The Java (TM) Programming Language

1. A Quick Tour of Java. Getting Started. Variables. Comments in Code. Named Constants. Unicode Characters. Flow of Control. Classes and Objects. Creating Objects. Static or Class Fields. The Garbage Collector. Methods and Parameters. Invoking a Method. The this Reference. Static or Class Methods. Arrays. String Objects. Extending a Class. Invoking Methods from the Superclass. The Object Class. Interfaces. Exceptions. Packages. The Java Platform. Other Topics Briefly Noted. 2. Classes and Objects. A Simple Class. Fields. Access Control and Inheritance. Creating Objects. Constructors. Methods. Parameter Values. Using Methods to Control Access. this. Overloading Methods. Static Members. Initialization Blocks. Garbage Collection and finalize. finalize. Resurrecting Objects During finalize. Nested Classes and Interfaces. Local Inner Classes. main. The to String Method. Native Methods. 3. Extending Classes. An Extended Class. What protected Really Means. Constructors in Extended Classes. Constructor Order Dependencies. Overriding Methods, Hiding Fields and Nested Classes. The super Keyword. Marking Methods and Classes final. The Object Class. Anonymous Classes. Abstract Classes and Methods. Cloning Objects. Extending Classes: How and When. Designing a Class to Be Extended. 4. Interfaces. An Example Interface. Single Inheritance versus Multiple Inheritance. Extending Interfaces. Name Conflicts. Implementing Interfaces. Using an Implementation. Marker Interfaces. When to Use Interfaces. 5. Tokens, Operators, and Expressions. Character Set. Comments. Tokens. Identifiers. Java Keywords. Primitive Types. Literals. Object References. Boolean. Integers. Floating-Point Numbers. Characters. Strings. Class Literals. Declarations of Variables. Using final for Variables. The Meanings of Names. Array Variables. Arrays of Arrays. Initial Values. Array Initializers. Operator Precedence and Associativity. Order of Evaluation. Expression Type. Type Conversions. Implicit Conversion. Explicit Casts and instance of. String Conversions. Member Access. Arithmetic Operators. Integer Arithmetic. Floating-Point Arithmetic. Java Floating-Point Arithmetic and IEEE-754. String Concatenation. Increment and Decrement Operators. Relational, Equality, and Logical Operators. Bitwise Operators. The Conditional Operator? Assignment Operators. Package Names. 6. Control Flow. Statements and Blocks. if-else. switch. while and do-while. for. Labels. break. continue. return. What, No go to? 7. Exceptions. Creating Exception Types. throw. The throws Clause. try, catch, and finally. finally. When to Use Exceptions. 8. Strings. Basic String Operations. String Comparisons. Utility Methods. Making Related Strings. String Conversions. Strings and char Arrays. Strings and byte Arrays. The String Buffer Class. Modifying the Buffer. Getting Data Out. Capacity Management. 9. Threads. Creating Threads. Synchronization. synchronized Methods. synchronized Statements. wait and notify. Details of wait and notify. Thread Scheduling. Deadlocks. Ending Thread Execution. The End of a Thread's Life. Waiting For a Thread to Complete. Don't stop. Suspending Threads. Ending Application Execution. Using Runnable. volatile. Thread Security and Thread Group. Debugging Threads. 10. Packages. Package Naming. Package Access. Package Contents. 11. Documentation Comments. Paragraphs. @see. @param. @return. @exception. @deprecated. @author. @version. @since. An Example. Notes on Usage. 12. The I/O Package. Byte Streams. Input Stream. Output Stream. Character Streams. Character Streams and the Standard Streams. Reader. Writer. Summary of I/O Types. Input Stream Reader and Output Stream Writer. Filter Streams. Print Streams. Buffered Streams. Byte Array Byte Streams. Char Array Character Streams. String Character Streams. File Streams and File Descriptor. Piped Streams. Sequence Input Stream. Line Number Reader. Pushback Streams. Stream Tokenizer. Data Byte Streams. The Data Stream Classes. Random Access File. The Object Byte Streams. Making Your Classes Serializable. Serialization and Deserialization Order. Customized Serialization and Externalizable. Object Versioning. The Externalizable Interface. The File Class. Filename Filter. The IO Exception Classes. 13. Standard Utilities. Bit Set. Enumeration. Implementing an Enumeration Interface. Vector. Stack. Dictionary. Hashtable. Properties. Observer/Observable. Random. String Tokenizer. 14. Programming with Types. Wrapper Classes: An Overview. Void. Boolean. Character. Number. The Integer Wrapper Classes. The Floating-Point Wrapper Classes. Reflection. Class. Examining Classes. Field. Method. Creating New Objects and Constructor. Arrays. Loading Classes. Loading Related Resources. 15. System Programming. Standard I/O Streams. Memory Management. System Properties. Creating Processes. Runtime. Miscellaneous. Security. Math. 16. Internationalization and Localization. Locale. Resource Bundles. List Resource Bundle. Property Resource Bundle. Subclassing Resource Bundle. Time, Dates, and Calendars. Calendars. Time Zones. Gregorian Calendar and Simple Time Zone. Formatting and Parsing Dates and Times. 17. Standard Packages. java.text - Internationalization and Localization for Text. Collation. Formatting and Parsing. Text Boundaries. java.awt-The Abstract Window Toolkit. java.applet-Applets. java.rmi-Remote Method Invocation. java.beans-Java Components. java.net-The Network. java.math-Mathematics. java.sql - Relational Database Access. java.security - Security Tools. Appendix A. Runtime Exceptions. Runtime Exception Classes. Error Classes. Appendix B. Useful Tables. Table 1: Keywords. Table 2: Operator Precedence. Table 3: Unicode Digits. Table 4: Unicode Letters and Digits. Table 5: Special Characters Using \. Table 6: Documentation Comment Tags. Further Reading.