A History of Western Art

1: Why Do We Study the History of Art? The Artistic Impulse Chronology Why Do We Value Art? Material Value Intrinsic Value Brancusi's Bird: Manufactured Metal or a Work of Art? Religious Value Nationalistic Value Psychological Value Art and Illusion Images and Words Traditions Equating Artists with Gods Art and Identification Reflections and Shadows: Legends of How Art Began Image Magic Architecture Archaeology and Art History Methodologies of Art History Formalism Iconography and Iconology Marxism Feminism Biography and Autobiography Semiology Deconstruction Psychoanalysis 2: The Language of Art Composition Plane Balance Line Expressive Qualities of Line Lines Used for Modeling Depth The Illusion of Depth Perspective Space Shape Types of Shapes Expressive Qualities of Shape Light and Color Physical Properties of Color Expressive Qualities of Color Texture Stylistic Terminology 3: Prehistoric Western Europe The Stone Age Paleolithic MAP: Prehistoric Site in Europe Sculpture Technique: Carving Technique: Modeling Technique: Categories of Sculpture Painting Media: Pigment BEYOND THE WEST: Rock Paintings of Australia Mesolithic Neolithic Menhirs Dolmens Cromlechs Architecture: Post-and-Lintel Construction 4: The Ancient Near East The Neolithic Era MAP: The Mediterranean and the Ancient Near East Jericho Catal Hueyuek Mesopotamia Primary Source: Inanna The Uruk Period Ziggurats Religion: Mesopotamian Gods Cylinder Seals From Pictures to Words Literature: Gilgamesh Sumer: Early Dynastic Period Akkad Society and Culture: Sargon of Akkad Neo-Sumerian The Ziggurat of Ur Babylon Society and Culture: The Law Code of Hammurabi Anatolia: The Hittites Assyria Technique: Glazing The Neo-Babylonian Empire Architecture: Round Arches Iran Society and Culture: Destroying the Archaeological Record The Scythians Achaemenid Persia Architecture: Columns 5: Ancient Egypt The Gift of the Nile The Pharaohs The Egyptian Concept of Kingship Chronology: Egyptian Kings MAP: Ancient Egypt and Nubia The Palette of Narmer Religion: Egyptian Gods The Old Kingdom Pyramids Mummification Sculpture Technique: The Egyptian Canon of Proportion The Middle Kingdom The New Kingdom Temples Painting The Amarna Period Tutankhamon's Tomb Egypt and Nubia The Rock-Cut Temple of Ramses II Meroe 6: The Aegean Cycladic Civilization MAP: The Ancient Aegean World Minoan Civilization The Palace at Knossos Media and Technique: Minoan Fresco Religion Pottery Society and Culture: Minoan Scripts Discoveries at Thera The Frescoes Mycenaean Civilization Myth: The Legend of Agamemnon 7: The Art of Ancient Greece MAP: Ancient Greece and the Eastern Mediterranean Cultural Identity Government and Philosophy Philosophy: Plato on Artists Society and Culture: Women in Ancient Greece Literature and Drama "Man Is the Measure of All Things" Religion: Greek Gods and Their Roman Counterparts Painting and Pottery Geometric Style Orientalizing Style Archaic Style Media and Technique: Greek Vases Late Archaic to Classical Style Classical to Hellenistic Style Sculpture Archaic Style Early Classical Style Media and Technique: The Lost-Wax Process Classical Style Classical Architecture: The Athenian Acropolis The Parthenon Architecture: Plan of the Parthenon Architecture: The Greek Orders Myth: Medusa The Temple of Athena Nike The Erechtheum Late Classical Style The Greek Theater Architecture: Greek Theater Sculpture Style: The "Hermes of Praxiteles" Hellenistic Period Sculpture Myth: The Trojan Horse 8: The Art of the Etruscans MAP: Etruscan and Roman Italy Architecture Pottery and Sculpture Women in Etruscan Art Funerary Art Cinerary Containers Sarcophagi Tomb Paintings 9: Ancient Rome MAP: The Roman Empire, A.D. 14-282 Primary Source: Virgil's Aeneid Chronology: Roman Periods Architecture: Arches, Domes, and Vaults Architectural Types Domestic Architecture Public Buildings History: Julius Caesar Media: Roman Building Materials Religious Architecture Commemorative Architecture Primary Source: Josephus and the Jewish Wars Sculptural Types The Sarcophagus Media: Color Symbolism in Roman Marble Portraits History: Marcus Aurelius: Emperor and Philosopher Pictorial Style Painting and Mosaic 10: Early Christian and Byzantine Art A New Religion Constantine and Christianity The Divergence of East and West Religion: Christianity and the Scriptures Early Christian Art Sarcophagi Religion: Christian Symbolism History: The Catacombs Basilicas Religion: Saint Peter Centrally Planned Churches Justinian and the Byzantine Style San Vitale Media and Technique: Mosaics MAP: The Byzantine Empire under Justinian I, A.D. 565 Hagia Sophia The Codex The Vienna Genesis Media: Parchment Later Byzantine Developments 11: The Early Middle Ages Islamic Art Religion: Islam The Great Mosque, Cordoba Northern European Art Anglo-Saxon Metalwork Primary Source: Beowulf Hiberno-Saxon Art Media and Technique: Manuscript Illumination The Carolingian Period MAP: The Holy Roman Empire under Charlemagne, 814 Manuscripts Religion: Revelation and the Four Symbols of the Evangelists Monasteries Ottonian Period 12: Romanesque Art Economic and Political Developments Society and Culture: Feudalism Pilgrimage Roads MAP: Pilgrimage Roads to Santiago de Compostela, Spain Architecture Sainte-Foy at Conques Developments at Autun The Stavelot Reliquary Triptych Manuscripts Mural Painting The "Bayeux Tapestry" 13: Gothic Art Origins of the Gothic Style in France Early Gothic Architecture: Saint-Denis Religion: The Life of Saint Denis Elements of Gothic Architecture Rib Vaults Piers Flying Buttresses Pointed Arches The Skeleton Stained-Glass Windows Society and Culture: Guilds Romanesque Precursors of Gothic The Age of Cathedrals Chartres Exterior Architecture of Chartres Exterior Sculpture of Chartres Interior of Chartres Later Developments of the French Gothic Style Reims Paris: Reliquary Chapel of Sainte-Chapelle The Saint Louis Psalter English Gothic Salisbury Cathedral German Gothic Cologne Cathedral 14: Precursors of the Renaissance Thirteenth-Century Italy Nicola Pisano Cimabue MAP: Leading Art Centers in Renaissance Italy Fourteenth-Century Italy Giotto Literature: Dante: Poet of Heaven and Hell Media and Technique: Tempera Media and Technique: Altarpieces The Arena Chapel Media and Technique: Fresco Painting in Siena Duccio's Rucellai Madonna The Maesta The Kiss of Judas Ambrogio Lorenzetti and the Effects of Good Government The International Gothic Style Claus Sluter The Limbourg Brothers 15: The Early Renaissance Italy in the Fifteenth Century Renaissance Humanism Society and Culture: The Humanist Movement Society and Culture: Soldiers of Fortune The Competition for the Florence Baptistery Doors Brunelleschi's Architecture History: Vasari's Lives Linear Perspective Ghiberti's East Baptistery Doors The Early Fifteenth-Century Painting Masaccio International Style in Italy: Gentile da Fabriano Technique: Aerial Perspective Early Fifteenth-Century Sculpture: Donatello's David Second-Generation Developments Leon Battista Alberti The Theme of David and Goliath The Equestrian Portrait State Portraits Media: Oil Painting Monumentality versus Spirituality in Fifteenth-Century Painting Filippo Lippi Andrea Mantegna's Illusionism History: Isabella d'Este Botticelli's Mythological Subject Matter Philosophy: The Platonic Academy Fifteenth-Century Painting in the Netherlands MAP: Northern and Central Europe in the Renaissance Campin's Merode Altarpiece Jan van Eyck Rogier van der Weyden Later Developments 16: The High Renaissance in Italy Architecture The Ideal of the Circle and Centrally Planned Churches St. Peter's and the Central Plan History: Julius II Painting and Sculpture Leonardo da Vinci Technique: Sfumato Michelangelo Buonarroti Raphael Developments in Venice Gentile Bellini Giovanni Bellini and the Sacra Conversazione Theory: Pietro Aretino on Color versus Drawing Giorgione Titian 17: Mannerism and the Later Sixteenth Century in Italy Politics and Religion History: The Reformation Mannerism Mannerist Painting Society and Culture: Vasari on Women Artists Mannerist Sculpture History: The Counter-Reformation Counter-Reformation Painting Tintoretto History: The Painter's Daughter El Greco Architecture: Andrea Palladio Theory: The Four Books of Architecture 18: Sixteenth-Century Painting and Printmaking in Northern Europe Humanism in the North MAP: Northern and Central Europe in the Renaissance The Netherlands Hieronymus Bosch
History: Martin Luther Caterina van Hemessen Pieter Bruegel the Elder Literature: W.H. Auden's Icarus Germany Albrecht Duerer Media and Technique: Printmaking Society and Culture: The Myth of the Mad Artist History: Erasmus Matthias Gruenewald Lucas Cranach Hans Holbein the Younger 19: The Baroque Style in Western Europe Religion, Politics, and Science Baroque Style MAP: Europe during the Baroque Style Architecture Italy France Society and Culture: The French Academy England Sculpture: Gianlorenzo Bernini Italian Baroque Painting Caravaggio Artemisia Gentileschi Society and Culture: Women as Artists from Antiquity to the 17th Century Giovanni Battista Gaulli Baroque Painting in Northern Europe Flanders: Peter Paul Rubens Holland: Rembrandt van Rijn Technique: Etching BEYOND THE WEST: Mughal Art and the Baroque Frans Hals Judith Leyster Jan Vermeer Jacob van Ruisdael Maria van Oosterwyck Spanish Baroque Painting Juan Sanchez Cotan Francesco de Zurburan Diego Velazquez French Baroque Painting: Nicolas Poussin 20: Rococo, the Eighteenth Century, and Revival Styles Cultural Developments Society and Culture: Salons and Salonnieres The Age of Enlightenment Painting in France Antoine Watteau Jean-Honore Fragonard Adelaide Labille-Guiard Elisabeth Vigee-Lebrun History: Prelude to the French Revolution Bourgeois Realism: Jean-Baptiste Chardin Painting in England Thomas Gainsborough William Hogarth Rococo Architecture in Germany Balthasar Neumann Matthaeus Daniel Poeppelmann Dominikus Zimmermann Architectural Revivals in England Classicism: Lord Burlington and Robert Adam Gothic Revival: Horace Walpole Neoclassicism: Angelica Kauffmann American Painting John Singleton Copley Benjamin West 21: Neoclassicism: The Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries The Neoclassical Style in France Jacques-Louis David Chronology: The French Revolution and the Reign of Napoleon Napoleon and the Arts Antonio Canova Marie-Guillemine Benoist Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres MAP: The Napoleonic Empire, 1812 Developments in America The American Revolution Chronology: The American Campaign for Independence The Architecture of Thomas Jefferson MAP: The United States, showing states and territories during Jefferson's presidency, c. 1803 John Trumbull's Declaration of Independence Greenough's George Washington 22: Romanticism: The Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries The Romantic Movement Architecture Music and Poetry: Romanticism in Music and Poetry Sculpture Painting in Europe William Blake Media and Technique: Watercolor Theodore Gericault Society and Culture: The Salon Eugene Delacroix Francisco de Goya y Lucientes Media and Technique: Aquatint Germany: Caspar David Friedrich Theory: The Aesthetic of the Sublime England: John Constable and Joseph Mallord William Turner Painting in the United States Thomas Cole Literature: American Romantic Writers Folk Art: Edward Hicks Albert Bierstadt 23: Nineteenth-Century Realism Cultural and Political Context Philosophy: The Communist Manifesto Literature: Realism French Realism Jean-Francois Millet Rosa Bonheur Gustave Courbet Honore Daumier Media and Technique: Lithography Society and Culture: Daumier and Satire Photography France: Nadar England: Julia Margaret Cameron America: Mathew Brady American Realist Painting Thomas Eakins's Gross Clinic Henry Ossawa Tanner French Realism in the 1860s Edouard Manet's Dejeuner sur l'Herbe Manet's Olympia Architecture Joseph Paxton: The Crystal Palace Bridges: The Roeblings The Eiffel Tower Origins of the Skyscraper: Louis Sullivan 24: Nineteenth-Century Impressionism Context and Style Society and Culture: Urban Renewal during the Second Empire Painting in France Edouard Manet: 1880s Pierre-Auguste Renoir Edgar Degas Mary Cassatt Berthe Morisot Claude Monet Views of Paris: Renoir and Pissarro BEYOND THE WEST: Japanese Woodblock Prints French Sculpture: Auguste Rodin American Painting at the Turn of the Century Winslow Homer John Singer Sargent "Art for Art's Sake" Whistler vs. Ruskin 25: Post-Impressionism and the Late Nineteenth Century Post-Impressionist Painting Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec Paul Cezanne An Apple a Day... Georges Seurat Vincent van Gogh "Dear Theo"-The Letters of Vincent van Gogh Paul Gauguin BEYOND THE WEST: Gauguin and Oceania Symbolism Society and Culture: The Symbolist Movement Gustave Moreau Edvard Munch Naive Painting: Henri Rousseau History: Freud on the Mechanisms of Dreaming 26: The Early Twentieth Century: Picasso, Fauvism, Expressionism, and Matisse Culture and Context Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse Symbolism: Picasso's Blue Period Literature: Wallace Stevens: "The Man with the Blue Guitar" BEYOND THE WEST: African Art and the European Avant-Garde Fauvism: Matisse in 1905-1906 Expressionism The Bridge (Die Bruecke) Ernst Ludwig Kirchner Emil Nolde The Blue Rider (Der Blaue Reiter) Vassily Kandinsky Franz Marc Kaethe Kollwitz Matisse after Fauvism Harmony in Red Dance 1 Icarus 27: Cubism, Futurism, and Related Twentieth-Century Styles Cubism Precursors History: Gertrude Stein Analytic Cubism: Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque Collage Media and Technique: Collage and Assemblage Synthetic Cubism Picasso's Surrealism Picasso's Guernica Other Early Twentieth-Century Developments Futurism Fernand Leger's The City Piet Mondrian The Armory Show Stuart Davis Aaron Douglas and the Harlem Renaissance Kazimir Malevich: Suprematism Postscript Architecture Frank Lloyd Wright and the Prairie Style Architecture: Cantilever The International Style Holland: De Stijl Germany: The Bauhaus France: Le Corbusier The United States 28: Dada, Surrealism, Social Realism, Regionalism, and Abstraction Dada Marcel Duchamp Jean (Hans) Arp Surrealism Man Ray Paul Klee Salvador Dali Joan Miro Rene Magritte Sculpture Derived from Surrealism Max Ernst Alberto Giacometti Henry Moore Alexander Calder The United States: Regionalism and Social Realism Grant Wood Jacob Lawrence Edward Hopper James VanDerZee Dorothea Lange Mexico Diego Rivera Frida Kahlo Toward American Abstraction Alfred Stieglitz Georgia O'Keeffe Transcendental Painting Society and Culture: American Self-Taught Painters 29: Mid-Century American Abstraction The Teachers: Hans Hofmann and Josef Albers Abstract Expressionism The New York School Arshile Gorky Theory: The Avant-Garde Action Painting Jackson Pollock Media and Technique: Navajo Sand Painting Franz Kline Willem de Kooning Mark Rothko Color Field Painting Helen Frankenthaler Media and Technique: Acrylic Frank Stella Ellsworth Kelly West Coast Abstraction: Richard Diebenkorn Sculpture Isamu Noguchi David Smith Louise Nevelson 30: Pop Art, Op Art, Minimalism, and Conceptualism Pop Art in England: Richard Hamilton Pop Art in the United States Jasper Johns Robert Rauschenberg Andy Warhol Roy Lichtenstein Tom Wesselmann Wayne Thiebaud Sculpture Op Art Minimalism Donald Judd Dan Flavin Agnes Martin Eva Hesse Conceptualism: Joseph Kosuth Sol Lewitt Action Sculpture: Joseph Beuys 31: Continuity, Innovation, and Globalization Return to Realism Chuck Close Richard Estes Duane Hanson Ron Mueck and Constantin Brancusi Performance Gilbert and George Laurie Anderson Architecture The Geodesic Dome: R. Buckminster Fuller Post-Modern Architecture Environmental Art Robert Smithson Andy Goldsworthy Christo and Jeanne-Claude Urban Environment Society and Culture: Government Funding and Censorship Installations Feminist Art Judy Chicago Kiki Smith Elizabeth Murray Race and Gender Bob Thompson Romare Bearden Kara Walker Yasumasa Morimura Plus ca change... Susan Rothenberg Anselm Kiefer Maya Ying Lin Nancy Graves Bruce Nauman and Marcel Duchamp Cindy Sherman Video Art