nauk SSSR, 1948), vol. 1, p. 47.
95. Ballyhoo for a performing bear c.1890 (from a MS. at the Bakhrushin Theatre Museum in Moscow). A. F. Nekrylova and N. I. Savushkina (eds.), Narodny teatr (Moscow: Sovetskaya Rossiya, 1991), pp. 352-354.
96. Bill Ricketts' Circus, Philadelphia, 1794, in T. A. Brown, Amphitheatres and circuses [1860-61], ed. W. L. Slout (San Bernardino: Borgo Press, 1994), p. 13-14.
97. H. Angelo, Reminiscences of Henry Angelo, with memoirs of his late father and friends (London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, 1830), vol. 2, pp. 94-97.
98. John Ducrow taking tea with Darby and Joan, Astley Amphitheatre, London. Colored engraving, R. Lloyd, London, 1831. Laurence Senelick Collection.
99. C. Dickens, 'Astley's', Sketches by Boz, new ed. (London: Chapman and Hall, 1838), pp. 116-117.
100. Astley's audience in the gallery. Woodcut by Phiz (Hablot Knight Browne) from Charles Dickens, The Old Curiosity Shop (London: Chapman and Hall, 1840). Laurence Senelick Collection.
101. T. Frost, Circus Life and Circus Celebrities. New ed. (London: Chatto & Windus, 1881), pp. 70-72.
102. P. Hamilton, 'Sporting Incidents at Home and Abroad', The Sporting Review 20 (September 1848), p. 179.
103. F. C. Burnand, Records and Reminiscences Personal and General (London: Methuen, 1904), vol. 1, pp. 106-8.
104. Widdicombe at Astley's. Wood engraving, Illustrated London News (20 March 1843).
105. 'P. Paterson', Glimpses of real life as seen in the theatrical world and in Bohemia: being the confessions of Peter Paterson, a strolling comedian (Edinburgh: William P. Nimmo, 1864), p. 131.
106. H. Mayhew, London Labour and the London Poor (London: Griffin, Bohn, 1861-62), vol. 3, pp. 131-134.
107. A. H. Kober, Star Turns, trans. G. J. Renier (New York: Macmillan, 1929), pp. 33-34. From Die grosse Nummer (1925).
108. M. B. Leavitt, Fifty Years in Theatrical Management (New York: Broadway Publishing, 1912), pp. 134-135.
109. Alperov, Na arena starogo tsirka, pp. 76-78.
110. Les bonne blagues du clown Mylos du Cirque de Paris (Paris: E. Lacroix), n.p.
1.4 The Shakespearean Clown
111. J. Halperson, 'Der Clown', OEsterreichische Rundschau: deutsche Kultur und Politik 35 (April-Juni 1913), p. 381.
112. W. F. Wallett, The public life of W. F. Wallett, the queen's jester: an autobiography, ed. John Luntley (London: Bemrose and sons, 1870), pp. 55, 102-103, 107-108, 149-150.
113. J. Frowde, manuscript autobiography in Theatre Museum, London; abridged in J. Bratton and A. Featherstone (eds.), The Victorian Clown (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), pp. 56, 60.
114. William Wallett as Clown. Sheet music cover for The Motley Polka by J. Ehrlich. Engraved by P. Kramer, lithographed by P. S. Duval. A. Fiot, Philadelphia, 1850. Laurence Senelick Collection.
115. Bristol Mirror, 18 July 1857, qtd. in G. Speaight, 'Some Shakespearean clowns', Theatre Notebook (Aug. 1979), pp. 93-98, on pp. 95, 97.
116. 'Circuses', New York Clipper, 10 February 1866, p. 351.
117. M. W. Brown, The Life of Dan Rice (Long Branch, N.J.: The Author, 1901), pp. 171-72.
118. Correspondence, Manchester Evening News, 23 Feb. 1930, in scrapbook, Manchester Central Library; qtd. in Bratton and Featherstone, The Victorian Clown, p. 56, note 57.
119. Dan Rice as the Celebrated Shaksperian [sic] Clown. Engraved sheet music cover. G. & W. Endicott, New York. Laurence Senelick Collection.
120. NY Spirit of the Times, 10 Feb. 1849, p. 612.
121. W. Whitman, 'The Circus', Life Illustrated, 30 August 1856; reprinted in E. Holloway and R. Admari (eds.), New York Discovered. A Sheaf of Recently Discovered Newspaper Articles by the Author of Leaves of Grass (New York: R. R. Wilson, 1936), pp. 193-196.
122. Brown, The Life of Dan Rice, pp. 170-172, 284-286, 292-294.
123. New Orleans Times, Feb. 1865.
124. Root, The ways of the circus, pp. 244-245.
125. Brown, The Life of Dan Rice, pp. 437-438.
126. J. Frowde, manuscript autobiography in Theatre Museum, London; abridged in Bratton and Featherstone, The Victorian Clown, pp. 128, 130.
127. Johnny Patterson's Great London Circus Songbook. Engraved cover. Laurence Senelick Collection.
128. Johnny Patterson's 'Great London Circus' Songster (New York: Clinton T. De Witt, 1878), pp. 3-4, 13, 16-17.
129. J. Lloyd, My circus life being the life and adventures and the world travels and experiences of an artist and circus proprietor (London: Noel Douglas, 1927), pp. 73, 75-76.
130. Perrodil, 'Monsieur Clown!', p. 4.
1.5 Clowns with Animals
131. Charley Schultz Dancing with Danger. Photographic postcard. Laurence Senelick Collection.
132. 'Les Echos de Paris', Les Annales politiques et litteraires, 29 decembre 1889, p. 406.
133. 'Gougou and His Pig', Pall Mall Gazette, 10 January 1887, p. 11.
134. 'Whimsical' Walker, From Sawdust to Windsor Castle (London: Stanley Paul, 1922), pp. 89-90, 109-110.
135. 'How Performing Animals are Trained', Public Opinion, 8 January 1887, p. 262.
136. Tony Grice with Pig on Ball. Sketch by H. Gerbault, engraved by Rejean Vigert. H. Frichet, Le cirque et les forains (1898).
137. A. Chekhov, 'Splinters of Moscow Life', Oskolki 33 (18 Aug. 1883), 4. In Polnoe sobranie sochineniy i pisem v tridtsati tomakh (Complete Work and Letters in Thirty Volumes) (Moscow: Nauka, 1979), vol. 18, pp. 115-16, 156.
138. Anatoly Durov and His Animals. Photograph. Durov family archive.
139. Vladimir Durov and His Dogs. Photograph.
140. V. L. Durov, Moi Zveri (Moscow, 1924), trans. J. Cournos, 'When Pigs Fly', My circus animals (London: George Routledge & sons, 1937), pp. 103-106.
141. Perrodil, 'Monsieur Clown!', p. 5.
142. G. Lebel, 'L'art du clown. Grimaces & pitreries', Je sais tout (Noel 1913), pp. 627-36, on p. 632. Part 2. The Female Clown
143. 'Female Clowns', San Francisco Figaro, 17 Sept. 1872, p. 2.
144. T. Rendle, Swings and Roundabouts: A Yokel in London (London: Chapman & Hall, 1919), pp. 131-132.
145. 'Some Lady-Clowns', Judy, Or the London Serio-Comic Journal, 20 April 1887, p. 185.
146. 'Entertainments', Cardiff Times, 6 November 1875, p. 6.
147. D. Hudson, Munby man of two worlds. The life and diaries of Arthur J. Munby 1828-1910 (London: Abacus, 1974), p. 113.
148. Barbados Agricultural Reporter, 8 December 1876.
149. East Anglian Daily Times, 25 October 1881, p. 2.
150. 'Advertisements & Notices', The Era, 1 October 1892, p. 25.
151. A. A. Gilmer, Music Hall and Theatre Review, 30 December 1892, p. 23.
152. P. Pickup, 'Pick-Up Notes', South London Press, 31 December 1892, p. 5.
153. Evetta Matthews in Barnum & Bailey's Circus. Lithographed poster by Strobridge Lith. Co.
154. The Era, 30 April 1892.
155. 'Local and District News', Huddersfield Chronicle, 14 June 1892, p. 3.
156. 'Why Miss Williams is a Clown: Her Father Was One for Forty Years', New York Times, 31 March 1895, p. 27.
157. 'The Tank's the Thing: It is the Feature at the Barnum & Bailey Show This Year', New York Times, 29 March 1895, p. 3.
158. 'A Woman Clown?', Sunderland Daily Echo and Shipping Gazette, 29 May 1895, p. 3.
159. 'Fireside Talks', Home notes, London 7:81 (1895), p. 73.
160. 'Barnum and Bailey's Circus', The Era, 8 January 1898, p. 22.
161. 'Barnum and Bailey's Show', Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser, 19 April 1898, p. 7.
162. 'Barnum and Bailey's Show in Edinburgh', Edinburgh Evening News, 19 July 1898, p. 4.
163. 'The Greatest Show on Earth. Messrs. Barnum & Bailey's Visit to Croydon', Croydon Advertiser and East Surrey Reporter, 20 August 1898, p. 2.
164. 'Barnum and Bailey's Show', The Era, 15 October 1898, p. 23.
165. A. Suares, 'Il n'y a pas de femme clown. Vous etes-vous demande pourquoi?' Comoedia, 03 juillet 1926, p. 1.
166. Miss Loulou. Photograph in La Rampe (Paris), 15 mars 1926, p. 20.
167. G. Frejaville, Au music-hall (Paris: Editions du Nouveau-Monde, 1922), p 207.
168. C. Blanqui, 'Dans Les Cirques', in La Rampe, 15 mars 1926, p. 20.
Part 3. The August
169. H. Mayhew, London Labour and the London Poor (London: Griffin, Bohn, 1861-62), vol. 3, pp. 134-38.
170. Halperson, Das Buch vom Zirkus, pp. 185-86.
171. S. Domino [E. Cohnfeld], Der Cirkus und die Cirkuswelt (Berlin: S. Fischer, 1888), pp. 104-109.
172. A. Raeder, Der Circus Renz in Berlin. Eine Denkschrift (Berlin: Ullstein, 1896), pp. 274-86.
173. Tom Belling. Photograph.
174. S. Saltarino [H. W. Otto], Das Artistentum und seine Geschichte. Gesammeltes und Erlebtes (Leipzig: Willy Backhaus, 1910), p. 91.
175. Coquelin cadet, 'L'Hippodrome', La Vie humoristique (Paris: Ollendorff, 1883), pp. 77-78.
176. 'Look for the clown, Gugusse!' in a barrel of balm. Engraved trade card. Laurence Senelick collection.
177. Alfred Daniels as Gigerl with club. Photograph.
178. E. Braune, Gigerl's Curtain-lecture, burlesque pantomime for 2 men, in P. Lenary (ed.), Clown-Pantomimen fuer 2 und mehr Personen, 2nd enlarged ed. (Muehlhausen: G. Danner, n.d.), pp. 10-14.
179. R. Gignoux, 'Le clown autoritaire', Le Figaro 264 (20 sept. 1924), p. 1.
180. Tanti, den populare clownen, hans biografi och portraett. Utg. med anledning af Tantis 20-ars jubileum (Stockholm: Aftonbladet, 1898), pp. 6-7, 10-11.
181. C. des Perrieres, 'Courrier de Paris', Le Gaulois: litteraire et politique, 29 juillet 1889, p. 1.
182. H. Frichet, Le cirque et les forains (Tours: Alfred Mame et fils, 1898), pp. 88-91, 286-88.
183. Billy Hayden teases an audience member. Sketch by H. Gerbault. Frichet, Le cirque et les forains (1898).
184. P. Tarakhino, Zhizn', otdannaya tsirku (Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1977), pp. 17-18.
185. G. Lebel, 'L'art du clown. Grimaces & pitreries', Je sais tout (Noel 1913), p. 632.
186. R. C. Benchley, 'The silent art of Joe Jackson', Everybody's Magazine 44 (Feb. 1921), pp. 30-31.
187. Joe Jackson and bike. Photograph.
188. G. Seldes, The Seven Lively Arts (New York: Harper, 1924), pp. 208-209.
189. M. Hauriac, 'Clowns et clowneries', (Paris: Crepin-Leblond, 1955), p. 20.
190. Colette, 'Premieres parisiennes. Au Cirque Medrano: Joe Jackson', Le Journal (Paris), 25 fevrier 1934, p. 6.
Part 4. Enter the Entree
191. 'Mort et vivant', Whytoine, foil; Secchi and Alfano, clowns (1870) in T. Remy (ed.), Entrees clownesques (Paris: L'Arche, 1962), pp. 191-196.
192. H. Le Roux and J. Garnier, Acrobats and Mountebanks, trans. A. P. Morton (London: Chapman and Hall, 1890), pp. 286.
193. Foottit with hoop. Cabinet card photograph. Laurence Senelick Collection.
194. G. Foottit, 'Chocolat', Excelsior, 10 novembre 1917, p. 4.
195. Foottit and Chocolat in Railway Sketch. Sketch by H. Gerbault. Engraved by Rejean Vigert AC. Frichet, Le cirque et les forains (1898).
196. Frichet, Le cirque et les forains, pp. 93-94.
197. M. Sergines, Les Annales politiques et litteraires 1167 (5 novembre 1905).
198. Chocolat Slapped.
199. M. Franc-Nohain, Les Memoires de Footit et Chocolat: clowns (Paris: Pierre Lafitte, 1907), pp. 88-89, 90-95, 99-100.
200. Doubles of Foottit and Chocolat in their Nautical Sketch. La Revue des Folies-Bergere by Victot Cottens. Photographic postcard. Laurence Senelick Collection.
201. M. Verne, Les Usines du plaisir. Musees de volupte (Paris: Editions des Portiques, 1930), p. 161.
202. 'La Noce de Chocolat', Le Figaro, 20 mars 1888, p. 3.
203. P. Mariel, Les Fratellini. Histoire de trois clowns (Paris: Societe anonyme de Editions, 1923), pp. 179-80.
204. G. Foottit, 'La confession d'un clown', Le Temps (4 Octobre 1896): 2.
205. J. Renard, Journal 1887-1910, ed. L. Guichard and G. Signaux (Paris: Gallimard, 1965), p. 799.
206. Alperov, Na arena starogo tsirka, p. 62.
207. E. Braune, Aujust beim Barbier, Pantomimic Clown-Entree for 2 Men, in Lenary (ed.), Clown-Pantomimen (Muehlhausen: G. Danner [1920]), pp. 35-39.
208. Remy (ed.), Entrees clownesques, pp. 137-141.
209. E. Molier, Cirque Molier-1880-1904 (Paris: Paul Dupont, 1905), pp. 164-165.
210. Legrand-Chabrier, 'Clowns', L'Art vivant 6 (1 juin 1925), pp. 16-18.
211. The Fratellinis. L. to r., Albert, Francois, Paul. Photographic postcard, AN Paris. Laurence Senelick collection.
212. P. Mariel, Les Fratellini. Histoire de trois clowns (Paris: Societe anonyme de Editions, 1923), pp. 42, 44-47, 154-56, 177-82.
213. F. Fratellini and N. Brunel, Bonsoar Mossie (Paris: Librairie Delagrave, 1936).
214. The Funnel, as performed in 1920 by Francois Fratellini, clown. Paul and Albert Fratellini, augusts, in Remy (ed.), Entrees clownesques, pp. 236-237.
215. Adrian, Ce rire qui vient du cirque, pp. 58-59.
216. Remy (ed.), Entrees clownesques, pp. 35-37.
217. 'William Tell or The Apple', Remy (ed.), Entrees clownesques, pp. 165-170.
218. G. Seldes, 'Burlesque, circus, clowns, and acrobats', The Seven Lively Arts (New York; Harper & Brothers, 1924), pp. 297-307.
Part 5. The American Big Top Clown
219. W. C. Thompson, On the road with the circus (N.p.: W. C. Thompson, 1903), pp. 227, 229-230.
220. H. A. Higgins, 'In the Days of the One Ring Show', Billboard, 20 Aug. 1904.
221. J. Anderson, 'Why do you laugh?', Illustrated World 38:1 (Sept. 1922), pp. 53-55, 148.
222. George Hartzell in Top Hat. Photograph
223. H. Croy, 'He held on...' ,Boy's Life Magazine (Aug. 1922), pp. 5, 44.
224. W. Lambert, Show Life in America (East Point, Ga.: Will Delavoye, 1925), pp. 61-65, 281.
225. Delavoye and Frits letterhead showing the Trick House. From William Lambert, Show Life in America (1925).
226. 'Harry La Pearl Talks on Clowns and Their Work', New York Clipper, 16 April 1910, p. 231.
227. Harry La Pearl. Photographic postcard. Laurence Senelick collection.
228. 'Slivers, the clown suicide for a girl', New York Times, 9 March 1916, p. 10.
229. Slivers with bunny. Photograph.
230. 'Circus Clown a serious person out of the ring', New York Times, 15 May 1910, p. SM14.
231. Dash, 'Frank "Slivers" Oakley. "The Ball Game". 24 Min.; Full Stage. 125th Street', Variety, 24 Apr. 1904, p. 13.
232. Kansas City Star (1906), qtd. in 'Personal glimpses. Slivers', Literary Digest, 23 March 1916, pp. 828-829.
233. 'An acrobatic clown [Marceline]', New York Daily Tribune, 23 April 1905, p. 8.
234. Marceline. Photograph.
235. 'Merry Marceline's Magic Mimicry a Marvel', Washington Herald, 21 Sept. 1913, p. 7.
236. R. Benchley, 'Uneasy lies the head that plays a clown', New York Tribune, 22 April 1917.
237. C. Morley, 'First lessons in clowning', from Pipefuls (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1920), pp. 195-200.
Part 6. Grock
238. Grock, Sans blague! (Paris: Flammarion, 1948).
239. Frejaville, 'Antonet et Grock', Comoedia, 17 fevrier 1931, p. 4.
240. A.B. Walkley, 'Three drolls: George Robey, Nelson Keys and Grock', The Strand Magazine 61:361 (Jan. 1921), pp. 38-45, on p. 44.
241. Grock on a chair at the Cirque Medrano. Photograph: Paul de Gordon. Laurence Senelick Collection.
242. Frejaville, Au Music-hall (Paris: Editions du Nouveau monde, 1922), pp. 198-199.
243. P. Paret, 'Entree de Grock', Le Cirque dans l'Univers 3 (1959), pp. 15-18, and L. Diercksen, Grock un destin hors norme (Bevilard, Switzerland: Editions Laurent Dierksen, 2000), pp. 206-215.
Bibliography
Index
Acknowledgments
General Introduction
Volume I Introduction
Part 1. A Century of Circus in Bristol
1. 'Park Row Circus Plans'(1886), Illustration, Bristol Archives, Building Plans and Indices of the City Planning Officer, 22/8c.#
2. 'Astley's Wonderful Troop,' Bristol Gazette & Public Advertiser, 10 September 1789.
3. Report of Amphitheatre construction, Bristol Mercury, 1 March 1790.
4. Handy & Franklin's Troop, Bath Chronicle & Weekly Gazette, 15 December 1791.
5. Mr Taylor's benefit at Handy's Circus, Bristol Gazette and Public Advertiser, 26 April 1792.
6. 'Last week of the Catauba Indians,' Bonner & Middleton's Bristol Journal, 13 February 1796.
7. 'Poney Races,' Bonner & Middleton's Bristol Journal, 24 February 1796.
8. 'New Circus Intelligence,' Bristol Gazette & Public Advertiser, March 3 1796.
9. 'Catauba Indians and the Poney Races,' Bonner & Middleton's Bristol Journal, 5 March 1796.
10. 'Olympic Circus,'Bristol Gazette and Public Advertiser, 15 June 1799.
11. Charles Dibdin the Younger, 'Olympic Circus poem,' Bristol Gazette & Public Advertiser, 11 July 1799.
12. Charles Dibdin the Younger, 'IV: Parker and Davis. 1799', The Memoirs of Charles Dibdin the Younger. ed, G. Speaight (London: Society for Theatre Research, 1956 [1830]), 34-38.
13. 'Shows, Exhibitions, Machinery etc', list of St James's Fair stalls & fees, Bristol Archives, Fair accounts, giving details of stall, rent collected, name of holder (some copies from account book 1807 - 1839), 1721-1830, Records of the Anglican Parish of St James', St James' Fair, P St-J F10, 1811.
14. 'During the Fair,' Bristol Mercury, 4 September 1820.
15. St James's Fair Circus & Menagerie advertisements, Bristol Mercury, 1 September 1821
16. Wombwell's Immense Royal Menagerie, Bristol Gazette, 31 July 1823.
17. Wombwell's Menagerie, Bristol Mercury, 4 August 1823.
18. Merchant Taylor's Menagerie, Bristol Gazette, 25 September 1823.
19. 'Ducrow's Amphitheatre,' Bristol Mirror, 5 November 1825.
20. 'Ryan's New Grand Equestrian Arena,' Bristol Gazette, 23 August 1827.
21. 'Ryan's Circus and Spacious Arena,' Bristol Mercury, 25 August 1829.
22. 'Ryan's Equestrian Circus,' Bristol Mercury, 7 September 1833
23. 'Ryan's Royal Amphitheatre,' Bristol Mercury, 20 June 1839.
24. 'Ryan's Amphitheatre,' Bristol Mercury, 16 November 1839.
25. 'POLICE INTELLIGENCE, WEDNESDAY', Bristol Mercury, 22 August 1840.
26. RYAN'S CIRCUS, Bristol Mercury, 12 September 1840.
27. 'Provincial Intelligence, GLOUCESTERSHIRE,' Bristol Mercury, 24 October 1840.
28. 'Ryan's Circus, North-Street,' Bristol Mercury, 14 November 1840.
29. 'Sales by Auction,' Bristol Mercury, 25 December 1841.
30. 'Price & Powell's New Circus Royal,' & 'Ducrow's National Olympic Arena of Arts,' Bristol Mercury, 16 April 1842.
31. 'Ducrow's Arena' & 'The Circus Royal,' Bristol Mercury, 16 April 1842.
32. 'To Carpenters, Builders, &c.,' Bristol Mercury, 11 June 1842.
33. 'Batty's Circus Royal,' Bristol Mercury, 23 July 1842.
34. 'Batty's Circus,' Bristol Mercury, 23 July 1842
35. 'Great Novelty!' Bristol Mercury, 6 August 1842.
36. 'Clifton and Bristol Polytechnic,' [Ryan's Circus] Bristol Mercury, 3 December 1842
37. 'Cornwall's Temple of Wonder,' Bristol Mercury, 24 December 1842.
38. 'Hughes's Circus Royal,' Bristol Times & Mirror, 14 December 1844.
39. Report of accident to Mr Ryan, Bristol Times & Mirror, 31 October 1846.
40. 'William Cooke's Royal Circus,' Bristol Times & Mirror, 25 December 1847.
41. 'A Treat for the Million,' Bristol Times & Mirror, 18 May 1850.
42. 'Allied Circus,' Bristol Mercury, 27 December 1856.
43. Pablo Fanque's Circus, Bristol Mercury, 27 December 1856.
44. 'Pablo Fanque's Circus,' Bristol Mercury, 3 January 1857.
45. 'Important Decision,' Bristol Mercury, 13 March 1858.
46. 'Zoological Gardens,' Bristol Daily Post, 5 August 1861.
47. 'Ginnett's Circus in Bristol,' Western Daily Press, 20 February 1877.
48. Excerpt from 'An Old Man's Recollections Of St James's Pleasure Fair,' Bristol Mercury, 25 December 1880.
49. 'Licensing Application for Messrs Sanger's Circus,' Western Daily Press, 11 November 1886.
50. 'Messrs. Sanger's Circus,' Bristol Mercury, 12 November 1886.
51. 'Opening of Messrs Sanger's Circus,' Bristol Mercury, 16 November 1886.
52. Attendance of Magistrate, Bristol Mercury, 10 December 1886.
53. Excerpt from 'Christmas Amusements,' Western Daily Press, 24 December 1886.
54. 'Hengler's Grand Cirque,' Western Daily Press, 7 September 1888.
55. 'Hengler's Circus,' Bristol Mercury, 11 September 1888.
56. 'Buffalo Bill in Bristol,' Western Daily Press, 29 September 1891.
57.'Buffalo Bill in Bristol,' Bristol Mercury, 29 September 1891.
58. Harry Bow [William Henry Bow], Extracts on Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show, 1891, Bristol Archives, Diaries of W. Harry Bow, 31416/1
59. 'Hengler's Circus: The Water Novelty,' Western Daily Press, 11 October 1892.
60. '"Cinderella" At Hengler's Circus,' Western Daily Press, 29 August 1893.
61. 'Action by a Circus Rider,' Bristol Mercury, 30 June 1893.
62. 'Professor Crocker's Horses at the Drill Hall,' Western Daily Press, 20 November 1894.
63. Harry Bow [William Henry Bow], diary extracts on circus acts at the Zoo & Sanger's Circus, 1894, Bristol Archives, Diaries of W. Harry Bow, 31416/8.
64. 'Lord George Sanger's Circus,' Bristol Mercury, 21 June 1894.
65. 'Boswell's Pavilion Circus,' Bristol Mercury, 2 September 1895.
66. Lord John Sanger & Sons' Circus, Bristol Magpie, 2 December 1897.
67. 'Barnum & Bailey Big Show,' Bristol Mercury, 15 August 1898.
68. 'Earth's Greatest Show,' Bristol Mercury, 16 August 1898.
69. 'Barnum and Bailey's Show,' Bristol Mercury, 22 April 1899.
70. 'The Italian Circus at the Palace,' Bristol Times & Mirror, 2 July 1901.
71. 'The Royal Italian Circus,' Western Daily Press, 18 April 1911.
72. 'Bristol Exhibition,' Western Daily Press, 11 June 1914.
Part 2. The Long Eighteenth Century
2.1 The Late-eighteenth Century Circus
73. William Garbott, 'The New River, a Poem', (London, c.1728), 18, 21-22, 25-26.
74. Letter from Patty Astley to Mr and Mrs Pownall, Astley Theatre Cuttings, British Library, Vol. 1 (TH.cts/35, item 1171).
75. George Speaight (ed), Memoirs of Charles Dibdin the Younger (London: The Society for Theatre Research, 1956 [1830]), 17-21.
76. Charles Dibdin, The Elder, Royal Circus Epitomized (London, 1784), 21-24.
77. Thomas Read, The History of the Royal Circus Introductory to the Case of Mr. Read, Late Stage Manager of that theatre in a letter to a friend (London, 1791), 6-20.
78. Jacob Decastro, The Memoirs of J. De Castro, Comedian ... Accompanied by an Analysis of the Life of the Late Philip Astley ... Also an Accompanying History of the Royal Circus, Now the Surrey Theatre; and an Historical Sketch of Sadler's Wells. Likewise Scarce Theatrical Advertisements (London, 1824), 148-160.
79. James C. Dibdin, The Annals of The Edinburgh Stage with an account of the Rise and Progress of Dramatic Writing in Scotland (Edinburgh: Richard Cameron, 1888), 332-340.
80. Frederick W. Hawkins, The Life of Edmund Kean, 2 vols. (London, Tinsley 1869), Vol.1, 39-41.
81. An Act for the Control of Theatrical Representations 1788 Public Act, 28 George III, c. 30
2.2 Performers and Performances
82. Philip Astley, Natural Magic: or Physical Amusements Revealed (London, 1785), 25-27.
83. S. Hooper, A Guide to Health, Beauty, Riches, and Honour (London, 1785), 51-55.
84. An equestrian career: George Smith, the Little Devil, 1787-1807 (compilation of newspaper sources: Bath Chronicle and Weekly Gazette, Aris's Birmingham Gazette, Manchester Mercury, Bristol Mercury, Newcastle Chronicle, Caledonian Mercury, The Times, Hampshire Chronicle).
85. 'Rope Dancing at the Theatre Royal, Norwich', Bury and Norfolk Post, 6 December 1786.
86. 'Scaglioni's Dancing Dogs at Swann's Amphitheatre, Livery Street, Birmingham', Aris's Birmingham Gazette, 5 November 1787.
87. 'Equestrian Performances at the Botanic Garden, Leith Walk, Edinburgh', Caledonian Mercury, 19 July 1788.
88. 'Frederick Wilkinson's Sagacious Dog at Bathwick Fields, Bath', (Bath Chronicle and Weekly Gazette, 29 October 1789).
89. 'Pugilism at the Edinburgh Equestrian Circus', Caledonian Mercury, 3 March 1792.
90. 'Pony races at the Edinburgh Equestrian Circus', Caledonian Mercury, 6 February 1796.
91. 'Fireworks at Jones's Amphitheatre, Mr. Higgins's Livery Stable Yard, Oxford', Oxford Journal 7 May, 1796.
92. 'The Antipodean Whirligig at the Edinburgh Equestrian Circus', Caledonian Mercury, 21 January 1799.
93. Anon. The History and Comical Adventures of Harlequin and His Pleasing Companion Columbine (1790).
94. Nathaniel Wanley, The Wonders of the Little or Moral World: Or a General History of Man (London, c.1790), 115-117.
95. William Frederick Pinchbeck, Witchcraft or the Art of Fortune Telling Unveiled (Boston, 1805), 54-59.
96. Pierce Egan, 'Astley's Spanish Horse', in Sporting Anecdotes (London Sherwood, Jones and Co., 1825), 458.
Part 3. The Nineteenth-century Circus
3. 1 Circus Life
97. William Clarke, Every Night book: or Life after Dark (London: T. Richardson,1827), 22-24.
98. James Grant, The Great Metropolis Vol. 2 (London: Saunders and Otley, 1837) 77-80.
99. Henry Valentine, Behind the Curtain (London: G. F Frost, 1848?), 100-102.
100. Peter Paterson, Behind the Scenes or the Confessions of a Strolling Player (Edinburgh: D. Mathews, 1858), 89-97.
101. William F. Wallett, The Public Life of W. F. W., the Queen's Jester: An Autobiography, J. Luntley (ed.), (London: Bemrose and Sons, 1870), 86-94.
102. Charlie Keith, Circus Life and Amusements (Derby: Bewley and Roe, 1879), 5-10, 28-30.
103. Charles W. Montague, Recollections of an Equestrian Manager (London: W and R Chambers, 1881), 25-28.
104. 'Sanger's and Howes and Cushing's Circus', The Preston Chronicle, 18 June 1870.
105. Samuel Wild, The Original, Complete and Only Authentic Story of "Old Wild's:" ... a Nursery of Strolling Players ... Being the Reminiscences of Its Chief and Last Proprietor, "Sam" Wild. Edited by "Trim" [i.e. W. B. Megson]. Reprinted from the Halifax Courier (London: G. Vickers, 1888), 112-113, 189-195.
106. Whimsical Walker, [Thomas Henry Walker] From Sawdust to Windsor Castle (London: Stanley Paul, 1922), 8-10.
107. James Lloyd, My Circus Life, Etc. (London: Noel Douglas, 1925), 15-17, 20-23.
108. George Sanger, Seventy Years a Showman (London: J. M Dent, 1927), 181-190.
109. E. H. Bostock, Menageries, Circuses and Theatres (London: Chapman & Hall, 1927), 129-140.
3.2 Performances Explained
110. Charles Dickens, (ed.), 'The Trick of the Trapeze', All the Year Round, Vol. 8, No. 186, (Nov 15, 1862), 232-235.
111. George Forrest, 'The Trapeze- Single and Double', Every Boy's Magazine, 1 June, 1863, 360-370.
112. William Henry Cremer and Wiljalba Frikell, Magic No Mystery; Conjuring Tricks with Cards, Balls and Dice ... By the Author of "The Secret Out" [i.e. W. Frikell]. Edited by W. H. Cremer. With ... Illustrations. 1876, 45-47.
113. Percy Hetherington Fitzgerald, The World behind the Scenes (London: Chatto and Windus, 1881), 55-60.
114. Percy Hetherington Fitzgerald, Music Hall Land (London: Ward and Downey 1890), 49-50.
115. Chas E. Griffin, How to become a Contortionist or Bending Made Easy, by an old professional (New York, 1896).
116. Albert A. Hopkins, Magic Stage Illusions and Scientific Diversions (London: Sampson Low, Marston and Company, 1897), 139-163.
3.3 Risky Business & Representation: Aerial Performance
117. 'Leotard, The Flying Man', The Era.
118.'M Leotard, the Gymnast', The Field, 1 June 1861, 476.
119.'Lofty Tumbling', Chambers's Journal, 13 June 1861, 28-30.
120. Musicus, 'To the Editor', The Musical World, 22 March 1862, 186.
121. 'Amusements for the People', Tomahawk, 18 July 1868.
122. 'Royal Amphitheatre and Circus Advertisement', The Era, 1 March 1868.
123. 'Royal Amphitheatre', The Standard, 11 March 1868.
124.'Royal Amphitheatre', The Morning Post, 7 April 1868.
125. Advertisements, The Standard, 5 June 1868.
126. 'A New Lady Gymnast', The Era, 15 September 1878
127.'Leona-Dare at "The Oxford"', The Era, 6 October 1878
128. 'Summary of this Morning's News', Pall Mall Gazette, 14 March 1879.
129. 'Birmingham - Myers's Hippodrome', The Era, 25 Jan 1880
130.'Royal Aquarium', Morning Post, 12 March 1879
131. 'Westminster Aquarium', The Era, 16 March 1879
132.'Westminster Aquarium', Morning Post, 16 October 1883
133.'Amusements in Edinburgh - Moss's Varieties', The Era, 13 February 1892
134. 'The Empire Palace', Portsmouth Evening News, 10 October 1893
3.4 Children and the Circus
135. Ellen Barlee, 'Acrobats', in Pantomime Waifs; or, A Plea for our City Children (London: S.W. Partridge & Co, 1884), 111, 113-27.
136. Ellen Barlee, 'Appendix: Juvenile Acrobats', in Pantomime Waifs; A Plea for our City Children (London: S.W. Partridge & Co, 1884), 273-6.
137. Ellen Barlee, 'Theatres, Music-Halls, etc.', in Pantomime Waifs; A Plea for our City Children (London: S.W. Partridge & Co, 1884), 34-40.
138. 'Juggling', in Routledge's Book of the Circus (London: Routledge: 1892), 36-9.
139. Frances Stratton, Nan the Circus Girl (London: J.F. Shaw & Co, 1898), 11-16, 26-28, 33-36.
140. Kenneth Grahame, 'The Magic Ring', in Dream Days (London and New York: John Lane, The Bodley Head, 1899), 72-93.
141. Henry Camille Bordeaux, The House, trans. Louise S. Houghton (London: J.M. Dent & Sons, 1916), 228-234.
142. An Act to regulate the Employment of Children in places of amusement in certain cases, 24th July 1879 (The Children's Dangerous Performances Act, 1879)
143. An Act for the Prevention of Cruelty to, and better Protection of Children, Child Protection Act, 1889 (The Children's Charter)
144. An Act to extend the Age under which the Employment of young persons in dangerous Performances is prohibited, 6th August 1897.
3.5 Menageries, Exotic Animals, and Horses
145. Isaac Van Amburgh, 'Van Amburgh's Magnificent Collection of Trained Animals', A Concise Account Interspersed with Anecdotes of Mr. Van Amburgh's Celebrated Collection of Trained Animals, etc (London: J. W. Peel, 1841), 3-12.
146. Peter Hanley, Random Recollections of the Stage. By an Old Playgoer (London, Diprose and Bateman, 1883), 38-40.
147. Charles Frederick Holder, 'Jumbo', in The Ivory King (London: Sampson Low & Co, 1886), 64-68.
148. Frank C. Bostock, 'Origin and History of Wild Animal Training', in The Training of Wild Animals (New York: The Century Co, 1903), 23-33.
149. Carl Hagenbeck, 'Training Wild Animals', in Beasts and Men: Being Carl Hagenbeck's Experiences for Half a Century among Wild Animals (New York: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1909), 118, 121-26, 129-30, 133-36, 139-40, 143-46.
150. Mixed Species Act with tigers, lions, polar bears and brown bears. German, late-nineteenth/early-twentieth century. (Image)
151. 'Lord' George Sanger, 'How Buck-Jumping Horses are Trained', in Seventy Years a Showman (London: J.M. Dent & Sons, 1927), 192-94.
152. A. H. Kober, Circus Nights and Circus Days, extracts from the diary of a circus man, trans. Claud W. Sykes (London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co 1931), 154-164.
153. An Act to regulate the Exhibition and Training of Performing Animals, 30 June 1925.
3.6 Patents
154. 1869, No. 447. Walking on Ceilings, etc. Patent lodged by Alfred Walter Taylor.
155. 1877, No. 4587. Appliance for Theatrical or Gymnastic Performance. This is Farini's second, improved patent for firing performers out of a canon.
156. 1882, No. 753. Travelling Building for a Circus. Patent lodged by Charles Henry Keith.
157. 1890, No. 9047. Apparatus for Producing Nautical or Aquatic Scenes in Circus Arenas, Theatres, and the like. Patent lodged by Albert Henry Hengler.
158. 1891, No. 2041. Improvements in and relating to Bicycles (patent filed by Nicholas Edward Kaufmann).
159. 1892, No. 8708. A New or Improved Gymnastic Apparatus (velocipede/bicycle on rope /wire with trapeze). Patent lodged by Cornelius Latelle and Richard Latelle.
160. 1892, No. 11,675. Apparatus for use in Performances of Physical Strength and Endurance. Patent lodged by George Mulhall, otherwise known as George Testo.
Bibliography
Index
Volume II: Circus in North America
Acknowledgments
General Introduction
Volume II Introduction
Part 1. Origins & Impresarios
1. Letter, George Washington to Samuel and Elizabeth Willing Powel, 24 April 1793.
2. 'New-York, May 15', Federal Gazette (Philadelphia), 17 May 1793, p. 2.
3. Excerpts from the papers of Benjamin Franklin Brown (1830s), The John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art, Circus Museum.
4. 'The Traveling Circus', excerpt from The Life of P.T. Barnum (New York: Redfield, 1855), pp. 177-178.
5. 'A New Circus', The New York Herald, 31 May 1846, p. 3.
6. 'Circus for Sale', The New York Herald, 27 August 1846, p. 3.
7. 'Spalding & Rogers' Circus Fleet', Gallipolis Journal, 17 June 1852, p. 3.
8. 'P.T. Barnum's Grand Colossal Museum and Menagerie', The Evening Post (Cleveland), August 6, 1852, p. 3.
9. The Great Exhibitions of Van Amburgh, Den Stone, and Tyler, Three Distinct Features in One Entertainment (1855). The John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art, Tibbals Circus Collection Booklet Inventory, Box 10, Folder 19.
10. 'Spalding & Rogers' New Railroad Circus', Springfield Daily Republican, 7 May 1856, p. 4.
11. The Great National Circus under the direction of Mrs. Chas Warner formerly Mrs. Dan Rice (1864), The John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art, Tibbals Circus Collection Booklet Inventory, Box 26, Folder 11. Excerpt
12. 'Castello's Circus', Deseret Evening News (Salt Lake City), 30 June 1869, p. 3.
13. 'Forepaugh As He Was', The Philadelphia Inquirer, 26 January 1890, p. 7.
14. 'A Caesar Among Showmen', The New York Times, 19 April 1891, p. 20.
15. W. C. Coup, 'How Barnum Circus was Started', New York Clipper, 16 May 1891, p. 169.
16. 'The Circus Trust', The Indianapolis Journal, 16 July, 1899, p. 3.
17. 'Story of the Ringling Brothers: Starting as Boys with a Penny Circus and Creating the Largest Show in the World', in The Circus Annual Season 1903 A Route Book of Ringling Brothers' World's Greatest Shows (1903), The John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art, Circus Museum.
18. 'Four Generations of a Family', The Billboard, 7 December 1901, p. 16.
Part 2: The Circus as Business
2.1 Business & Logistics
19. Tony Parker (J.B. Agler, clown), On the Road with a Wagon Show: Fifty-Three Years (1910), p.14. The John & Mable Ringling Museum of Art, Sarasota, Florida, Stuart Thayer Collection.
20. Letter, H.W. Franklin to John Center, August 11, 1857, in Albert Dressler (ed.), California's Pioneer Circus (San Francisco: H.S. Crocker), 1926, p. 69.
21. 'S.P. Stickney & Sons' World's Circus', The Montreal Star, Thursday, 14 May 1874, p. 3.
22. 'Montague vs. Forepaugh, etc.', New York Clipper, 17 February 1883, p. 782.
23. 'Sheriff's Sale', Garnett Journal-Plaindealer (Kansas),12 October 12, 1883, p. 5.
24. 'The Circus Sale', Garnett Journal-Plaindealer (Kansas), 21 December 1883, p. 1.
25. 'Circus Privileges', Morning Journal and Courier (Connecticut), 6 March 1884, p. 1.
26. Charles Ringling journal, 1884, excerpt, The John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art, Circus Museum.
27. 'Incendiary', The Boston Globe, 22 November 1887, p. 1.
28. 'Short Notes', Appleton Post (Wisconsin), 8 August 1889, p. 3, and
29. 'Eph Williams' Famous Troubadours', The Freeman, 12 February 1910, p. 6.
30. 'How a Circus is Run', New York Tribune, 22 March 1891, p. 16.
31. 'A City Built in Two Hours', Philadelphia Inquirer, 21 April 1895, p. 25.
32. 'With a Circus in Mexico: A Kansas City Man Tells of the Amusement Enterprise in the Republic', The Kansas City Star, 1 March 1900, p. 8.
33. 'Lighting a Circus', Electrical World and Engineer, 23 May 1903, p. 904.
2.2 Corporate Circus
34. Articles of Agreement, Spalding, Rogers, & Barnum, reprinted in New York Daily Herald, 24 March 1856, p. 1.
35. Letter, P.T. Barnum to W.C. Coup, 8 October 1870.
36. Greatest Show on Earth Correspondence, Nathans, Bailey, & P.T. Barnum, 1870s.
37. Barnum, Bailey, & Hutchinson Partnership Agreement, 26 August 1880.
38. 'The Forepaugh Show Sold: Now There Will Be an Aggregation of Circus-Ring Talent', The New York Times, 14 January 1892, p. 1.
39. 'What! No Peanuts? Can It Be Circus?', Chicago Inter-Ocean, 23 March 1906, p. 12.
40. Otto Ringling letter in support of purchase of Barnum & Bailey show, 1907, Illinois State University Special Collections, Milner Library.
41. James L. Hoff, 'Status of the Barnum & Bailey Show' The Billboard, 26 October 1907, p. 5.
42. 'Circus Men May Form an Anti-Trust League', Nebraska City News Press, 20 June 1907, p. 4.
2.3 Labor
43. 'Little Ones on Bicycles: The Exhibition at Barnum's Circus Not Interrupted', The New York Times, 31 March 1883, p. 2.
44. 'Season of 1894, Casualties: Health', Official Route Book of the Adam Forepaugh Shows: Presenting a Complete Chronicle of Interesting Events and Happenings and Valuable Data, for the Season of 1894, Circus World Museum (Baraboo, Wisconsin).
45. 'Too Much Prosperity Hurt the Big Circus', Washington Times Herald, 8 November 1903, p. 21.
46. 'Circus Musicians Go on Strike for Wages', The Plain Speaker (PA), 26 June 1905, p. 1.
47. Telegram from Francis B. Loomis to Theodore Roosevelt, 27 August 1905, Theodore Roosevelt Papers, Library of Congress Manuscript Division.
48. Letter from William F. Cody to Joseph T. McCaddon, 25 May 1907, Buffalo Bill Center of the West (Cody, Wyoming).
49. Cole Brothers Sign Circus Agreement, Show World, 16 January 1909, p. 16.
2.4 Brand & Marketing
50. Broadside, '$1,500,000 in Challenges - P.T. Barnum to the Public', 7 April 1873, Barnum Museum 2016.036.001 (Bridgeport, Connecticut)
51. 'The Advance Department', in Route Book of Cooper, Bailey & Company's Great London Circus, Sanger's British Menagerie, International Allied Shows, for the Season of 1879, p.4, John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art, Circus Museum, Route Books.
52. 'Their Scheme', Life, 26 June 1884, p. 364.
53. '"Freaks" are not Freaks', Chicago Tribune, 11 February 1899, p. 10.
54. 'Injunction Served on a Show Manager', Rochester Democrat and Chronicle, 25 August 1900, p. 9.
55. Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Co., 188 U.S. 239 (1903), pp. 239-253.
56. Paul Latzke, 'Fortunes and Freaks in Advertising: When the Circus Comes to Town', Saturday Evening Post, 22 August 1903, pp. 4-5.
57. 'Men in Barking Business are Paid Large Salaries', The Elyria Reporter, 18 December 1905, p. 4.
58. Circus Billers are Victorious in Sport, Show World, June 19, 1909, p. 13.
59. Louis E. Cooke and R.M. Harvey, 'Handling the Advance', The Billboard, April 15, 1911, pp. 7, 72.
Part 3. Circus Acts
60. 'Ricketts' Equestrian Circus', The Philadelphia Inquirer, 7 October 1794, p. 3.
61. 'Lailson's Circus', Porcupine's Gazette (Philadelphia), 18 July 1797.
62. 'New Pavilion Arena', Daily National Intelligencer and Washington Express, 20 April 1846, p. 4.
63. 'An Exciting Scene: M. Blondin's Feat at Niagara Falls', The New York Times, 4 July 1859, p. 3.
64. 'A Phenomenon on Horseback', New York Tribune, 27 January 1860, p. 5.
65. 'Zampillarrostation', New York Daily Tribune, 5 December 1861, p. 7.
66. 'Amusements: Theatrical: Academy of Music - Leotard', The New York Times, 30 October 1868, p. 7.
67. Tony Denier, How to Join the Circus and Gymnasium (New York: Happy Hours Co., 1877), excerpt.
68. Letter, P.T. Barnum to George Starr regarding Zazel, 1889.
69. 'A Famous Equestrienne', St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 27 August 1880, p. 7.
70. 'Walking on the Ceiling Head Down', Scientific American, 5 July 1890, p. 8.
71. 'Peeps Under the Big Tent. Glimpses at Some of the Barnum and Bailey Performers', Brooklyn Daily Times, April 30, 1896.
72. 'Brilliant Spectacle to be Seen in Boston after a Five Years' Tour of Europe', The Boston Globe, 6 June 1903, p. 5.
73. 'Circo "Orrin"', El Mundo Ilustrado, 4 February 1906 (year 13, vol. 1, no. 6), np.
74. 'L'Auto Bolide', Seattle Sunday Times magazine section, 13 August 1905, p.3.
75. 'Wonderful Strong Woman a Model of Grace and Beauty', La Grande Observer (Oregon), 20 August 1912, p. 6.
Part 4. Allied Arts & Spectacle
4.1 Variable Bodies & Sideshow
76. 'The Siamese Twins', The North Star (Vermont), 4 May 1835, p. 1.
77. 'The Bearded Lady from Switzerland', Barnum's American Museum playbill, 9 July 1853.
78. Hybrid Indian!, the misnomered bear woman, Julia Pastrana (Concord, NH: Steam Job Press of McFarland & Jenks, 1855)
79. Sketch of the Life, Personal Appearance, Character and Manners of Charles S. Stratton (New York: Press of Wynkoop & Hallenbeck, 1863), excerpt.
80. 'Barnum's New York Museum Collection of Living Wonders', Titusville Herald (Pennsylvania), 29 April 1868, p. 3.
81. A wonderful book. The lives of three very remarkable persons; Mr. John Battersby, skeleton, Mrs. Hannah Battersby, mammoth lady, Zanobia, the renowned African fan cannibal child (Philadelphia: np, 1871).
82. 'The Wild Men of Borneo', The Crescent (S. Carolina), 19 April 1877, p. 1.
83. 'Wild Men of Borneo', Brooklyn Times-Union, 19 April 1877, p. 3.
84. Biography of Myrtle Corbin, the four-legged girl (New York: New York Popular Publishing Co., 1881).
85. 'Freak in Side Show Tells of Circus Life', Saint Paul Globe, 21 August 1904, p. 20.
4.2 Spectacle
86. 'Perilous Descent in a Balloon', York Gazette (Pennsylvania), 28 August 1838, p. 1.
87. 'Welch, Delavan & Nathan's National Circus', Wheeling Times and Advertiser, 25 April 1848, p. 3.
88. Circular Letter, P.T. Barnum, 9 August 1882.
89. The Beautiful Oriental Pageant of Lalla Rookh', The North Missouri Register, 1 September 1882, p. 3.
90. 'Real Black Tent of Startling Mysteries', in Courier: The Barnum and Bailey 15 New United Shows for Monday, 22 April 1889, p. 8. [IMAGE]
91. 'The Barnum and Bailey Greatest Show on Earth, With Imre Kiralfy's Nero, or; The Destruction of Rome', The Sun (New York), 6 April 1890, p. 26.
92. 'The Circus Napoleon', Evening Standard (Kansas), 30 April 1891, p. 3
93. '1776 - The American Revolution!', The Cincinnati Post, 1 May 1893, p. 2. (excerpt from ad, THE ADAM FOREPAUGH SHOWS: Circus, Menagerie, Hippodrome, Grand Horse Fair!)
94. 'Our Electric Light', poster for Great London Circus, Sanger's Royal British Menagerie Consolidation with Cooper, Bailey & Co.'s Great International Allied Shows (1879). [IMAGE]
95. 'A Genuine Novelty', The Minneapolis Daily Times, 25 February 1894, p. 9.
96. 'There Can Be Only One Like This', Rough Rider Annual, 1902.
97. Chauncey Yellow Robe, 'The Indian and the Wild West Show', Society of American Indians Quarterly Journal, January-March 1914, pp. 39-40.
4.3 Menageries & Performing Animals
98. 'The Elephant', Philadelphia Daily Advertiser, 25 January 1797, p. 1.
99. 'Exhibition of Living Animals', Charleston Daily Courier, 5 March 1808, p. 1.
100. 'Now or Never', The Richmond Enquirer, 3 May 1808, p. 1.
101. A Brief Biographical Sketch of I. A. Van Amburgh, and an Illustrated and Descriptive History of the Animals Contained in the Menagerie, by O.J. Ferguson (date unknown), excerpt .
102. 'Thrilling Incident at the Menagerie', St. Joseph Gazette (Missouri), 17 November 1848, p. 2.
103. 'Mr. Barnum Does It', Morning Journal-Courier (Connecticut), 21 April 1880, p. 1.
104. 'The Elephants Cross the Bridge', The New York Times, 18 May 1884, p. 2.
105. 'Playing With Snakes', South-Western Presbyterian, 14 June 1883, p. 6.
106. 'Forepaugh & Sells Bros.' Circuses', The Portland Daily Press, 3 June 1899, p. 3.
107. 'Captain Woodward's Trained Sea Lions', in Forepaugh-Sells courier, 30 October 1901.
108. 'Adgie in a Den of Playful Lions', The Omaha Daily News (Nebraska) 22 April 1901, p. 5.
109. 'A Notable Enterprise', The Billboard, 23 March 1901, v.13, i.12, p. 22.
110. 'City News', Franklin's Paper The Statesman, 6 July 1906, np.
Part 5. Audience Experience & Material Culture
111. A Law for Suppressing of Mountebanks (1773), Acts and Laws of the State of Connecticut, in America (New London: Timothy Green, 1784), p. 161.
112. The Circus (Philadelphia: American Sunday-School Union, 1857).
113. 'Grand Forest City Circus', Catoctin Clarion (Maryland), 3 August 1872, p. 3.
114. 'Lincoln Attends a Circus', in T.G. Onstot, Pioneers of Menard & Mason Counties (Forest City, Illinois: T.G. Onstot, 1902), Chapter III, pp. 46-50.
115. 'Amusements: Great Crowd at John Robinson's Circus', Birmingham Post-Herald, 6 November 1886, P. 4.
116. 'Making War on Tights', The Atlanta Journal, 16 March 1897, p. 9.
117. 'Yesterday's Big Circus', The New Haven Journal-Courier, 4 May 1900, p. 8.
118. 'Circus Women a Credit to Their Calling and an Honor to Their Sex', Marion Daily Chronicle, 13 August 1902, p. 7.
119. The Barnum & Bailey Greatest Show on Earth: The Mathews Sisters, Female Jesters Together with Miss Dunbar the Lady Ring-Master, Strobridge Lithographing Company, 1896.
120. 'The Passing of the Girl in Tights', San Francisco Call, 3 September 1905, p. 3.
121. 'A Circus Minus Gauze and Spangles', Buffalo Evening News, 27 March 1907, p. 9.
122. 'Perry Great and His Show Good', The Eureka Herald (Kansas), 14 January 1909, p.1.
123. 'Lowery's Minstrels, the Best Under Canvas', Indianapolis Freeman, 31 May 1913, p. 6.
124. George Conklin, The Ways of the Circus: Being the Memories and Adventures of George Conklin, Tamer of Lions, (New York: Harper, 1921), pp. 228-232.
125. C.G. Sturtevant, 'Circus Band Music', The Billboard, 19 March 1927, p. 94.
126. 'Young America Will Be Out in Force Today', The Arizona New Republican, 21 September 1914, p. 10.
Bibliography
Index
Volume 3: The Circus in Australia
Acknowledgments
General Introduction
Introduction to Volume 3
Part 1. Australian Circus Foundations, 1833-51
1.1 Early Innovations
1. 'The Amphitheatre', Moreton Bay Courier (Brisbane), 1 May 1847, 2.
2.'Circus Royal of Tasmania', Colonial Times (Hobart Town), 3 November 1848, 3.
3. 'Australian tightrope dancer', Courier (Hobart Town), 18 November 1848, 2.
4. 'Circus, Little Bourke Street', Port Phillip Gazette & Settler's Journal (Melbourne), 5 June 1849, 5.
5. John Askew, A Voyage to Australia and New Zealand (London: Simpkin Marshall and Co., 1857), 105-06.
6. 'Circus Royal of Tasmania', Hobarton Guardian, or, True Friend of Tasmania, 4 October 1848, 2.
7. 'Circus Royal', Hobarton Guardian, or, True Friend of Tasmania, 7 October 1848, 3.
8.'The Amphitheatre', Cornwall Chronicle (Launceston), 15 February 1851, 99.
1.2 Luigi Dalle Case & his Foreign Gymnastic Company, 1841-43
9. 'Royal Victoria Theatre', Sydney Gazette & New South Wales Advertiser, 21 August 1841, 3.
10. 'Request For permissn. to erect Gymnasium', 1841.
11. 'The Olympic', Australian (Sydney), 29 January 1842, 2.
12. 'Signor Dalle Case', Cornwall Chronicle (Launceston), 4 March 1843, 2.
1.3 Radford's Royal Circus, 1847-48
13. Radford's licence application 'for the public Exhibition of Horsemanship', 1847.
14. 'Christmas Time', Cornwall Chronicle (Launceston), 25 December 1847, 2.
15. 'The Circus', Cornwall Chronicle (Launceston), 26 January 1848, 2.
16. 'The Circus', Courier (Hobart Town), 5 April 1848, 2.
17. 'The Circus', Hobart Town Advertiser, 8 September 1848, 2.
18. 'Radford's Circus', Cornwall Chronicle (Launceston), 5 August 1848, 3.
1.4 Edward (Hughes) La Rosiere & John Jones, 1850-51
19. Jones, request for a license to hold a circus of horsemanship, 1850.
20. Rosier request for a license to hold a circus of horsemanship,1850.
21. 'Royal Australian Equestrian Circus', Sydney Morning Herald, 15 October 1850, 1.
22. 'Royal Australian Circus', Sydney Morning Herald, 24 December 1850, 1.
23 'The Circus', Sydney Morning Herald, 21 January 1851, 1.
24. 'Mr Jones' Benefit', Sydney Morning Herald, 1 March 1851, 1.
Part 2. Australian Circus Life
2.1 Indigenous Performers
25. Aboriginal Protection Act, Victoria, 1869, 33 Vic c. 3.
26. 'Old Billy Jones', Bulletin (Sydney), 9 March 1895, 9.
27. 'The Australian black ... Little Alick', Illustrated Sydney News, 23 June 1855, 71.
28. 'Death', Illawarra Mercury (Wollongong), 7 July 1856, 6.
29. 'Serious Accident at Greta', Newcastle Morning Herald & Miners' Advocate, 17 August 1896, 4.
30. 'Inquest', Newcastle Morning Herald & Miners' Advocate, 20 August 1896, 8.
31. 'Alick, the aboriginal', Bulletin (Sydney), 10 October 1896, 12.
2.2 Social conditions
32. 'Monster Public Meeting of the Balaarat Diggers', Banner (Melbourne), 25 November 1853, 10.
33. 'Clermont, Peak Downs', Australian Town & Country Journal, 3 May 1873, 16.
34. Mary Salmon, 'An Old-Time Circus', Australian Town & Country Journal, 3 August, 34.
35. Te Whero, 'A Morning in a Circus Tent: 'Behind the Scenes' at Fitzgerald's Show',
Sydney Mail & New South Wales Advertiser, 26 April 1905, 1055.
2.3 Daily routines
36. Onlooker, 'Spangles & Sawdust: A Chronicle of Colonial Circus Life', Theatre: An Illustrated Theatrical Journal, (Sydney),
No. 1, 2 December 1907, 12-14
No. 2, 2 January 1908, 12-13
No. 3, 1 February 1908, 12
No. 4, 2 March 1908, 8-9
No. 5, 1 April 1908, 11
No. 6, 1 May 1908, 10
No. 7, 1 June 1908, 16-17
No. 8, 1 July 1908, 16-17
No. 9, 1 August 1908, 14-15
No. 10, 1 October 1908, 14-15
No. 11, 1 December 1908, 15-16.
2.4 Memorials
37. 'Wide Bay and Burnett Districts', Brisbane Courier, 31 January 1889, 3.
38. 'A King of the Ring', Port Fairy Gazette, 24 April 1900, 3.
39. 'Personal', Age (Melbourne), 16 April 1903, 5.
40. 'At Poverty Point', Bulletin, 16 May 1903, 30.
41. 'Death of Dan Fitzgerald, The Great Circus Proprietor', Catholic Press, 8 February 1906, 22.
2. 5 Children and the Circus
42. 1887 Neglected Children's Act, Victoria (excerpt)
43. 1890 Infant Life Protection Act, Victoria (excerpt).
44. 1892 NSW Child Protection Act, (excerpt)
45. Obit, Mrs. Ellen R. Dowd (Nellie Ridgway), Nambour Chronicle and North Coast Advertiser (Queensland), 26 December 1952, 7.
46. The Stage (UK), 22 February 1884, 3.
47. 'Ridgway's Pavilion', The Daily Telegraph (Sydney), 20 September 1886, 7.
48. 'Ridgeway's Circus', The Argus (Melbourne), 1 November 1886, 6.
49. 'Ridgway's Pavilion of Varieties'' Melbourne Punch, 16 December 1886, 8.
50. 'Ridgway's Pavilion of Varieties', Hamilton Spectator, 27 January 1887, 3.
51. Contract for Ernest McMurtry (a.k.a. Ernie Shand), apprenticed to the FitzGerald Brothers' Circus, 1894.
52. 'Hobart Police Court', Launceston Examiner, 5 January 1889, 3.
53. 'Experiences of A Circus Boy', Argus, 27 November 1891, 10.
54. 'Alleged Cruelty to a Child', Sydney Morning Herald, 1 August 1893, 3.
55. 'FitzGerald Bros.' New Circus: Interesting Chat with their Right-Hand Man', (excerpt), New Zealand Mail, 21 March 1901, 30.
56. Con Colleano, typescript memoir (excerpt), c. 1941.
Part 3. Australian Circus Business
3.1 Business Conditions
57. 'Ten Mile Creek', Albury Banner & Wodonga Express, 14 October 1871, 14.
58. 'St Leon's Circus Troupe', Gundagai Times & Tumut, Adelong and Murrumbidgee District Advertiser, 20 December 1878, 2.
59. 'Under the Tents: Capt. Jack Sutton, writing from Hawera', New York Clipper, 12 June 1897, 235.
3.2 Financial management
60. Theatre Royal, Sydney - miscellaneous papers, together with some papers of Samuel Lazar, ca. 1864-1895, Theatrical Receipts & c, Mitchell Library, Sydney, A 652: The Asiatic Circus Troupe, Receipts March 3-9, 1875, 7; March 10-13, 1875, 6; March 15-20, 1875, 5; March 22-27, 1875, 4; March 29-April 5, 1875, unpaginated.
61. 'Running a Circus', Referee (Sydney), 30 January 1907, 12.
62. Charles Owen Peart, contract to perform with the FitzGerald Brothers' Circus, 1895.
3.3 Law & Order
63. 'To the Editor', Geelong Advertiser & Intelligencer, 19 August 1852, 2.
64. 'Amusements at the Diggings', Bell's Life in Sydney and Sporting Reviewer, 30 April 1853, 1.
65. 'Supreme Court. New Court. Sitting at Nisi Prius, Friday, 11th May 1855. Before His Honour Mr Justice Barry and Special Juries of Four; Berg v. Lewis', Argus (Melbourne), 14 May 1855, 6.
66. 'To the Editor', Cornwall Chronicle (Launceston), 9 January 1864, 5.
67. 'St Leon's Circus Company', Wagga Wagga Advertiser, 20 February 1878, 2.
Part 4. Visitors from Overseas
4.1 Worrell and Gardner North American Circus
68. Worrell & Gardiner North American Circus Company seeking renewal of a theatrical licence to operate in the Colony of Victoria, 1860.
4.2 Cooke Zoyara and Wilson's World Circus
69. 'Cooke, Zoyara, and Wilson's Mammoth Circus', Sydney Mail, March 10, 1866, 2.
70. 'Mr James Cooke, of the World Circus', Illustrated Sydney News, March 16, 1866, 4.
71. Tom Cringle, Ella Zoyara, The Beautiful; The Fairy of the Magic Ring (Melbourne: Clarson, Massina, & Co, 1866).
72. 'The Ella Zoyara Hoax', Mount Alexander Mail (Victoria), July 23, 1870, 3.
73. 'Mummer Memoirs', Truth (Perth), 26 November 1910, 6.
4.3 Chiarini's Royal Italian Circus
74. 'Chiarini's Royal Italian Circus', Sydney Morning Herald, June 18, 1873, 5.
75. Chiarini Silk program, Haymarket Reserve, June 11, 1880.
76. Program, Chiarini's Royal Italian Circus and Performing Animals, Sydney, 1884.
77. Letter, Chiarini to Sydney City Council, inviting Mayor and Aldermen to the circus for a special performance in their honour. 1880
78. Letter, from Chiarini's agent, Guilo Agrati, to Sydney City Council, requesting reduction in rent, c. 9-17 June 1880.
79. Chiarini in New Zealand, 1879 (image).
80. Selection of brief newspaper articles, Chiarini's in New Zealand 1879-1880.
4.4 Cooper and Bailey (US)
81. 'The Australian Tour of Cooper, Bailey and Co's great International Allied Shows 1877'.
82. 'The Circus Procession', The Herald (Melbourne), January 18, 1877, p. 3.
83. 'Cooper and Bailey's Menagerie and Circus', Argus (Melbourne), January 9, 1877, 6.
84. Letter to the Chief Commissioner of Police, Melbourne, March 6, 1877, about loading/embarking animals, and paraphernalia at the Queen's Wharf, Melbourne
85. Cooper and Bailey accounts, tour of 1876-77.
86. Letters of thanks to Cooper, Bailey & Co. from the Mayor and clergy in Auckland
4.5. Harmstons from The East
87. Harmston's Grand Circus & Royal Menagerie program, New Zealand, 1898.
88. Announcement of 'arrangement' between Harmston's and FitzGerald's circuses, Sydney Morning Herald, November 27, 1897, 10.
89. 'Harmston's Circus', pre-show announcement, Age, December 8, 1897, 5.
90. 'Harmstons' Circus' (review), Age, December 15, 1897, 5.
4.6 Frank Fillis Circus from South Africa
91. 'Sawdust and Spangles: Some Sketches of Circus Life', Illustrated Sydney News, January 21, 1893, 18.
92. 'Arrival of the Innaminka', Express and Telegraph (Adelaide), March 17, 1893, 2.
93. 'Mr F. E. Fillis: An Interesting Interview', Express and Telegraph (Adelaide), March 18, 1893, 6.
94. 'Fillis's Circus: The Water Pantomime', Express and Telegraph (Adelaide), March 30, 1893, 4.
4.7 Herbert Family case study
95. Te Whero (pseud.), 'A Morning in a Circus Tent: 'Behind the Scenes' at FitzGerald's show', Sydney Mail and New South Wales Advertiser, April 26, 1905, 1055.
96. 'The English Circus', Launceston Examiner, June 18, 1880, 2.
97. 'A Peep at the Shows', Queensland Figaro (Brisbane), March 24, 1883, 7.
98. John D. FitzGerald, 'The Fitz-Gerald Brothers' Circus: a narrative of adventure, of picturesque incident, and of Australian pluck and enterprise', unpublished MS, 51-53.
99. John D. FitzGerald, 'The Fitz-Gerald Brothers' Circus', unpublished MS, 61.
100. 'Ridgway's Circus', Age (Melbourne), November 1, 1886, 5.
101. 'The Three-in-One Circus', Western Star and Roma Advertiser, May 2, 1888, 2.
102. 'World's Circus', Sydney Morning Herald (advertisement), December 15, 1888, 2.
103. 'Sells' Circus: The Opening Night', Australian Star (Sydney), November 20, 1891. 7.
4.8 The Wild West Show in Australia
104. 'Harmston's Wild West Show and Circus', Queensland Times, Ipswich Herald and General Advertiser, February 17, 1891, 3.
105. 'Wirth's Wild West Show', Auckland Star, September 26, 1890, 2.
106. 'Wirth Bros.' Wild West Show', Express and Telegraph (Adelaide) December 18, 1890, 4.
107. 'The Noble Red Man: American Indians before the courts. Deserted and Desperate," Australian Star, July 23, 1891, 5.
108. 'Dr. Carver's "Wild" America', Sydney Mail and New South Wales Advertiser, 7 February 7, 1891, 314.
109. 'Alexandra Theatre - The Scout', review of the show, produced by Dr. Carver, Alfred Dampier and Garnet Walch, Age, May 12, 1891, 6.
110. Wild Australia, program, Festival of Empire, Crystal Palace, London, 1911.
111. 'Wild Australia', Sporting Life (London), May 22, 1911
112. Wild Australia (Image)
Part 5. Australian Artistes Overseas
5.1 James [Munro] Melville
113. 'The Circus', Moreton Bay Courier (Brisbane), 22 December 1855, 2.
114. 'The Circus', Nashville Daily Union, 25 March 1864, 3.
115. 'Training a Circus Rider: Reminiscences of a Veteran in the Ring', New York Times, 17 February 1881, 3.
116. 'Deaths in the Profession', New York Clipper, 26 November 1892, 611.
117. 'Vaudeville', Sioux City Journal, 29 November 1908, 18.
5.2 Ella Zuila & George Loyal
118. 'Theatre Royal', Evening Journal [Adelaide], 23 January 1869, 2.
119. 'The Loyals', Telegraph [Brisbane], 9 February 1874, 3.
120. 'Shot from a Cannon', New York Clipper, 26 July 1879, 142.
121. 'Arrested in Her Airy Flight', Richmond Dispatch [Virginia], 25 August 1879, 3.
122. 'An Interview with Ella Zuila', Era [London], 6 May 1893, 16.
5.3 Alfred St Leon & Family
123. 'Under the Tents', New York Clipper, 21 May 1898, 196.
124. 'Features at St Leon's Circus', Spokane Chronicle, 6 October 1898, 7.
125. 'How I Train My Trick Horses for Daring Feats in the Circus Ring', San Francisco Examiner, 4 June 1899, 31.
126. 'The Reigning Equestrienne of the World ... La Belle Leona', Forepaugh & Sells Brothers Enormous United Shows, St Louis (Missouri), Courier dated 20 April 1903.
127. 'Notes from the Great Wm. P. Hall Shows', New York Clipper, 15 July 1905, 535.
128. 'Pubillones', Diario de la Marina (Havana), 9 November 1906, 6.
5.4 The Wirth circuses, world tours, 1888-1900
129. Extracts from 'Under the Big Top: The Life Story of George Wirth, Circus Proprietor', a series published in Life (Sydney), 1933.
Bibliography
Index
Volume IV: Circus in India
Acknowledgments
General Introduction
Introduction to Volume IV
Part 1. The First Touring Indian Artists- The Jugglers, Tamers, and Wrestlers
1. 'Engraving of Indian jugglers Mooty and Madua Samme performing the Chinese stick play', Prague, c. 1822.
2. 'Ramo Samee at Royal Coburg Theatre', juggler, Handbill, 1821.
3. 'The Celebrated Indian Jugglers and Theatrical Performers, For One Night Only (Australia)', Handbill, 1852.
4. 'Wonder of Wonders Rowe's American Circus- Indian Jugglers', Argus (Melbourne), May 21, 1853, p. 8.
5. W.A.C., 'Journal of a Trip to Melbourne', South Australian Advertiser (Adelaide, SA:1858-1889), January 30, 1861, p. 3
6. 'Ancient Indian Jugglers', Star (Ballarat, Victoria), August 3, 1861, p1.
7. 'Indian Juggling - Once a Week', Victorian Farmers Journal and Gardner's Chronicle (Melbourne), May 18, 1861, p604.
8. 'Death Transcription of Mahomet Cassim', NSW Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages, May 29, 1863
9. 'Indian Juggler Tricks', Darlings Down Gazette (Qld.), September 10, p. 1.
10. H. Dutt, Lieut. Suresh Biswas. His Life and Adventures (Calcutta: P. C. Dass, 1899), pp. 114-117.
11. William Hazlitt, 'Indian Jugglers', Table Talk- Essays on Men and Manners, 1828.
12. 'Wirth's Circus', Kapunda Herald (South Australia), September 2,1904, p. 5.
13. 'Bilby's Circus', Hamilton Spectator (Victoria), October 14, 1912, p. 4.
14. 'Wirth's Circus', The Sydney Morning Herald, April 5, 1927, p. 12
Part 2. Traveling Artists from Asia
15. 'Che-Mah, the Chinese Dwarf', Childhood and Education, 1882
16. 'Carl Hagenbeck's Ceylonese Exhibition in Islington', poster, 1886
17. 'Article 14- No Title', Ceylon Village in Manchester, The Times of India, May 12, 1886, p. 5.
18. 'Tannaker's Great Japanese Entertainment', poster, 1886.
19. 'Repatriation of certain Burmese jugglers alleged to have been deserted at Liverpool in a destitute condition', Government Record, National Archives of India, 1898.
20. 'The Barnum and Bailey: Supreme Pageant Aladin and His Wonderful Land', poster, Collection of the John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art Tibbals Collection, 1917.
21. 'Bertram Mills' Circus: Scottish Tour Inaugurated in Edinburgh, A Wonderful Show', Linlithgowshire Gazette, July 5, 1935, p. 6.
22. 'Moving a Tented Town', The Evening Telegraph, July 23, 1935, p. 2.
23. 'The Big Top at Kirkclady: Bertram Mills' Circus', The Fife Free Press. July 20, 1935, p. 2.
Part 3. Precarious Conditions of Indian Artists in Foreign Lands and a Public Outcry
24. 'Distressed Indians in the South of France; lately employed in a circus as acrobats', British Library Archives. Collection Indian Office Records and Private Papers.
25. 'Proposed Removal of Quarantine by Egypt against arrival of artists from Madras', Government Record, National Archives of India, 1892.
26. 'Removal of Quarantine by Egypt against arrival of artists from Madras', Government Record, National Archives of India, 1892.
27. 'Passport granted to Babu Jogendra Nath Paul, and thirty-one members of the Great Indian, Circus, proceeding to Java', Government Record, National Archives of India, 1897.
28. Native jugglers, dancers, and circus attendants prohibited from embarking from Bombay for any country out of British India', Telegrams and Memorandum by the Commissioner of Bombay, Government Record, National Archives of India, 1900.
29. 'Letter from British Embassy, Berlin with Memorandum regarding Travelling Indian Showmen engaged by Mr. John Hagenbeck, Berlin. With enclosure of particulars of passports of Indian troupe touring Germany, including children and adults', National Archives of India, 1926.
30. 'Making Show of Indians, German's Exploit, Pampering Morbid Taste, Protest Unheeded', Forward, August 2, 1926.
31. 'India misrepresented', Bombay Chronicle, August 9, 1926.
32. 'Exhibition of Indians at Berlin, Fulminations of Carl Hagenbeck', Forward, August 17, 1926.
33. 'Indians in Berlin Zoo', The Tribune, November 14, 1926.
34. 'Indians in a German Zoo, Exhibition Closed', Leader (Allahabad), November 13, 1926.
35. 'Exhibition given by Indians in Berlin under the direction of Mr. Hagenbeck', Legislative Assembly Proceedings, South Asia Archive, March 4, 1927. pp. 1648-49.
36. 'Removal of the ban on Herr John Hagenbeck of the "Hagenbeck family" circus proprietors and animal dealers of Hamburg (Germany) visiting India', Government Record, National Archives of India, 1929.
Part 4. Touring International Circuses in India
37. 'McCollum's Circus, On the Maidan, Calcutta', Playbill. South Asia Archive, 1864.
38. 'McCollum and Cousins' Circus', (review), The Times of India, November 29, 1865, p. 3.
39. 'Wilson's Great World Circus', The Times of India, April 22, 1879, p. 1.
40. 'Miss Cooke's Medal', The Friend of India and Statesman, No.2313, Vol. XLV, July 1, 1879, p. 579.
41. 'A Happy New Year- Chiarini's Royal Italian Circus and Performing Animal', (poster), Richard Flint Collection, 1881.
42. "Chiarini's Royal Italian Circus and Performing Animals". The Athenaeum & Daily News, Asiatic Society of Mumbai Archive, December 17, 1881, p. 1.
43. 'Chiarini's Royal Italian Circus and Performing Animals', The Times of India, March 11, 1881, p. 1.
44. 'Wilson's Great World Circus', The Times of India, March 3, 1883, p2.
45. 'Blondin Blondin Blondin', Early Calcutta Advertisements, 29 January 1884.
46. 'Wilson's Great World Circus', Early Calcutta Advertisements, January, 1885.
47. 'Abell, Klaer, and Olman's Circus', The Times of India, 1888.
48. 'Fillis' Circus: An Exciting Incident', The Times of India, February 23, 1891, p. 3.
49. 'Cooke's Circus', The Statesman, July, 1895.
50. George Lansbury; enquires as to whereabouts of brother, performing with a circus in India, 14 Apr 1896
51. 'Harmston's Circus', (review), The Times of India, February 14, 1902, p. 5.
52. 'Harmston's Grand Circus and Royal Menagerie of Wild Animals, Madras', December 26, 1905, Silk Programme, Theatre and Performance Collection. Accession No. S.15-2007. V & A Archives, London.
53. 'Harmston's Grand Circus and Royal Menagerie of Performing Wild Animals, Calcutta', December 28, 1906, Silk Programme, Theatre and Performance Collection. Accession No. S.769-1982. V & A Archives, London.
54. 'Fitzgerald Bros. All New Circus and Menagerie of Highly Educated Wild Animals', The Times of India, February 10, 1905, p. 3.
55. 'Col. Frank Fillis' Circus', The Times of India, January 29, 1918, p. 3.
56. 'Maurice Wirth, of the Wirth Circus Family', transcript of interview, 1920. Maurice Wirth interviewed by Michelle Rayner, ABC Radio National, Australia, Transcription by Mark St. Leon.
57. 'Thrills for Bombay- Bostock's Circus Attractions', The Times of India, March 8, 1923.
Part 5. First Indian Circuses
58. 'The Great Indian Circus', The Times of India, February 3, 1876, p. 3.
59. 'Prof. Ramchandra Rao's Marhatta Circus', Circus Programme, (Year Unknown).
60. 'Grand Indian Circus', The Times of India, November 23, 1883, p. 2.
61. 'Grand Indian Circus', The Times of India, November 24, 1883, p. 2.
62. 'The National Circus', Early Calcutta Advertisements, 5 December, 1883.
63. 'The Grand Indian Circus', The Times of India, January 25, 1884, p. 1.
64. 'Roy's Indian Circus', Early Calcutta Advertisements, September 12, 1885.
65. 'Professor Chatre's Circus', The Times of India, April 9, 1888, p. 5.
66. 'The Great Indian Circus', The Times of India, October 6, 1890, p. 3.
67. 'The Great Indian Circus', The Bangalore Spectator, April 11, 1893, p. 1.
68. 'Professor Bose's Great Bengal Circus', Early Calcutta Advertisements, 1900.
69. 'Chatre's Indian Circus', The Times of India. November 16, 1908, p. 5.
70. 'Prof Deval's Circus', The Times of India. November 3, 1911, p. 5.
71. 'State Ceremonies' (during Delhi Durbar)-The Badshahi Mela- Patiala and Rampur Circus', book section, 1911, p. 92.
72. 'Karlekar' s Grand Circus', Circus Programme, December 18, 1914.
73. 'Karlekar' s Grand Circus', Circus Programme, 1915.
74. 'Karlekar' s Grand Circus,' Special Circus Programme (year unknown).
75. 'A Hindu Ballyhoo', The Literary Digest, July 7, 1917, p. 57.
76. 'Karlekar's Royal Circus and Menagerie of Performing Wild Animals', The Times of India, January 29, 1918, p. 3.
77. 'Karlekar's Circus: Frenchman's Daring Feat in Motor', The Times of India, April 1, 1929, p. 6.
78. 'Karlekar's Circus: Terrifying Motor Car Turn', The Times of India, April 16, 1929, p. 4.
79. Abanindra Krishna Basu, 'Bangalir Circus', (Bengali with quotations in English), 1938/2018.
80. Abanindra Krishna Basu, 'Bangalir Circus', (Bengali with quotations in English), 1938/2018.
Part 6. Women Artists in Indian Circus
81. Abanindra Krishna Basu, 'Bangalir Circus', (Bengali with quotations in English), 1938/2018.
82. 'Miss Tara Bai: The Indian Lady Sandow', The Bombay Chronicle. March 12, 1914, p. 9.
83. 'Sushila Sundari with Shumbha and Nishumbha Tigers', (image) Banganibasi, Archives for the Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta. Image from before 1924.
84. 'Sushila Sundari with Tigress Lakshmi', (image), Bangalir Circus, Original Publication by Publicity Studio, 1938. Re-published by Gangchil Publications, 2013.
85. 'Sushila Sundari in a Pyramid Act', (image), Bangalir Circus, Original Publication by Publicity Studio, 1938. Re-published by Gangchil Publications, 2013.
Part 7. Strongmen in Circuses and their Acts
86. 'Shyamakanta Banerjee', in Strongmen over the years (A chronicle of Athletes) (Oudh Printing Press/ South Asia Archives, 1942), pp. 6-12
87. 'Health and Hygiene - A Weakling can become an Athlete - Rash Behary - The Gymnast', India Tomorrow, August 6, 1933, pp. 585-586.
88. Saint Nihal Singh, 'The Indian Hercules: The Amazing Feats of Professor Rama Murti Naidu', The Strand Magazine. 1915, pp. 695-696.
Part 8. Circus Tents
89. 'Public Meeting to Protest Against the License Tax', The Times of India, February 20, 1878, p. 2.
90. 'Article 12-No Title" (Chiarini's Circus), December 1, 1880, p. 3.
91. 'Fillis' Circus', February 24, 1891, p. 5.
92. 'The Circuses', The Times of India, January 23, 1904, p. 8.
Part 9. Non-human Performers from India in International Circuses
93. 'The Circus', Sydney Daily Telegraph, June 2, 1880, p. 3.
94. 'Woodloch's Circus', South Australian Register, December 24, 1894, p. 7.
95. 'Harmston's Circus', Barrier Miner, December 11, 1897, p. 4.
96. 'Fitzgerald's Circus', South Australian Register, June 9, 1897, p. 6.
97. 'Harmston's Circus', Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners; Advocate, February 24, 1898, p. 5.
98. 'Article 3 - No Title', The Times of India, January 5, 1898, p. 5.
99. 'Lennon's Circus', Hamilton Spectator, August 1, 1911, p. 4.
100. 'Eroni's Circus', St. Arnaud Mercury, October 10, 1914, p. 4.
101. 'Wirth's Circus', Brisbane Courier. May 28, 1930, p. 24.
Part 10. Indian Circuses and Artists on International Tours
102. 'Chatre's Circus', The China Mail, July 12, 1902, p. 4.
103. 'Chatre's New Indian Circus', The China Mail, July 12, 1902, p. 5.
104. 'Chatre's Circus', The Hong Kong Weekly Press and China Overland Trade Report, July 19, 1902, p. 51.
105. 'Liners to and From Orient: Shinano Reaches Port - Has Indian Circus on Board', The Daily Colonist, November 5, 1902, p. 4.
106. 'Hindoo Circus', The Billboard, November 22, 1902, p. 13.
107. 'Empress's First Circus: Epoch-Making Performance at Pekin', The Evening Telegraph. November 11, 1903, p. 3.
108. Jas P. Schooner, 'A Visit to the Summer Palace with Chatre's New Indian Circus', The North China Herald and Supreme Court & Consular Gazette, November 20, 1903, pp. 1074-75.
109. 'Chatre's Indian Circus (in Hong Kong)', The China Mail, November 26, 1903, p. 4.
110. 'Kannan Bombayo at Hagenbeck-Wallace Circus', (image), Billy Rose Theatre Division Collection: Circus and Magic Posters, New York Public Library, 1933.
111. 'Bertram Mills' Circus: Forthcoming Visit to Edinburgh for Two Weeks', Linlithgowshire Gazette, June 28, 1935, p. 6.
112. '"The Big Top" at Kirkcaldy: Bertram Mills' Circus', The Fife Free Press. July 20, 1935, p. 2.
113. 'Circus Children', The Yorkshire Post, July 22, 1937, p. 8.
114. 'Bertram Mills' Circus: Coming to Boston next Monday', The Skegness News, May 26, 1937, p. 7.
Bibliography
Index
Volume V: Clowns and Clowning
General Introduction
Volume V: Introduction
Part 1: Clown Genres
1.1 The Equestrian Clown
1. Franconi as Mme Angot on horseback at the Cirque Franconi. Martinet, Paris. Colored engraving. Laurence Senelick collection.
2. E. D. Manne, Le Cirque Franconi. Details historiques sur cet etablissement hippique et ses prominents ecuyers (Lyon: Louis Perrin et Martinet, 1875), repr. in P.-R. Levy, Les clowns et le tradition clownesque (Sorvilier: Editions se la Gardine, 1991), pp. 295-98.
3. Mme B., nee de V., Le Cirque Olympique ou les exercices des chevaux de MM. Franconi...(Paris: Nepven Librairie, 1817).
4. The Taylor of Brentford at the Cirque Olympique, Paris. Colored engraving. Public domain.
5. I. Greenwood, The Circus. Its Origin and Growth Prior to 1835 [1898] (New York Burt Franklin, 1970), pp. 54-56.
6. J. Durang, The Memoir of John Durang American Actor 1785-1816, ed. A. S. Downer (n.p.: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1966), pp. 68-69.
7. Eastern Argus (Portland, ME), 7 August to 11 Oct. 1816, qtd. in S. Thayer, Annals of the American Circus 1793-1829 (Seattle: Dauven & Thayer, 1993), p. 77.
8. J. Turnour, The Autobiography of a Clown as told to Isaac P. Marcosson, 1909 (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1931), pp. 50-54.
9. 'Amusements', New York Clipper, 26 June 1858, p. 79.
10. 'The Circus', The Knickerbocker 13 (January 1839), pp. 74-76.
11. G. Van Hare, Fifty years of a showman's life or The Life and Travels of Van Hare (London: Sampson Low, Marston, 1893), pp. 8-9.
12. 'Detectives Outwitted by an Actor', Era (London), 29 August 1869.
13. O. Preuss, 'Cirkusclowns', Belhagen und Klasing's Monatsheft 1 (1895-96), pp. 97-98.
14. D. Alperov, Na arena starogo tsirka. Zapiska klouna, ed. V. E. Beklemisheva (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaya literatura, 1936), pp. 66-68.
15. Turnour, Autobiography of a Clown, pp. 55-56.
16. Jules Turnour. Pencil sketch by Jolly Bill Steinke. Laurence Senelick collection.
17. Die-cut of Clown and mule, c.1890. Laurence Senelick Collection.
18. H. W. Root, The ways of the circus being the memories and adventures of George Conklin, tamer of lions (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1921), pp. 148-49.
19. C. Bernard, Bernard's Half Century Circus Reviews and Red Wagon Stories ([Savannah, GA]: Chas. Bernard, 1930), p. 75.
20. Ill. Peppino el 88. Photograph.
21. J. C. N., 'Prologue', Pepe Podesta, Nuevas canciones ineditas del gran Pepino 88 para cantar con guitarra (1897), qtd. in R. H. Castagnino, El circo criollo. Datos y documentos para su historia 1757-1924 (Buenos Aires: Plus Ultra, 1969), p. 91.
22. E. G. Velloso, 'Lo primeros dramas en los circus criollos', Boletin de estudios de teatro 2 (1936), pp. 22-23; qtd. in Castagnino, El circo criollo, p. 102.
23. A. Smith, A Month in Constantinople (Boston: Barbury and Guild, 1852), p. 77.
1.2 The Acrobatic Clown
24. Gontard, Cirque Olympique. Drawing by Paul; lith. Delaunois. Laurence Senelick collection.
25. 'Premiere representation de Polichinelle-Vampire; debut de M. Mazurier', Le Pandore. Journal des spectacles, des lettres, des moeurs, et des arts, 29 Mai 1823, p. 3.
26. Mazurier as Polichinelle Vampire. Colored lithograph, W. Day's Litho., London. Laurence Senelick Collection.
27. Journal de Gand, 28 juin 1827, qtd. in F. J. Faber, Histoire du theatre Francais en Belgique depuis son origine jusqu'a nos jours (Brussels: Olivier, 1879), vol. 3, p. 207.
28. M. Alhoy, 'Mazurier' in Grande Biographie Dramatique (Paris: Marchands de Nouveautes, 1824), pp. 239-240.
29. A. V. Arnault, 'Polichinelle', OEuvres de A. V. Arnault (Leipzig: Bossange, 1827), pp. 378-379.
30. 'Covent Garden Theatre', British Press, 1 November 1825, p. 2.
31. 'Covent Garden Theatre', Berkshire Chronicle, 5 November 1825, p. 2.
32. Unidentified clipping, 30 July 1825, Harvard Theatre Collection.
33. Monsieur Gouffe as Jocko, San-Souci Theatre, London, c1829. Wood engraving, playbill. Laurence Senelick collection.
34. 'The Island Ape', Cumberland Paquet, 6 Sept. 1824, p. 4.
35. 'Animal Actors', Boston Evening, 2 June 1899, Harvard Theatre Collection.
36. C. Baudelaire, Curiosites esthetiques (Paris: Levy, 1868), pp. 417-418.
37. 'Cirque Olympique: Le Grotesque Guerdener', La Pandore: journal des spectacles, des lettres, des arts, des moeurs et des modes, 5 octobre 1823, pp. 2-3.
38. 'Nouvelles des Theatres', Journal de Paris, 4 octobre 1824, p. 2.
39. 'Theatre du Cirque-Olympique', Le Courrier des theatres, in Recueil factice d'articles de presse concernant le Cirque Olympique, 1820-1850, Bibliotheque nationale de France, department Arts du spectacle, 8-RO-16778.
40. A. Vulpian et Gauthier, Code des theatres ou Manuel a l'usage des directeurs, entrepreneurs et actionnaires de spectacles, des auteurs et artistes dramatiques, etc. (Paris: Warree, 1829), pp. 252-253.
41. Boni de Castellane, Journal du Marechal de Castellane, 7 septembre 1833 (Paris: E. Plon, 1897), vol. 3, p. 87.
42. T. Gautier, Histoire de l'art dramatique en France depuis vingt-cinq ans (Paris: Heltzel, 1858), vol 1, pp. 11, 25-26.
43. C. de Launay, 'Lettre XXII' (1839), in Lettres parisiennes, ed. Delphine Girardin (Paris: Michel Levy, 1868), vol. 1, pp. 199-200.
44. 'Theatres', in L'Illustration, journal universel (Paris: Dubochet, 1843), vol. 1, p. 248.
45. Salvador (J.-B. Tuffet), Les mysteres des theatres de Paris: Observations! Indiscretions!! Revelations!!! (Paris: Marchant, 1844), pp. 80-81.
46. 'Opening of Vauxhall Gardens', Illustrated London News, 9 June 1849.
47. Auriol at the Vauxhall Theatre, London. Woodcut, Illustrated London News, 9 June 1849. Laurence Senelick Collection.
48. E. Texier, Tableau de Paris (Paris: Paulin et Le Chevalier, 1852), vol. 1, pp. 12-13.
49. A. Debay, Histoire naturelle de l'homme et de la femme depuis leur apparition sur le globe Terrestre jusqu'a nos jours, race humaine primitive, ses metamorphoses en races, types, et varietes de race suivie de l'histoire des monstruosites humaines (Paris: Dentu, 1865), pp. 244-256.
50. C. Monselet, 'Auriol', in Le petit Paris. Tableaux et figures de ce temps (Paris: E. Dentu, 1879), pp. 17-18.
51. J. Claretie, La vie a Paris 1881 (Paris: Victor Havard, 1882), pp. 345-348.
52. Journal des Haras, des chasses, et des courses de chevaux 39 (Juillet 1845), p. 149.
53. Lawrence and Redisha.at the Theater an der Wien, Vienna. Colored engraving. Allgemeiner Theater Zeitung no. 2 (1837). Laurence Senelick Collection.
54. Gautier, Histoire de l'art dramatique en France, vol. 1, pp. 154-155.
55. Knips, 'Sketches of Paris. A stroll in the Champs Elysees', Mirror of Literature, Amusement and Instruction 32 (1839), p. 198.
56. Boswell. Drawing by T., colored lithograph by Fernique. Martinet, Paris. Laurence Senelick Collection.
57. 'Hengler's Circus', Windsor and Eton Express, 20 December 1845, p. 4.
58. 'Merthyr and Neighbourhood', Cardiff and Merthyr Guardian, Glamorgan, Monmouth, and Brecon Gazette, 19 December 1846, p. 3.
59. 'Hengler's Circus Royal', Cheltenham Journal and Gloucestershire Fashionable Weekly Gazette, 22 December 1851, p. 2.
60. 'Hengler's Equestrian Circus', Exeter and Plymouth Gazette, 17 January 1852, p. 5.
61. Le Nouvelliste: Journal de Paris, 12 octobre 1853, pp. 2-3.
62. P. de Saint-Victor, 'Theatres', La Presse, 22 June 1856.
63. 'Music and the Drama on the Continent', Morning Post, 23 November 1857, p. 5.
64. E. Blum, 'Boswel', Figaro: journal non politique, 10 mai 1859, p. 5.
65. A. Watripon, 'Le Buveur et Clown Boswel', Almanach de Jean Raisin, joyeux et vinicole, pour 1860, ed. G. Mathieu (Paris: Eugene Pick, 1860), pp. 159-164.
66. Claretie, La vie a Paris, pp. 345-61.
67. T. Frost, Circus Life and Circus Celebrities (London: Tinsley Brothers, 1875), pp. 104-106.
68. Dewhurst's benefit at the Surrey Theatre, 29 February 1830. Playbill in the Victoria & Albert Museum Enthoven Collection.
69. R. Nicholson, Rogue's Progress. The Autobiography of 'Lord Chief Baron' Nicholson [1860], ed. J. Bradley (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1968), pp. 300-302.
70. West Kent Guardian, 19 Oct. 1844, p. 2.
71. Barry pulled by geese on the Thames. Wood engraving, Illustrated London News (28 Sept. 1844). Laurence Senelick Collection.
72. H. Mayhew, London Labour and the London Poor (London: Griffin, Bohn, 1861-62), vol. 3, pp. 119-21.
73. J. Halperson, Das Buch vom Zirkus. Beitraege zur Geschichte der Wanderkuenstlerwelt (Duesseldorf: 1926), pp. 182-83.
74. 'Cirque de L'Imperatrice', Revue franco-italienne, 11 octobre 1855, p. 317.
75. Little Wheal at the Cirque Napoleon. Drawing by T., lithograph by Fernique. Martinet, Paris. Laurence Senelick Collection.
76. Little Wheal, Selbst-Biographie des beruehmten englishcen Komikers Little Wheal vom Circus Renz (Pest: Gustav Emich, 1869), pp. 11-13, 20-23.
77. G. Strehly, L'acrobatie et les acrobates (Paris: Delagrave, 1880), pp. 110-111.
78. John Price with his violin. Photograph. A. Siegmund, Hamburg. Laurence Senelick Collection.
79. E. de Perrodil, 'Monsieur Clown!' Echo des marches du centre, 2 avril 1899, p. 5.
80. Frank Brown alias Flan Blon. A medal struck to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the Coliseo Argentino, Buenos Aires, in 1905. Laurence Senelick collection.
81. S. Estrada, El Diario (Buenos Aires), qtd. in D. Cuneo, Frank Brown (Buenos Aires: Editorial Nova, n.d.), pp. 16-20.
82. M. de Sarmiento, El Censor (julio 1886), qtd. in Cuneo, Frank Brown, 24.
83. W. C. Shrode, 'The clown speaks', Broadway Magazine 13:1 (Feb. 1905), pp. 61-65.
1.3 The Speaking Clown
84. Paillasse mourning the new law against street performers. Caricature by Andre Gill. L'Eclipse (Paris, 2 August 1874). Laurence Senelick Collection.
85. A. Challamel, Les amuseurs de la rue (Paris: Ducrocq, 1875), pp. 48-62.
86. Bobeche and Galimafre on a Parade, Boulevard du Temple, Paris, c1820. Painting by Jean Roller. Musee Carnavalet, Paris.
87. Challamel, Les amuseurs de la rue, pp. 6-8, 11-14.
88. A. Pougin, Dictionnaire du theatre et des arts qui s'y rattachent (Paris: Firmin-Didot, 1885), p. 106.
89. D. P. Miller, The Life of a Showman: to which is added Managerial Struggles (London and Leeds: Thomas Hailes Lacy, 1849), pp. 79-80.
90. Portrait of Billy Purvis as Clown. Engraving by J. Swain from a painting, n.d.
91. Chater's Illustrated Annual (1881), qtd. in D. Mayer, 'Billy Purvis - travelling showman', Theatre Quarterly 4 (Oct.-Dec. 1971), pp. 27-34, on p. 33.
92. A. Y. Alekseev-Yakovlev, Russkie naradnye gulyan'ya. . .[c.1890, from notes taken in 1934-34], ed. E. Kuznetsov (Leningrad-Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1948), pp. 52-54.
93. P. N. Tikhonov, "Chernigov raus" [collected c.1890] in Fol'klorny teatr (1988), vol. 3, pp. 111-113.
94. G. Uspensky, Svetly den'. 1. Noch' i uveseleniya (1884-85), in Polnoe sobranie sochineny v 14-ti tomakh (Moscow: Akademiya Nauk SSSR, 1948), vol. 1, p. 47.
95. Ballyhoo for a performing bear c.1890 (from a MS. at the Bakhrushin Theatre Museum in Moscow). A. F. Nekrylova and N. I. Savushkina (eds.), Narodny teatr (Moscow: Sovetskaya Rossiya, 1991), pp. 352-354.
96. Bill Ricketts' Circus, Philadelphia, 1794, in T. A. Brown, Amphitheatres and circuses [1860-61], ed. W. L. Slout (San Bernardino: Borgo Press, 1994), p. 13-14.
97. H. Angelo, Reminiscences of Henry Angelo, with memoirs of his late father and friends (London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, 1830), vol. 2, pp. 94-97.
98. John Ducrow taking tea with Darby and Joan, Astley Amphitheatre, London. Colored engraving, R. Lloyd, London, 1831. Laurence Senelick Collection.
99. C. Dickens, 'Astley's', Sketches by Boz, new ed. (London: Chapman and Hall, 1838), pp. 116-117.
100. Astley's audience in the gallery. Woodcut by Phiz (Hablot Knight Browne) from Charles Dickens, The Old Curiosity Shop (London: Chapman and Hall, 1840). Laurence Senelick Collection.
101. T. Frost, Circus Life and Circus Celebrities. New ed. (London: Chatto & Windus, 1881), pp. 70-72.
102. P. Hamilton, 'Sporting Incidents at Home and Abroad', The Sporting Review 20 (September 1848), p. 179.
103. F. C. Burnand, Records and Reminiscences Personal and General (London: Methuen, 1904), vol. 1, pp. 106-8.
104. Widdicombe at Astley's. Wood engraving, Illustrated London News (20 March 1843).
105. 'P. Paterson', Glimpses of real life as seen in the theatrical world and in Bohemia: being the confessions of Peter Paterson, a strolling comedian (Edinburgh: William P. Nimmo, 1864), p. 131.
106. H. Mayhew, London Labour and the London Poor (London: Griffin, Bohn, 1861-62), vol. 3, pp. 131-134.
107. A. H. Kober, Star Turns, trans. G. J. Renier (New York: Macmillan, 1929), pp. 33-34. From Die grosse Nummer (1925).
108. M. B. Leavitt, Fifty Years in Theatrical Management (New York: Broadway Publishing, 1912), pp. 134-135.
109. Alperov, Na arena starogo tsirka, pp. 76-78.
110. Les bonne blagues du clown Mylos du Cirque de Paris (Paris: E. Lacroix), n.p.
1.4 The Shakespearean Clown
111. J. Halperson, 'Der Clown', OEsterreichische Rundschau: deutsche Kultur und Politik 35 (April-Juni 1913), p. 381.
112. W. F. Wallett, The public life of W. F. Wallett, the queen's jester: an autobiography, ed. John Luntley (London: Bemrose and sons, 1870), pp. 55, 102-103, 107-108, 149-150.
113. J. Frowde, manuscript autobiography in Theatre Museum, London; abridged in J. Bratton and A. Featherstone (eds.), The Victorian Clown (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), pp. 56, 60.
114. William Wallett as Clown. Sheet music cover for The Motley Polka by J. Ehrlich. Engraved by P. Kramer, lithographed by P. S. Duval. A. Fiot, Philadelphia, 1850. Laurence Senelick Collection.
115. Bristol Mirror, 18 July 1857, qtd. in G. Speaight, 'Some Shakespearean clowns', Theatre Notebook (Aug. 1979), pp. 93-98, on pp. 95, 97.
116. 'Circuses', New York Clipper, 10 February 1866, p. 351.
117. M. W. Brown, The Life of Dan Rice (Long Branch, N.J.: The Author, 1901), pp. 171-72.
118. Correspondence, Manchester Evening News, 23 Feb. 1930, in scrapbook, Manchester Central Library; qtd. in Bratton and Featherstone, The Victorian Clown, p. 56, note 57.
119. Dan Rice as the Celebrated Shaksperian [sic] Clown. Engraved sheet music cover. G. & W. Endicott, New York. Laurence Senelick Collection.
120. NY Spirit of the Times, 10 Feb. 1849, p. 612.
121. W. Whitman, 'The Circus', Life Illustrated, 30 August 1856; reprinted in E. Holloway and R. Admari (eds.), New York Discovered. A Sheaf of Recently Discovered Newspaper Articles by the Author of Leaves of Grass (New York: R. R. Wilson, 1936), pp. 193-196.
122. Brown, The Life of Dan Rice, pp. 170-172, 284-286, 292-294.
123. New Orleans Times, Feb. 1865.
124. Root, The ways of the circus, pp. 244-245.
125. Brown, The Life of Dan Rice, pp. 437-438.
126. J. Frowde, manuscript autobiography in Theatre Museum, London; abridged in Bratton and Featherstone, The Victorian Clown, pp. 128, 130.
127. Johnny Patterson's Great London Circus Songbook. Engraved cover. Laurence Senelick Collection.
128. Johnny Patterson's 'Great London Circus' Songster (New York: Clinton T. De Witt, 1878), pp. 3-4, 13, 16-17.
129. J. Lloyd, My circus life being the life and adventures and the world travels and experiences of an artist and circus proprietor (London: Noel Douglas, 1927), pp. 73, 75-76.
130. Perrodil, 'Monsieur Clown!', p. 4.
1.5 Clowns with Animals
131. Charley Schultz Dancing with Danger. Photographic postcard. Laurence Senelick Collection.
132. 'Les Echos de Paris', Les Annales politiques et litteraires, 29 decembre 1889, p. 406.
133. 'Gougou and His Pig', Pall Mall Gazette, 10 January 1887, p. 11.
134. 'Whimsical' Walker, From Sawdust to Windsor Castle (London: Stanley Paul, 1922), pp. 89-90, 109-110.
135. 'How Performing Animals are Trained', Public Opinion, 8 January 1887, p. 262.
136. Tony Grice with Pig on Ball. Sketch by H. Gerbault, engraved by Rejean Vigert. H. Frichet, Le cirque et les forains (1898).
137. A. Chekhov, 'Splinters of Moscow Life', Oskolki 33 (18 Aug. 1883), 4. In Polnoe sobranie sochineniy i pisem v tridtsati tomakh (Complete Work and Letters in Thirty Volumes) (Moscow: Nauka, 1979), vol. 18, pp. 115-16, 156.
138. Anatoly Durov and His Animals. Photograph. Durov family archive.
139. Vladimir Durov and His Dogs. Photograph.
140. V. L. Durov, Moi Zveri (Moscow, 1924), trans. J. Cournos, 'When Pigs Fly', My circus animals (London: George Routledge & sons, 1937), pp. 103-106.
141. Perrodil, 'Monsieur Clown!', p. 5.
142. G. Lebel, 'L'art du clown. Grimaces & pitreries', Je sais tout (Noel 1913), pp. 627-36, on p. 632. Part 2. The Female Clown
143. 'Female Clowns', San Francisco Figaro, 17 Sept. 1872, p. 2.
144. T. Rendle, Swings and Roundabouts: A Yokel in London (London: Chapman & Hall, 1919), pp. 131-132.
145. 'Some Lady-Clowns', Judy, Or the London Serio-Comic Journal, 20 April 1887, p. 185.
146. 'Entertainments', Cardiff Times, 6 November 1875, p. 6.
147. D. Hudson, Munby man of two worlds. The life and diaries of Arthur J. Munby 1828-1910 (London: Abacus, 1974), p. 113.
148. Barbados Agricultural Reporter, 8 December 1876.
149. East Anglian Daily Times, 25 October 1881, p. 2.
150. 'Advertisements & Notices', The Era, 1 October 1892, p. 25.
151. A. A. Gilmer, Music Hall and Theatre Review, 30 December 1892, p. 23.
152. P. Pickup, 'Pick-Up Notes', South London Press, 31 December 1892, p. 5.
153. Evetta Matthews in Barnum & Bailey's Circus. Lithographed poster by Strobridge Lith. Co.
154. The Era, 30 April 1892.
155. 'Local and District News', Huddersfield Chronicle, 14 June 1892, p. 3.
156. 'Why Miss Williams is a Clown: Her Father Was One for Forty Years', New York Times, 31 March 1895, p. 27.
157. 'The Tank's the Thing: It is the Feature at the Barnum & Bailey Show This Year', New York Times, 29 March 1895, p. 3.
158. 'A Woman Clown?', Sunderland Daily Echo and Shipping Gazette, 29 May 1895, p. 3.
159. 'Fireside Talks', Home notes, London 7:81 (1895), p. 73.
160. 'Barnum and Bailey's Circus', The Era, 8 January 1898, p. 22.
161. 'Barnum and Bailey's Show', Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser, 19 April 1898, p. 7.
162. 'Barnum and Bailey's Show in Edinburgh', Edinburgh Evening News, 19 July 1898, p. 4.
163. 'The Greatest Show on Earth. Messrs. Barnum & Bailey's Visit to Croydon', Croydon Advertiser and East Surrey Reporter, 20 August 1898, p. 2.
164. 'Barnum and Bailey's Show', The Era, 15 October 1898, p. 23.
165. A. Suares, 'Il n'y a pas de femme clown. Vous etes-vous demande pourquoi?' Comoedia, 03 juillet 1926, p. 1.
166. Miss Loulou. Photograph in La Rampe (Paris), 15 mars 1926, p. 20.
167. G. Frejaville, Au music-hall (Paris: Editions du Nouveau-Monde, 1922), p 207.
168. C. Blanqui, 'Dans Les Cirques', in La Rampe, 15 mars 1926, p. 20.
Part 3. The August
169. H. Mayhew, London Labour and the London Poor (London: Griffin, Bohn, 1861-62), vol. 3, pp. 134-38.
170. Halperson, Das Buch vom Zirkus, pp. 185-86.
171. S. Domino [E. Cohnfeld], Der Cirkus und die Cirkuswelt (Berlin: S. Fischer, 1888), pp. 104-109.
172. A. Raeder, Der Circus Renz in Berlin. Eine Denkschrift (Berlin: Ullstein, 1896), pp. 274-86.
173. Tom Belling. Photograph.
174. S. Saltarino [H. W. Otto], Das Artistentum und seine Geschichte. Gesammeltes und Erlebtes (Leipzig: Willy Backhaus, 1910), p. 91.
175. Coquelin cadet, 'L'Hippodrome', La Vie humoristique (Paris: Ollendorff, 1883), pp. 77-78.
176. 'Look for the clown, Gugusse!' in a barrel of balm. Engraved trade card. Laurence Senelick collection.
177. Alfred Daniels as Gigerl with club. Photograph.
178. E. Braune, Gigerl's Curtain-lecture, burlesque pantomime for 2 men, in P. Lenary (ed.), Clown-Pantomimen fuer 2 und mehr Personen, 2nd enlarged ed. (Muehlhausen: G. Danner, n.d.), pp. 10-14.
179. R. Gignoux, 'Le clown autoritaire', Le Figaro 264 (20 sept. 1924), p. 1.
180. Tanti, den populare clownen, hans biografi och portraett. Utg. med anledning af Tantis 20-ars jubileum (Stockholm: Aftonbladet, 1898), pp. 6-7, 10-11.
181. C. des Perrieres, 'Courrier de Paris', Le Gaulois: litteraire et politique, 29 juillet 1889, p. 1.
182. H. Frichet, Le cirque et les forains (Tours: Alfred Mame et fils, 1898), pp. 88-91, 286-88.
183. Billy Hayden teases an audience member. Sketch by H. Gerbault. Frichet, Le cirque et les forains (1898).
184. P. Tarakhino, Zhizn', otdannaya tsirku (Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1977), pp. 17-18.
185. G. Lebel, 'L'art du clown. Grimaces & pitreries', Je sais tout (Noel 1913), p. 632.
186. R. C. Benchley, 'The silent art of Joe Jackson', Everybody's Magazine 44 (Feb. 1921), pp. 30-31.
187. Joe Jackson and bike. Photograph.
188. G. Seldes, The Seven Lively Arts (New York: Harper, 1924), pp. 208-209.
189. M. Hauriac, 'Clowns et clowneries', (Paris: Crepin-Leblond, 1955), p. 20.
190. Colette, 'Premieres parisiennes. Au Cirque Medrano: Joe Jackson', Le Journal (Paris), 25 fevrier 1934, p. 6.
Part 4. Enter the Entree
191. 'Mort et vivant', Whytoine, foil; Secchi and Alfano, clowns (1870) in T. Remy (ed.), Entrees clownesques (Paris: L'Arche, 1962), pp. 191-196.
192. H. Le Roux and J. Garnier, Acrobats and Mountebanks, trans. A. P. Morton (London: Chapman and Hall, 1890), pp. 286.
193. Foottit with hoop. Cabinet card photograph. Laurence Senelick Collection.
194. G. Foottit, 'Chocolat', Excelsior, 10 novembre 1917, p. 4.
195. Foottit and Chocolat in Railway Sketch. Sketch by H. Gerbault. Engraved by Rejean Vigert AC. Frichet, Le cirque et les forains (1898).
196. Frichet, Le cirque et les forains, pp. 93-94.
197. M. Sergines, Les Annales politiques et litteraires 1167 (5 novembre 1905).
198. Chocolat Slapped.
199. M. Franc-Nohain, Les Memoires de Footit et Chocolat: clowns (Paris: Pierre Lafitte, 1907), pp. 88-89, 90-95, 99-100.
200. Doubles of Foottit and Chocolat in their Nautical Sketch. La Revue des Folies-Bergere by Victot Cottens. Photographic postcard. Laurence Senelick Collection.
201. M. Verne, Les Usines du plaisir. Musees de volupte (Paris: Editions des Portiques, 1930), p. 161.
202. 'La Noce de Chocolat', Le Figaro, 20 mars 1888, p. 3.
203. P. Mariel, Les Fratellini. Histoire de trois clowns (Paris: Societe anonyme de Editions, 1923), pp. 179-80.
204. G. Foottit, 'La confession d'un clown', Le Temps (4 Octobre 1896): 2.
205. J. Renard, Journal 1887-1910, ed. L. Guichard and G. Signaux (Paris: Gallimard, 1965), p. 799.
206. Alperov, Na arena starogo tsirka, p. 62.
207. E. Braune, Aujust beim Barbier, Pantomimic Clown-Entree for 2 Men, in Lenary (ed.), Clown-Pantomimen (Muehlhausen: G. Danner [1920]), pp. 35-39.
208. Remy (ed.), Entrees clownesques, pp. 137-141.
209. E. Molier, Cirque Molier-1880-1904 (Paris: Paul Dupont, 1905), pp. 164-165.
210. Legrand-Chabrier, 'Clowns', L'Art vivant 6 (1 juin 1925), pp. 16-18.
211. The Fratellinis. L. to r., Albert, Francois, Paul. Photographic postcard, AN Paris. Laurence Senelick collection.
212. P. Mariel, Les Fratellini. Histoire de trois clowns (Paris: Societe anonyme de Editions, 1923), pp. 42, 44-47, 154-56, 177-82.
213. F. Fratellini and N. Brunel, Bonsoar Mossie (Paris: Librairie Delagrave, 1936).
214. The Funnel, as performed in 1920 by Francois Fratellini, clown. Paul and Albert Fratellini, augusts, in Remy (ed.), Entrees clownesques, pp. 236-237.
215. Adrian, Ce rire qui vient du cirque, pp. 58-59.
216. Remy (ed.), Entrees clownesques, pp. 35-37.
217. 'William Tell or The Apple', Remy (ed.), Entrees clownesques, pp. 165-170.
218. G. Seldes, 'Burlesque, circus, clowns, and acrobats', The Seven Lively Arts (New York; Harper & Brothers, 1924), pp. 297-307.
Part 5. The American Big Top Clown
219. W. C. Thompson, On the road with the circus (N.p.: W. C. Thompson, 1903), pp. 227, 229-230.
220. H. A. Higgins, 'In the Days of the One Ring Show', Billboard, 20 Aug. 1904.
221. J. Anderson, 'Why do you laugh?', Illustrated World 38:1 (Sept. 1922), pp. 53-55, 148.
222. George Hartzell in Top Hat. Photograph
223. H. Croy, 'He held on...' ,Boy's Life Magazine (Aug. 1922), pp. 5, 44.
224. W. Lambert, Show Life in America (East Point, Ga.: Will Delavoye, 1925), pp. 61-65, 281.
225. Delavoye and Frits letterhead showing the Trick House. From William Lambert, Show Life in America (1925).
226. 'Harry La Pearl Talks on Clowns and Their Work', New York Clipper, 16 April 1910, p. 231.
227. Harry La Pearl. Photographic postcard. Laurence Senelick collection.
228. 'Slivers, the clown suicide for a girl', New York Times, 9 March 1916, p. 10.
229. Slivers with bunny. Photograph.
230. 'Circus Clown a serious person out of the ring', New York Times, 15 May 1910, p. SM14.
231. Dash, 'Frank "Slivers" Oakley. "The Ball Game". 24 Min.; Full Stage. 125th Street', Variety, 24 Apr. 1904, p. 13.
232. Kansas City Star (1906), qtd. in 'Personal glimpses. Slivers', Literary Digest, 23 March 1916, pp. 828-829.
233. 'An acrobatic clown [Marceline]', New York Daily Tribune, 23 April 1905, p. 8.
234. Marceline. Photograph.
235. 'Merry Marceline's Magic Mimicry a Marvel', Washington Herald, 21 Sept. 1913, p. 7.
236. R. Benchley, 'Uneasy lies the head that plays a clown', New York Tribune, 22 April 1917.
237. C. Morley, 'First lessons in clowning', from Pipefuls (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1920), pp. 195-200.
Part 6. Grock
238. Grock, Sans blague! (Paris: Flammarion, 1948).
239. Frejaville, 'Antonet et Grock', Comoedia, 17 fevrier 1931, p. 4.
240. A.B. Walkley, 'Three drolls: George Robey, Nelson Keys and Grock', The Strand Magazine 61:361 (Jan. 1921), pp. 38-45, on p. 44.
241. Grock on a chair at the Cirque Medrano. Photograph: Paul de Gordon. Laurence Senelick Collection.
242. Frejaville, Au Music-hall (Paris: Editions du Nouveau monde, 1922), pp. 198-199.
243. P. Paret, 'Entree de Grock', Le Cirque dans l'Univers 3 (1959), pp. 15-18, and L. Diercksen, Grock un destin hors norme (Bevilard, Switzerland: Editions Laurent Dierksen, 2000), pp. 206-215.
Bibliography
Index