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Thelegal struggle for civil rights throughout the Southeast and into the 1980s
In this book, twenty-threelawyers discuss their experiences in the struggle to advance and maintain civilrights in the United States South. While the lives of civil rights lawyers areoften unknown or forgotten, this book draws attention to the importance of lawyersin facilitating dramatic sociopolitical changes, illustrates therealities of working in this profession, and shows the ways in which civilrights were?and still are?tested at every turn.
The eventsdocumented here happened not just in the 1960s and '70s but also in the 1980s, andthis book highlights the emergence of a new generation of lawyers who continuedto advocate for racial equity and expanded into other areas of social justicework, such as labor and gender. In addition, while the civil rightsmovement is commonly identified with protests in Deep South states, many of itsactivities and court challenges occurred beyond the region, and this bookwidens the geographic lens to include narratives from frontline lawyers inTexas, Florida, North Carolina, and Virginia.
Many of thestruggles documented in these firsthand accounts provide the context forcontemporary civil rights concerns, including voting rights. As gains from thishistoric period are being contested and even rolled back, these narratives helpreaders remember the ubiquity of injustices in that time and to recognize thesystemic discrimination and racism that continue to undermine basic civilrights today.
Contributors: Robert L. Wiggins Jr. | James Blacksher| Alan Levine | Melvyn R. Leventhal | David Rudovsky | James Ayers | CheveneKing Jr. | John Gresham | David Kern | Jack Drake | Stephen Oleskey | Kent Hull| Kent Spriggs | Charles Stephen Ralston | Barbara Phillips | Jim Rowan | MichaelB. Trister | Bruce Rogow | Wilhelm H. Joseph | Kenneth Cloke | Gerry Hebert | PaulHarris | Martha Bergmark | Amy Ruth Tobol
Kent Spriggs, editor of Voices of Civil Rights Lawyers: Reflections from the Deep South, 1964?1980, has been a civil rights lawyer for nearly six decades. He practices in Tallahassee, Florida, where he was a city commissioner and mayor.
List of Figures xi
Foreword xiii
Acknowledgments xvii
List of Abbreviations xix
Editor's Note xxi
Introduction 1
Part 1. How Civil Rights Lawyers Emerged 7
1.Children of the South 9
The Making of a Lawyer 9
Fred Gray
How I Became a Civil Rights Lawyer 17
Barbara Phillips
From Gardendale, Alabama 27
Jack Drake
Growing Up in Winnsboro, South Carolina 30
Laughlin McDonald
Growing Up in Bama 34
Larry Menefee
2.Children of the North 37
Growing Up in the Shadow of the Holocaust 37
Armand Derfner
Growing Up on the Gold Coast 42
John C. Brittain
Race Consciousness 46
David Lipman
Why Did I Go? 54
Mac Farmer
Growing Up in Washington, D.C. 56
Kent Spriggs
Part 2. The Context of Civil Rights Litigation 69
3.Big Events 71
Selma Once More: The 1965 Selma March 71
The First Damages Judgment against the KKK 77
Larry Aschenbrenner
The 1968 Democratic Convention in Chicago: White Mississippi Delegation Barred 85
Larry Aschenbrenner and Armand Derfner
Senator McClellan Seeks to Prove SNCC Is Communist 89
Reber Boult
Miscegenation Comes to Mississippi 94
The Full Court Press for Voting Rights in Alabama 96
Norman Siegel
Mississippi Seeks to Ban the Civil Rights Lawyers 104
4.The Tenor of the Times 109
Mass Meetings, Demonstrations, and Boycotts 109
Being Married to a Civil Rights Lawyer 120
Barbara Lipman
From Civil Rights Worker to Civil Rights Lawyer 128
Jim Lewis
C. B. King, Iconic Civil Rights Lawyer 135
Dennis Roberts
Seeking Justice for a Blind Black Man in Front of Judge Cox 138
Bill Ferguson
?Summer Vacation? in Mississippi 141
Get a Bullet in Your Car at the Law Library 147
The Politics of Civil Rights Lawyering 148
Henry Aronson
The Rev. C. K. Steele and Racism in Tallahassee 154
Mississippi Notes 160
Elliott C. Lichtman
Opening Up the Closed Society 163
5.Arrests of Lawyers (and Other ?Minor Indignities?) 167
Two Arrests While Practicing Law in Mississippi 167
Doing a Little Time in Holly Springs 173
Elements of Procedure I Missed at Harvard Law School 177
Two Arrests, a Beating, and a Moment of Weakness 179
Arrested by Leander Perez Sr. 189
Richard Sobol
Getting Punched by Sheriff Clark and Other Misadventures 196
Get a Rifle Barrel in the Mouth for Monitoring an Election in Belzoni 200
A Very Bad Morning in Rankin County 202
Constance Slaughter-Harvey
6.Modes of Law Practice 204
538¿: The Legal Defense Fund Office in Mississippi 204
Fred Banks
Lawyers Constitutional Defense Committee in Louisiana 212
Lawyers Constitutional Defense Committee in Mississippi 221
It Changed My Life: Lawyers Constitutional Defense Committee in Mississippi 227
The Formation of the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law 232
Private Practice in Alabama 234
Nonprofit and Private Practice in Alabama 238
Part 3. Basic Legal Rights 247
7.Access to Justice 249
The Friendly Judicial Climate 249
8.Voting Rights and Political Representation 255
Voting Shenanigans in Madison Parish 255
Civil Rights Lawyers Emerge into Politics 257
Voting Rights in Edgefield County 259
Challenging At-Large Elections 266
Mississippi Pushes Back against the Voting Rights Act 270
Voting in Leflore County 272
9.Public Accommodations 275
Solomon Seay Seeks Public Accommodation 275
Solomon Seay
Desegregating the Neshoba County Courthouse 280
Don Marmaduke
Integrating the Fox Theater 281
Richard Tuttle
Trying to Get Service at Bill's Highway 80 24-Hour Truck Stop 291
Integrating the Admiral Benbow Inn Swimming Pool 294
Desegregating the Parliament House Hotel 296
10.School Desegregation and Municipal Equalization 298
Ulysses S. Grant's Legacy 298
John Maxey
School Desegregation and Municipal Equalization 303
The Legal Defense Fund's Massive Effort 312
Desegregating Schools in Northern Mississippi 319
11.Employment Discrimination 324
Crown Zellerbach Becomes the Standard 324
The Perfectly Segregated Plant in the Perfectly Segregated Town 330
Monsanto: Fair Employment Comes to a Megaplant 339
Part 4. How the Civil Rights Movement and Litigation Advanced Other Movements for Social Justice 345
12.Constitutional Race-Based Litigation and the Friendly Judicial Climate Lead to Other Areas of Constitutional Litigation 347
The Constitution Comes to the State Residential Hospitals 347
The Rule of Law Comes to Infamous Parchman Prison 352
13.How the Civil Rights Movement and Litigation Informed Other Movements for Social Justice 357
The Legacy of Other Social Justice Movements 357
Civil Rights in Mississippi Informs LGBT Concerns 362
14.Framing the Contemporary Dialogue of Race 366 The Trojan Horse Called ?Diversity? 366
White Supremacy Lives 374
Conclusion 381
About the Editor 385
List of Contributors 387
Index 389
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