Air Pollution, Meteorology and Dispersion

Preface ; Acknowledgments ; 1. INTRODUCTION TO AIR POLLUTION ; 1.1 The Air Pollution Problem ; 1.2 Sources of Air Pollution ; 1.3 Air Pollutants ; 1.4 Effects of Air Pollution ; 1.5 Regulatory Control of Air Pollution ; 2. ATMOSPHERIC STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS ; 2.1 Introduction ; 2.2 Composition and Thermal Structure of the ; Atmosphere ; 2.3 State Variables and Thermodynamics ; 2.4 Atmospheric Stability ; 2.5 Conservation Laws and Atmospheric Dynamics ; 2.6 Large-scale Inviscid Flows ; 2.7 Small-scale Viscous Flows ; 2.8 Applications ; 3. ATMOSPHERIC SYSTEMS AND POLLUTANT TRANSPORT ; 3.1 Introduction ; 3.2 Macroscale Systems ; 3.3 Synoptic Weather Systems ; 3.4 Mesoscale Systems ; 3.5 Microscale Systems ; 4. MICROMETEOROLOGY AND PLANETARY BOUNDARY LAYER ; 4.1 Introduction and Definitions ; 4.2 Earth-Atmosphere Exchange Processes ; 4.3 Vertical Distribution of Thermodynamic Variables ; 4.4 Vertical Distribution of Winds in the PBL ; 4.5 Turbulence ; 4.6 Gradient-transport Theories ; 4.7 Similarity Theories ; 4.8 Boundary-layer Parameterization for Dispersion ; APPLICATIONS ; 5. STATISTICAL DESCRIPTION OF ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE ; 5.1 Reynolds Averaging ; 5.2 Probability Functions ; 5.3 Autocorrelation Functions ; 5.4 Spectrum Functions ; 5.5 Taylor's Hypothesis ; 5.6 Statistical Theory of Turbulence ; 5.7 Observed Spectra and Scales ; 5.8 Effects of Smoothing and Finite Sampling ; 5.9 Lagrangian Description of Turbulence ; 5.10 Parameterization of Turbulence for Diffusion Applications ; 6. GRADIENT TRANSPORT THEORIES ; 6.1 Eulerian Approach to Describing Diffusion ; 6.2 Mass Conservation and Diffusion Equations ; 6.3 Molecular Diffusion ; 6.4 Turbulent Diffusion ; 6.5 Constant K (Fickian Diffusion) - Theory ; 6.6 Variable K-Theory ; 6.7 Limitations of Gradient Transport Theories ; 6.8 Experimental Verification of K-Theories ; 6.9 Applications of K-Theories to Atmospheric Dispersion ; 7. STATISTICAL THEORIES OF DIFFUSION ; 7.1 Lagrangian Approach to Describing Diffusion ; 7.2 Statistical Theory of Absolute Diffusion ; 7.3 Plume Diffusion from Continuous Sources ; 7.4 Statistical Theory of Relative Diffusion ; 7.5 Puff Diffusion from Instantaneous Releases ; 7.6 Fluctuating Plume Models ; 7.7 Experimental Verification of Statistical Theories ; 7.8 Applications to Atmospheric Dispersion and Limitations ; 8. SIMILARITY THEORIES OF DISPERSION ; 8.1 Dispersion in Stratified Shear Flows ; 8.2 Lagrangian Similarity Theory for the Neutral Surface Layer ; 8.3 Lagrangian Similarity Theory for the Stratified Surface Layer ; 8.4 The Mixed-layer Similarity Theory ; 8.5 Experimental Verification of Similarity Theories ; 8.6 Applications to Dispersion in the PBL ; 8.7 Limitations of Similarity Theories ; 9. GAUSSIAN DIFFUSION MODELS ; 9.1 Basis and Justification for Gaussian Models ; 9.2 Gaussian Plume and Puff Diffusion Models ; 9.3 Diffusion Experiments ; 9.4 Empirical Dispersion Parameterization Schemes ; 9.5 Further Improvements in Dispersion Parameterization ; 9.6 The Maximum Ground-Level Concentration ; 9.7 Model Evaluations and Uncertainties ; 9.8 Limitations of Gaussian Diffusion Models ; 9.9 Practical Applications of Gaussian Diffusion Models ; 10. PLUME RISE, SETTLING, AND DEPOSITION ; 10.1 Momentum and Buoyancy Effects of Release ; 10.2 Plume-rise Theory and Observations ; 10.3 Gravitational Settling of Particles ; 10.4 Dry Deposition ; 10.5 Dispersion-Deposition Models ; 10.6 Applications ; 11. NUMERICAL DISPERSION MODELS ; 11.1 Introduction ; 11.2 Short-range Gradient Transport Models ; 11.3 Turbulence Kinetic Energy Models ; 11.4 Higher Order Closure Models ; 11.5 Large-eddy Simulations ; 11.6 Lagrangian Stochastic Models ; 12. URBAN AND REGIONAL AIR QUALITY MODELS ; 12.1 Introduction ; 12.2 Components of an Air Quality Model ; 12.3 Urban Diffusion and Air Quality ; 12.4 Regional Air Quality Models ; 12.5 Applications of Air Quality Models ; References ; Symbols ; Index ; All Chapters end with Problems and Exercises