Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) is electromagnetic radiation coming from the sun, with a medium wavelength which is mostly absorbed by the ozone layer. The biological effects of UV-B are greater than simple heating effects, and many practical applications of UV-B radiation derive from its interactions with organic molecules. It is considered particularly harmful to the environment and living things, but what have scientific studies actually shown?
UV-B Radiation: From Environmental Stressor to Regulator of Plant Growth presents a comprehensive overview of the origins, current state, and future horizons of scientific research on ultraviolet-B radiation and its perception in plants. Chapters explore all facets of UV-B research, including the basics of how UV-B's shorter wavelength radiation from the sun reaches the Earth's surface, along with its impact on the environment's biotic components and on human biological systems. Chapters also address the dramatic shift in UV-B research in recent years, reflecting emerging technologies, showing how historic research which focused exclusively on the harmful environmental effects of UV-B radiation has now given way to studies on potential benefits to humans. Topics include:
* UV-B and its climatology
* UV-B and terrestrial ecosystems
* Plant responses to UV-B stress
* UB- B avoidance mechanisms
* UV-B and production of secondary metabolites
* Discovery of UVR8
Timely and important, UV-B Radiation: From Environmental Stressor to Regulator of Plant Growth is an invaluable resource for environmentalists, researchers and students who are into the state-of-the-art research being done on exposure to UV-B radiation.
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ISBN-13
978-1-119-14363-5 (9781119143635)
Schweitzer Klassifikation
Thema Klassifikation
DNB DDC Sachgruppen
Dewey Decimal Classfication (DDC)
BIC 2 Klassifikation
BISAC Klassifikation
Warengruppensystematik 2.0
ABOUT THE EDITORS
VIJAY PRATAP SINGH is Assistant Professor, Govt. Ramanuj Pratap Singhdev Post Graduate College, Chhattisgarh, India.
SAMIKSHA SINGH is Research Scholar, Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, India.
SHEO MOHAN PRASAD is Professor, Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, India.
PARUL PARIHAR is Research Scholar, Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, India.
1 - Title Page [Seite 5]
2 - Copyright Page [Seite 6]
3 - Contents [Seite 9]
4 - List of Contributors [Seite 17]
5 - Preface [Seite 21]
6 - Chapter 1 An Introduction to UV-B Research in Plant Science [Seite 23]
6.1 - 1.1 The Historical Background [Seite 23]
6.2 - 1.2 Biologically Effective Irradiance [Seite 24]
6.3 - 1.3 UV-B-induced Effects in Plants [Seite 25]
6.4 - 1.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives [Seite 27]
6.5 - Acknowledgements [Seite 28]
6.6 - References [Seite 28]
7 - Chapter 2 Stimulation of Various Phenolics in Plants Under Ambient UV-B Radiation [Seite 31]
7.1 - 2.1 Introduction [Seite 31]
7.2 - 2.2 UV-B Radiation [Seite 32]
7.3 - 2.3 Phenolics [Seite 34]
7.3.1 - 2.3.1 Chemistry of Phenolic Compounds [Seite 35]
7.3.2 - 2.3.2 Biosynthesis and Subcellular Localization of Phenolics [Seite 35]
7.3.3 - 2.3.3 Functions of Phenolic Compounds Depend on Their Localization [Seite 37]
7.4 - 2.4 UV-B Radiation Stimulates Phenolic Induction [Seite 40]
7.4.1 - 2.4.1 Mechanisms of UV-B Perception [Seite 40]
7.4.2 - 2.4.2 UV-B-Induced Accumulation of Phenolic Compounds [Seite 42]
7.4.3 - 2.4.3 Interactive Effects of UV-B with UV-A Radiation and PAR on Phenolics Accumulation [Seite 51]
7.4.4 - 2.4.4 Interactive Effects of UV-B Radiation with other Environmental Factors on Phenolics Accumulation [Seite 52]
7.5 - 2.5 UV-B-Induced Photomorphological Responses [Seite 53]
7.5.1 - 2.5.1 Connection Between UV-B-Induced Morphological Responses and Phenolics [Seite 54]
7.5.2 - 2.5.2 Effect of UV-B Radiation on Root Morphology in Relation to Phenolics [Seite 55]
7.6 - 2.6 Photosynthesis Under UV-B Radiation [Seite 55]
7.6.1 - 2.6.1 Interplay of Phenolics and Photosynthesis Under UV-B Radiation [Seite 56]
7.7 - 2.7 UV-B Radiation Induces Phenolics Accumulation in Fruits [Seite 59]
7.8 - 2.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives [Seite 60]
7.9 - References [Seite 61]
8 - Chapter 3 UV-B Radiation: A Reassessment of its Impact on Plants and Crops [Seite 79]
8.1 - 3.1 Introduction [Seite 79]
8.2 - 3.2 Plant Production [Seite 80]
8.3 - 3.3 Plant Protection Against UV-B [Seite 82]
8.4 - References [Seite 82]
9 - Chapter 4 Interaction of UV-B with the Terrestrial Ecosystem [Seite 87]
9.1 - 4.1 Introduction [Seite 87]
9.2 - 4.2 Growth and Development [Seite 88]
9.3 - 4.3 Secondary Metabolites [Seite 89]
9.4 - 4.4 Susceptibility to Herbivorous Insects [Seite 89]
9.5 - 4.5 Plant Sexual Reproduction [Seite 89]
9.6 - 4.6 Genomic Level [Seite 90]
9.7 - 4.7 Conclusion [Seite 91]
9.8 - References [Seite 92]
10 - Chapter 5 A Review on Responses of Plants to UV-B Radiation Related Stress [Seite 97]
10.1 - 5.1 Introduction [Seite 97]
10.2 - 5.2 Morphological and Yield Response to UV-B [Seite 98]
10.3 - 5.3 Targets of UV-B in the Carbon Fixation Cycle [Seite 101]
10.4 - 5.4 Photoreceptors and Signalling Pathway in Response to UV-B Radiation [Seite 102]
10.5 - 5.5 Acclimatization and Protection in Response to UV-B [Seite 104]
10.6 - 5.6 Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Response to UV-B [Seite 104]
10.7 - 5.7 DNA Damage and Repair Mechanism [Seite 105]
10.8 - 5.8 Exclusion of UV Components: Experimental Approach to Study the Effect on Plants [Seite 107]
10.9 - 5.9 Conclusion and Future Perspectives [Seite 108]
10.10 - Acknowledgement [Seite 109]
10.11 - References [Seite 109]
11 - Chapter 6 Oxidative Stress and Antioxidative Defence System in Plants in Response to UV-B Stress [Seite 121]
11.1 - 6.1 Introduction [Seite 121]
11.2 - 6.2 Plant Protection Against UV Radiation [Seite 123]
11.3 - 6.3 UV-B and ROS [Seite 125]
11.4 - 6.4 UV-B and Antioxidant Enzymes [Seite 126]
11.5 - 6.5 UV-B and Antioxidant [Seite 129]
11.6 - 6.6 UV-B and Signalling [Seite 130]
11.7 - 6.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives [Seite 132]
11.8 - References [Seite 133]
12 - Chapter 7 Major influence on phytochrome and photosynthetic machinery under UV-B exposure [Seite 145]
12.1 - 7.1 Introduction [Seite 145]
12.2 - 7.2 Photomorphogenesis in Higher Plants [Seite 146]
12.2.1 - 7.2.1 Phytochrome system and its interaction with UV-B [Seite 146]
12.2.2 - 7.2.2 Photomorphogenic responses of UV-B [Seite 147]
12.2.3 - 7.2.3 UV-B signal transduction (UVR8) [Seite 149]
12.3 - 7.3 Effect of UV-B Exposure on Photosynthetic Machinery [Seite 150]
12.3.1 - 7.3.1 Direct effects of UV- B on photosynthetic machinery [Seite 150]
12.3.1.1 - 7.3.1.1 Effects of UV-B stress on components involved in light reaction [Seite 150]
12.3.1.2 - 7.3.1.2 Effect of UV-B stress on photosystems and cytochrome b6/f complex [Seite 151]
12.3.2 - 7.3.2 Indirect effect of UV-B stress on components involved in dark reaction [Seite 154]
12.3.2.1 - 7.3.2.1 Impact on regulation of stomata and Rubisco enzyme [Seite 154]
12.3.3 - 7.3.3 UV-B induced ROS production in plants [Seite 155]
12.3.4 - 7.3.4 Protective adaptation [Seite 155]
12.4 - 7.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives [Seite 157]
12.5 - References [Seite 158]
13 - Chapter 8 UV-B Radiation-Induced Damage of Photosynthetic Apparatus of Green Leaves: Protective Strategies vis-a-vis Visible and/or UV-A Light [Seite 165]
13.1 - 8.1 Introduction [Seite 165]
13.2 - 8.2 UV-B Effects on the Photosynthetic Apparatus of Leaves [Seite 165]
13.3 - 8.3 UV-A Effects on Photosynthetic Apparatus of Leaves (Damage and Promotion) [Seite 167]
13.4 - 8.4 UV-A-Mediated Modulation of UV-B-Induced Damage [Seite 167]
13.5 - 8.5 PAR-Mediated Balancing of UV-B-Induced Damage [Seite 168]
13.6 - 8.6 Photosynthetic Adaptation and Acclimation to UV-B Radiation [Seite 168]
13.7 - 8.7 Corroboration with Sensible Approach [Seite 169]
13.8 - 8.8 Conclusion [Seite 171]
13.9 - Acknowledgements [Seite 171]
13.10 - References [Seite 171]
14 - Chapter 9 Ultraviolet Radiation Targets in the Cellular System:: Current Status and Future Directions [Seite 177]
14.1 - 9.1 Introduction [Seite 177]
14.2 - 9.2 Absorption Characteristics of Biomolecules [Seite 178]
14.3 - 9.3 Action Spectrum [Seite 178]
14.4 - 9.4 Targets of UV-B [Seite 179]
14.4.1 - 9.4.1 Interaction with Nucleic acids [Seite 179]
14.4.2 - 9.4.1.1 Deoxyribonucleic Acids [Seite 180]
14.4.3 - 9.4.1.2 Ribonucleic Acids [Seite 181]
14.5 - 9.4.2 Proteins [Seite 181]
14.5.1 - 9.4.2.1 Tryptophan (Trp) [Seite 182]
14.5.2 - 9.4.2.2 Tyrosine (Tyr) [Seite 182]
14.5.3 - 9.4.2.3 Phenylalanine (Phe) [Seite 184]
14.5.4 - 9.4.2.4 Histidine (His) [Seite 184]
14.6 - 9.5 The Photosynthetic Machinery [Seite 185]
14.6.1 - 9.5.1 Photosystem I and II [Seite 186]
14.6.2 - 9.5.2 The Light-Harvesting Complexes [Seite 187]
14.7 - 9.6 Cell Division and Expansion [Seite 189]
14.8 - 9.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives [Seite 190]
14.9 - Acknowledgements [Seite 191]
14.10 - References [Seite 191]
15 - Chapter 10 Silicon: A Potential Element to Combat Adverse Impact of UV-B in plants [Seite 197]
15.1 - 10.1 Introduction [Seite 197]
15.2 - 10.2 The role of Silicon Against UV-B Exposure on Morphology of Plants [Seite 200]
15.3 - 10.3 The defensive role of silicon against UV-B exposure on physiological and biochemical traits of plants [Seite 201]
15.4 - 10.4 Silicon repairs anatomical structures of plants damaged by UV-B exposures [Seite 202]
15.5 - 10.5 UV-B-induced oxidative stress and silicon supplementation in plants [Seite 203]
15.6 - 10.6 Silicon supplementation and the status of antioxidant enzymes in plants exposed to UV-B [Seite 205]
15.7 - 10.7 Silicon and level of phenolic compounds under UV-B stress [Seite 206]
15.8 - 10.8 Conclusion and future Perspectives [Seite 208]
15.9 - References [Seite 209]
16 - Chapter 11 Sun-Screening Biomolecules in Microalgae: Role in UV-Photoprotection [Seite 219]
16.1 - 11.1 Introduction [Seite 219]
16.2 - 11.2 Global Climate Change and UV Radiation [Seite 220]
16.3 - 11.3 Effects of UV Radiation on Microalgae [Seite 221]
16.4 - 11.4 UV-induced Defence Mechanisms [Seite 223]
16.5 - 11.5 Sun-Screening Biomolecules as Key UV Photoprotectants [Seite 223]
16.5.1 - 11.5.1 Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids (MAAs) [Seite 224]
16.5.2 - 11.5.2 Scytonemin [Seite 226]
16.6 - 11.6 UV-Induced Biosynthesis [Seite 228]
16.7 - 11.7 Photoprotective Function [Seite 229]
16.8 - 11.8 Conclusion [Seite 230]
16.9 - Acknowledgements [Seite 230]
16.10 - References [Seite 230]
17 - Chapter 12 Plant Response: UV-B Avoidance Mechanisms [Seite 239]
17.1 - 12.1 Introduction [Seite 239]
17.2 - 12.2 Ultraviolet Radiation: Common Source, Classification and Factors [Seite 241]
17.2.1 - 12.2.1 Common Sources of UVR [Seite 241]
17.2.2 - 12.2.2 Classification [Seite 241]
17.2.3 - 12.2.3 Environmental Factors Affecting UV Level [Seite 242]
17.3 - 12.3 UV-B and Human Health [Seite 242]
17.3.1 - 12.3.1 Effects on the Skin [Seite 242]
17.3.2 - 12.3.2 Effects on the Eyes [Seite 242]
17.4 - 12.4 UV-B and Plant Responses [Seite 242]
17.4.1 - 12.4.1 Morphological Responses [Seite 242]
17.4.1.1 - 12.4.1.1 Visible Symptoms [Seite 242]
17.4.1.2 - 12.4.1.2 Plant Growth and Leaf Phenology [Seite 243]
17.4.1.3 - 12.4.1.3 Reproductive Morphology [Seite 244]
17.4.1.4 - 12.4.1.4 UV-B-induced photomorphogenesis [Seite 244]
17.4.2 - 12.4.2 Leaf Ultrastructure and Anatomy [Seite 244]
17.4.3 - 12.4.3 Crop Yield [Seite 245]
17.4.4 - 12.4.4 Photosynthesis [Seite 247]
17.4.4.1 - 12.4.4.1 Pigments [Seite 247]
17.4.4.2 - 12.4.4.2 Photosynthetic Machinery [Seite 247]
17.4.5 - 12.4.5 Biochemical Responses [Seite 248]
17.4.5.1 - 12.4.5.1 ROS Production in Plants [Seite 248]
17.4.5.2 - 12.4.5.2 Free Radical Scavenging Mechanism [Seite 249]
17.4.6 - 12.4.6 Molecular Responses [Seite 249]
17.4.6.1 - 12.4.6.1 UV-B and Genes [Seite 249]
17.4.6.1.1 - 12.4.6.1.1 Genes Damaged by UV Radiation [Seite 250]
17.4.6.1.2 - 12.4.6.1.2 DNA Damage [Seite 250]
17.4.6.2 - 12.4.6.2 UV and Proteins [Seite 252]
17.4.6.2.1 - 12.4.6.2.1 Amino acids [Seite 253]
17.5 - 12.5 UV-B Avoidance and Defence Mechanism [Seite 256]
17.5.1 - 12.5.1 Avoidance at Morphological Level [Seite 256]
17.5.1.1 - 12.5.1.1 Epicuticular Waxes [Seite 256]
17.5.2 - 12.5.2 Avoidance at Biochemical Level [Seite 257]
17.5.2.1 - 12.5.2.1 Possible Role of Pectin Endocytosis in UV-B Avoidance [Seite 257]
17.5.3 - 12.5.3 Avoidance at the Molecular Level [Seite 258]
17.5.3.1 - 12.5.3.1 DNA Repair [Seite 258]
17.5.3.2 - 12.5.3.2 Genes and Avoidance [Seite 259]
17.5.3.3 - 12.5.3.3 UV-B Perceived by UVR8 Strongly Inhibits Shade Avoidance [Seite 259]
17.5.4 - 12.5.4 UV-B and Secondary Metabolites [Seite 260]
17.5.4.1 - 12.5.4.1 Plant Phenolics [Seite 260]
17.5.4.2 - 12.5.4.2 Anthocyanin [Seite 261]
17.5.4.3 - 12.5.4.3 Alkaloids [Seite 262]
17.5.4.4 - 12.5.4.4 Isoprenoids [Seite 262]
17.5.4.5 - 12.5.4.5 Glucosinolates [Seite 262]
17.6 - 12.6 UV-B and its Significance [Seite 262]
17.6.1 - 12.6.1 Ecological Significance [Seite 262]
17.6.2 - 12.6.2 UV-B and Plant Competition [Seite 263]
17.7 - 12.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives [Seite 264]
17.8 - Acknowledgments [Seite 265]
17.9 - References [Seite 266]
18 - Chapter 13 Impact of UV-B Exposure on Phytochrome and Photosynthetic Machinery: From Cyanobacteria to Plants [Seite 281]
18.1 - 13.1 Introduction [Seite 281]
18.2 - 13.2 Effect of UV-B Irradiation on Photosynthetic Machinery of Cyanobacteria [Seite 282]
18.2.1 - 13.2.1 Pigments [Seite 282]
18.2.2 - 13.2.2 Photosynthetic Electron Transport System [Seite 283]
18.2.3 - 13.2.3 Photophosphorylation and CO2 fixation [Seite 284]
18.3 - 13.3 Effect of UV-B Irradiation on Photosynthetic Machinery of Algae [Seite 284]
18.4 - 13.4 Effect of UV-B Irradiation on Photosynthetic Machinery of Higher Plants [Seite 286]
18.4.1 - 13.4.1 Pigments [Seite 286]
18.4.1.1 - 13.4.1.1 Phytochrome [Seite 286]
18.4.1.2 - 13.4.1.2 Chlorophylls, carotenoids and other pigments [Seite 287]
18.4.2 - 13.4.2 Photosystem II [Seite 287]
18.4.2.1 - 13.4.2.1 Oxygen-evolving complex [Seite 288]
18.4.2.2 - 13.4.2.2 Plastoquinones and redox-active tyrosines [Seite 288]
18.4.2.3 - 13.4.2.3 D1 and D2 proteins [Seite 289]
18.4.3 - 13.4.3 Photosystem I [Seite 289]
18.4.4 - 13.4.4 Cytochrome b6/f complex, ATP synthase and Rubisco [Seite 289]
18.4.5 - 13.4.5 Net photosynthesis [Seite 290]
18.5 - 13.5 Conclusion and future perspectives [Seite 290]
18.6 - Acknowledgements [Seite 290]
18.7 - References [Seite 291]
19 - Chapter 14 Discovery of UVR8: New Insight in UV-B Research [Seite 301]
19.1 - 14.1 Introduction [Seite 301]
19.2 - 14.2 Photoperception in Plants [Seite 302]
19.3 - 14.3 Discovery of UVR8: UV-B Photoreceptor [Seite 302]
19.4 - 14.4 UVR8 Structure [Seite 303]
19.4.1 - 14.4.1 Salt Bridge Interactions Mediate UVR8 Dimerization [Seite 303]
19.4.2 - 14.4.2 Chromophore and Key Tryptophan Residues [Seite 303]
19.5 - 14.5 Physiological Roles of UVR8 [Seite 305]
19.5.1 - 14.5.1 Photomorphogenic Response Regulation by UVR8 [Seite 305]
19.5.2 - 14.5.2 Regulation of Flavonoid Biosynthesis [Seite 306]
19.5.3 - 14.5.3 Plant-Pathogen and Plant-Herbivore Interactions [Seite 306]
19.6 - 14.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives [Seite 306]
19.7 - References [Seite 307]
20 - Chapter 15 UVR8 Signalling, Mechanism and Integration with other Pathways [Seite 311]
20.1 - 15.1 Introduction [Seite 311]
20.2 - 15.2 UVR8-Arbitrated Signalling [Seite 312]
20.2.1 - 15.2.1 Constitutively Photomorphogenic 1 (COP1) [Seite 312]
20.2.2 - 15.2.2 Elongated Hypocotyl 5 (HY5) and HYH [Seite 313]
20.2.3 - 15.2.3 Repressor of UV-B Photomorphogenesis 1 (RUP1) [Seite 314]
20.3 - 15.3 Molecular Mechanism of Photoreceptor?Mediated Signalling [Seite 315]
20.4 - 15.4 UVR8 Involvements in Different Pathways [Seite 318]
20.4.1 - 15.4.1 Protection from Photo?Inhibition and Photo Oxidative Stress [Seite 319]
20.4.2 - 15.4.2 Flavonoid and Alkaloid Pathways [Seite 320]
20.4.3 - 15.4.3 DNA Damage Repair [Seite 321]
20.4.4 - 15.4.4 Defence Against Pathogens [Seite 321]
20.4.5 - 15.4.5 Inhibition of Plant Shade Avoidance [Seite 322]
20.4.6 - 15.4.6 Regulation of Leaf Morphogenesis [Seite 322]
20.4.7 - 15.4.7 Regulation of Root Growth and Development [Seite 322]
20.4.8 - 15.4.8 Circadian Clock [Seite 323]
20.5 - 15.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives [Seite 323]
20.6 - Acknowledgements [Seite 324]
20.7 - References [Seite 324]
21 - Index [Seite 331]
22 - EULA [Seite 342]
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