Open Innovation Strategies

Preface ix

Introduction xi

Part 1 Static and Descriptive Innovation 1

Chapter 1 Definition of Open Innovation and Collaborative Innovation 3

1.1 Definition of open and collaborative innovation 3

1.2 Basic characteristics 9

1.2.1 From closed innovation to open innovation 9

1.2.2 Serendipity 13

1.2.3 Creativity 15

1.2.4 The absorption capacity of firms 16

1.2.5 The various degrees of innovation 18

1.2.6 Exploration versus exploitation in innovation processes 22

1.3 The creation of innovation and associated partnerships 24

1.3.1 Dynamics of collaborative innovation production 24

1.3.2 Forms of partnerships and degree of openness of innovation 25

1.3.3 Collaborative models: from the triple helix to mode 2, via the NSI 30

Chapter 2 History of the Evolution of Collaboration Between Actors, and Creation of Innovation Networks 33

2.1 Genesis of collaboration and its evolution through different innovation models 33

2.1.1 History of collaboration 33

2.1.2 Evolution of the innovation models used 35

2.1.3 Top-down and bottom-up approaches 37

2.1.4 Location of actors for collaboration and impact on the type of innovation 42

2.2 Business ecosystems 42

2.3 Partnership experience 45

2.3.1 Creation of innovation networks 45

2.3.2 Profiles of the partners involved in the collaboration 48

2.3.3 Importance of the territorial level for the governance of innovation 52

2.3.4 Emergence and use of collaborative platforms 54

2.3.5 Intellectual property rights: license exchange and other notable examples of collaboration 57

Part 2 Dynamic and Causal Innovation 63

Chapter 3 The Reasons Behind Open Innovation and its Evolution 65

3.1 Evolution of the use of collaborative innovation: from classical to new models 65

3.1.1 FabLabs 66

3.1.2 The Artlab 68

3.1.3 Coworking spaces 69

3.1.4 Hacker spaces and maker spaces 71

3.1.5 Living Labs 72

3.1.6 Creative Labs 73

3.2 Diversity of collaborative forms: an organized space of actors based on geographical, social and organizational proximity 74

3.2.1 The spatial organization of actors in the form of clusters 74

3.2.2 Industrial districts 81

3.2.3 National Innovation Systems and Local Innovation Systems 82

3.3 The intermediaries of innovation 83

3.4 Innovation jointly created with users 89

Chapter 4 Advantages, Disadvantages and Issues Related to Collaborative Innovation 99

4.1 Benefits of collaborative innovation for the actors involved 99

4.1.1 The modes of knowledge transfer and their implications on collaborative innovation 106

4.1.2 The role of collaborative innovation at the economic, social, societal and environmental levels 108

4.1.3 Sectors conducive to open innovation 122

4.2 Limitations of the open innovation paradigm 124

4.2.1 Actors' levels of organization, between small and large firms 124

4.2.2 Intellectual property: a sensitive point in the collaboration 125

4.2.3 Clarification of monetary benefits 126

4.2.4 Restricting access to protected results and impacts on science 127

4.2.5 Actors' cognitive skills 127

4.2.6 What value does the innovation bring? 128

4.3 Questions related to collaborative innovation 133

4.3.1 The various paradoxes inherent in collaborative innovation 133

4.3.2 Role of governance and actors 138

Conclusion 143

References 151

Index 181