Transportation and Behavior: Human Behavior and Environment Volume 5

1 Transportation and the Behavioral Sciences.- Brief Overview of the Behavioral Sciences.- Current Transportation Issues: Evolution and Behavioral Applications.- Urban Transit.- Rural Transit Systems.- Transportation for the Mobility-Limited.- Environmental and Social Impact Analysis.- Energy and Transportation.- Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 2 Psychological Contributions to Travel Demand Modeling.- Travel Demand Modeling: A Historical Overview.- Behavioral Travel Modeling.- Our Conceptualization of Behavioral Travel Modeling.- Research Approaches.- Observational Approach.- Controlled Experimental Approach.- Quasi-Experimental Design.- Applications of Psychological Measurement.- Semantic Differential Scaling.- Category Scaling.- Thurstone Scaling.- Factor Analysis.- Multidimensional Scaling (MDS).- Attitudinal Modeling.- Definition and Measurement of Attitudes.- Attitude-Behavior Relationship.- Measurement of Qualitative Variables.- Applications of Psychological Process Theory.- Utility Theory.- Functional Measurement.- Conjoint Measurement.- Recent Developments.- The Psychophysical Problem.- Choice Set Analysis.- Choice Sets and Travel Behavior Dynamics.- References.- 3 Reinforcement Theory Strategies for Modifying Transit Ridership.- The Reinforcement Theory Approach.- Principles of Reinforcement Theory.- A Reinforcement Theory Model of Transit Ridership.- Changing Transit Ridership: Case Studies and Experiments.- Reinforcing Transit use.- Removal of Punishment for Transit use.- Discussion.- General Comments.- The Future.- Summary.- References.- 4 Transportation and Well-Being: An Ecological Perspective.- Previous Research on Transportation and Stress.- Research on Automobile Travel and Stress.- Research on Public Transit and Stress.- Limitations of Earlier Research on Transportation and Stress.- An Ecological Analysis of Transportation and Well-Being.- Basic Tenets of an Ecological Approach to Transportation and Well-Being.- Conceptual Focuses of Research on Transportation and Well-Being.- Travel Impedance and Commuter Stress.- General Propositions Derived from Our Theoretical Analysis.- A Field-Experimental Investigation of Travel Impedance and Commuter Well-being.- Method.- Results.- Summary and Implications.- Some Qualifications of Our Findings.- Behavioral Research as a Basis for Transportation Planning.- References.- 5 Human Factors Engineering and Psychology in Highway Safety.- Some Definitions.- Applying Research Findings.- The Traditional Three E's.- Models, Concepts, and Driver behavior.- A Fourth E: Experimentation.- The Systems Approach and Error Analysis.- Driver Reactions to Internal Stimuli from Fatigue.- Defining Fatigue.- Physiological Correlates of Fatigue.- Influencing Driver Performance.- Driver Reactions to External Stimuli in the Visual Environment.- The Nighttime Visual Environment.- Driver Concepts and Conspicuity.- Modeling Driver Information Processing.- Improving the Visual Environment.- Applying Advanced Concepts.- Conclusions and Further Directions for Research.- References.- 6 The Social Cost of Urban Transportation.- Social Impacts and Impact Assessment.- The Nature of Social Impacts.- The Wellsprings of Social Impact Assessment.- Procedural Steps in Social Impact Assessment.- Community-Based Social Impact Assessment.- Two Social Costs: Forced Relocation and Noise.- Displacement and Forced Relocation.- Community Noise.- Conclusion.- References.- 7 The Effects of a Modern Rapid-Transit System on Nearby Residents: A Case Study of BART in the San Francisco Area.- BART as the Model of Modern Mass Transit.- The BART Study.- Rationale and Approach.- The Interview and Respondent Selection.- The Case Study Sites.- General Attitudes toward BART.- BART and Residential Mobility.- Specific BART Impacts.- Mediating Factors.- BART Attributes.- Environmental Differences.- Demographic Differences and Personal Attitudes.- BART's Effects in the Context of Neighborhood Problems.- Conclusions.- References.- 8 Future Transportation: Organization of the Design Process.- Transportation and Social Organization.- Motivational Factors Underlying Travel.- Transportation Performance Criteria.- Cognitive Criteria.- Affective Criteria.- Social Criteria.- Summary.- User Operating Requirements.- Passenger Space.- Routing and Scheduling.- Command and Control.- Alternative Transportation Futures.- Information Transfer Technology.- Physical Movement Technology.- Land Use Reorganization.- References.