<b>List of Contributors </b><i>xi</i>

<b>Preface </b><i>xvii</i>

<b>1 Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Medicine </b><i>1</i>

<i>P. M. Visakh</i>

1.1 Nanoneurology

<i>1</i>

1.2 Nanomolecular

Diagnostics <i>3</i>

1.3 Nanopharmaceuticals

<i>4</i>

1.4 Role

of Nanotechnology in Biological Therapies <i>6</i>

1.5 Nanomaterials

for Gene Therapy <i>8</i>

1.6 Nanotools

for the Treatment of Ocular Diseases <i>10</i>

1.7 Nanotechnology

Applications in Food and Nutrition Science <i>11</i>

1.8 Rubber

Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications <i>13</i>

References <i>15</i>

<b>2 Nanoneurology </b><i>27</i>

<i>LironL. Israel and Eggehard Holler</i>

2.1 Introduction

and Recent Advances <i>27</i>

2.2 Types

of Nanomaterials <i>30</i>

2.3 Nanomaterial

Applications for Neurodegenerative Diseases <i>32</i>

2.4 Nanomaterial

Applications for Strokes <i>38</i>

2.5 Nanomaterial

Applications for Spinal Cord Injuries <i>41</i>

2.6 Nanomaterial

Applications for Brain Tumors <i>44</i>

2.7 Adverse

Effects of Nanomaterials <i>50</i>

2.8 Regulatory

Issues <i>53</i>

2.9 Conclusions

<i>54</i>

References <i>54</i>

<b>3 Nanomolecular Diagnostics </b><i>65</i>

<i>Anila Fariq, Ayesha Selhaba, Anum Zulfiqar, and Azra Yasmin</i>

3.1 Introduction

<i>65</i>

3.2 Nanodiagnostics

<i>67</i>

3.3 Nanoparticles

for Molecular Diagnostics <i>68</i>

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<b>vi </b><i>?Contents</i>

3.4 Applications

of Nanoparticles for Molecular Diagnostics <i>75</i>

3.5 Comparison

Between Nanomaterials and Other Materials in Molecular

Diagnostics <i>79</i>

3.6 Prospects

of Nanodiagnostics <i>79</i>

3.7 Regulatory

Issues <i>80</i>

3.8 Conclusion

<i>81</i>

References <i>82</i>

<b>4 Nanopharmaceuticals </b><i>87</i>

<i>David Quintanar-Guerrero,</i>

<i>Gerardo Leyva-Gomez,</i>

<i>Nancy Evelyn Magana Vergara,</i>

<i>and Nestor Mendoza Munoz</i>

4.1 Introduction

<i>87</i>

4.2 Liposomes

in Nanopharmaceuticals <i>89</i>

4.3 Polymeric

Nanoparticles in Nanopharmaceuticals <i>93</i>

4.4 Solid

Lipid Nanoparticles in Nanopharmaceuticals <i>99</i>

4.5 Dendrimers

in Nanopharmaceuticals <i>101</i>

4.6 Quantum

Dots in Nanopharmaceuticals <i>104</i>

4.7 Regulatory

Issues <i>106</i>

4.8 Conclusion

<i>109</i>

References <i>109</i>

<b>5 Role of Nanotechnology in Biological Therapies </b><i>115</i>

<i>Blanca Ocampo-Garcia,</i>

<i>Liliana Aranda Lara, Guillermina Ferro-Flores,</i>

<i>Enrique Morales-Avila,</i>

<i>and Keila Isaac-Olive</i>

5.1 Introduction

<i>115</i>

5.2 Biological

Therapies <i>116</i>

5.3 Nanoparticles

in Biological Therapies <i>118</i>

5.4 Application

of Nanotechnology in Biological Therapies <i>131</i>

5.5 Advantages

and Disadvantages of Nanoparticles in Biological Therapies <i>136</i>

5.6 Conclusion

<i>137</i>

References <i>137</i>

<b>6 Nanomaterials for Gene Therapy </b><i>153</i>

<i>V. Karthik, A. Vigneshwaran, D. Dharun Daniel Raj, T.G.N. Nagrajun, S. Poornima,</i>

<i>R. Subbaiya, and M. Saravanan</i>

6.1 Introduction

and Recent Advances <i>153</i>

6.2 Nanomaterials

and their Physicochemical Properties <i>153</i>

6.3 Methods

of Characterizing the Physicochemical Properties of Nanomaterials <i>154</i>

6.4 Target

Organ Biocompatibility/Toxicity <i>155</i>

6.5 Gene

Delivery <i>158</i>

6.6 Regulatory

Issues <i>163</i>

References <i>163</i>

<b>7 Nanotools for the Treatment of Ocular Diseases </b><i>169</i>

<i>Elisa J. Campos, Antonio Campos, Joao Martins, and Antonio F. Ambrosio</i>

7.1 Introduction

<i>169</i>

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<i>Contents </i><b>vii</b>

7.2 Ocular

Anatomy <i>170</i>

7.3 Physiological

Barriers in the Eye <i>171</i>

7.4 Methods

of Ocular Disease Treatment <i>173</i>

7.5 Nanomedicine

in Ocular Therapy <i>174</i>

7.6 Closing

Remarks <i>180</i>

Conflict

of Interest <i>181</i>

References <i>181</i>

<b>8 Nanotechnology Applications in Food and Nutrition Science </b><i>185</i>

<i>Kobra S. Rizi, Majid Rezayi, Ehsan Aryan, Zahra Meshkat, and Majid G. Mobarhan</i>

8.1 Introduction

<i>185</i>

8.2 Nanostructured

Delivery Systems <i>186</i>

8.3 Nanoparticles

Based on Inorganic Materials <i>202</i>

8.4 Metal

Nanoparticles <i>204</i>

8.5 Conclusion

<i>205</i>

References <i>206</i>

<b>9 Rubber Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications </b><i>225</i>

<i>Jayalatha Gopalakrishnan</i>

9.1 Introduction

<i>225</i>

9.2 Rubbers

for Biomedical Applications <i>226</i>

9.3 Rubber-

based

Nanocomposites <i>229</i>

9.4 Conclusions

<i>246</i>

References <i>246</i>

<b>10 Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Medicine </b><i>251</i>

<i>P. M Visakh</i>

10.1 Nanomaterials

and Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative

Medicine <i>251</i>

10.2 Nanorobotics

in Nanomedicine <i>253</i>

10.3 Nanosensors

<i>255</i>

10.4 Inorganic

Nanoparticles for Drug-delivery

Applications <i>257</i>

10.5 Intelligent

Nanomaterials for Medicine <i>259</i>

10.6 Polymer-

based

Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications <i>261</i>

10.7 Toxicity

of Nanomaterials <i>263</i>

10.8 Multifunctional

Nanomaterials for Medical Applications <i>264</i>

10.9 Antimicrobial

Applications of Nanoparticles <i>265</i>

References <i>266</i>

<b>11 Nanomaterials and Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative</b>

<b>Medicine </b><i>279</i>

<i>Saeid Kargozar, Simin Nazarnezhad, Farzad Kermani, and Francesco Baino</i>

11.1 Introduction

and Recent Advances <i>279</i>

11.2 Tissue

Engineering and Regenerative Medicine: General Concepts <i>280</i>

11.3 Implantable

Nanomaterials to Regenerate Living Tissues <i>282</i>

11.4 Nanomaterials

as Carriers for Therapeutic Agents <i>283</i>

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<b>viii </b><i>?Contents</i>

11.5 Nanofibrous

Scaffolds <i>285</i>

11.6 Nano-

topography

Techniques for Tissue-engineered

Scaffolds <i>288</i>

11.7 Regulatory

Issues <i>290</i>

11.8 Conclusion

<i>290</i>

References <i>291</i>

<b>12 Nanorobotics in Nanomedicine </b><i>303</i>

<i>Vaishali Y. Londhe and Rupali S. Bhadale</i>

12.1 Introduction

<i>303</i>

12.2 What

is Nanorobotics? <i>304</i>

12.3 Nanorobotics

in Nanomedicines <i>306</i>

12.4 Nanorobots

for Medical Imaging <i>307</i>

12.5 Nanorobots

for Targeted Drug Delivery <i>309</i>

12.6 Enzymatic

Nanolithography <i>313</i>

12.7 Biomimetic

Approach <i>314</i>

12.8 Cell

Biochips <i>315</i>

12.9 Nanorobots

for Precision Surgery <i>315</i>

12.10 Nanorobots

for Detoxification <i>317</i>

12.11 Fabrication

of Nanorobots <i>318</i>

12.12 Toxicity

<i>321</i>

12.13 Administration

and Retrieval <i>321</i>

12.14 Clinical

Presence of Nanorobots <i>322</i>

12.15 Reproducibility

and Standardization <i>322</i>

12.16 Regulatory

Issues <i>323</i>

12.17 Conclusion

<i>324</i>

References <i>325</i>

<b>13 Nanosensors </b><i>333</i>

<i>Asit Behera, A.K. Sahoo and S.S. Mohapatra</i>

13.1 Introduction

and Recent Advances <i>333</i>

13.2 Classification

of Nanosensors <i>336</i>

13.3 Nanosensor

Fabrication <i>339</i>

13.4 Inorganic

Nanosensors <i>343</i>

13.5 Biopolymer-

derived

Nanosensors <i>346</i>

13.6 Applications

<i>348</i>

13.7 Regulatory

Issues <i>358</i>

13.8 Conclusions

<i>359</i>

References <i>360</i>

<b>14 Inorganic Nanoparticles for Drug-delivery</b>

<b>Applications </b><i>367</i>

<i>Chinnu Sabu, V.K. Ameena Shirin, Renu Sankar and K. Pramod</i>

14.1 Introduction

<i>367</i>

14.2 Synthesis

of Inorganic Nanoparticles <i>368</i>

14.3 Properties

of Inorganic Nanoparticles <i>371</i>

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<i>Contents </i><b>ix</b>

14.4 Functionalization

of Inorganic Nanoparticles <i>372</i>

14.5 Quantum

Dots for Drug Delivery <i>374</i>

14.6 Drug

Delivery by Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles <i>376</i>

14.7 Silver

Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery <i>379</i>

14.8 Gold

Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery <i>383</i>

14.9 Superparamagnetic

Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery <i>385</i>

14.10 Hybrid

Systems of Inorganic Nanoparticles <i>386</i>

14.11 Prospects

of Inorganic Nanoparticles <i>388</i>

14.12 Conclusion

<i>388</i>

References <i>388</i>

<b>15 Intelligent Nanomaterials for Medicine </b><i>401</i>

<i>Ajit Behera and Ranjan K. Mohapatra</i>

15.1 Introduction

to Intelligent Nanomaterials <i>401</i>

15.2 Design

and Function of Intelligent Nanoparticles <i>403</i>

15.3 Various

Intelligent Materials for Medicines <i>405</i>

15.4 Type

of Stimuli in Intelligent Nanomaterials in Medicine <i>415</i>

15.5 Clinical

Applications of Intelligent Nanomaterials <i>416</i>

15.6 Potential

Risk Factors in Nanomaterial Application <i>419</i>

15.7 Summary

and Future Prospects <i>420</i>

References <i>420</i>

<b>16 Polymer-based</b>

<b>Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications </b><i>427</i>

<i>Chander Amgoth, Kaxi Yu, Shuai Chen, Hongzhen Bai and Guping Tang</i>

16.1 Introduction

and Recent Advances <i>427</i>

16.2 Polymers

for Biomedical Fields <i>428</i>

16.3 Synthesis

of Nanocomposites <i>432</i>

16.4 Characterization

Tools for Nanocomposites <i>432</i>

16.5 Size,

Shape, and Morphology of Nanocomposites <i>433</i>

16.6 Polymer

Nanocomposites for Various Applications <i>436</i>

16.7 Nanocomposites

for Molecular Diagnosis and Biopharmaceutics <i>437</i>

16.8 Perspectives

of Nanocomposites <i>441</i>

16.9 Conclusion

<i>442</i>

References <i>442</i>

<b>17 Toxicity of Nanomaterials </b><i>447</i>

<i>Elham Abohamzeh, M. Sheikholeslami and Ahmad Shafee</i>

17.1 Introduction

and Recent Advances <i>447</i>

17.2 Biomedical

Applications of Nanomaterials <i>449</i>

17.3 Biodistribution,

Mechanism, and Excretion of Nanomaterials <i>453</i>

17.4 Toxicity

of Nanomaterials <i>457</i>

17.5 Physicochemical

Properties and Toxicity of Nanomaterials <i>461</i>

17.6 Regulatory

Issues <i>464</i>

17.7 Conclusion

<i>466</i>

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<b>x </b><i>?Contents</i>

References <i>466</i>

<b>18 Multifunctional Nanomaterials for Medical Applications </b><i>479</i>

<i>Jitha S Jayan, Ramya Rajan, Saritha Appukuttan, and Kuruvilla Joseph</i>

18.1 Introduction

and Recent Advances <i>479</i>

18.2 Multifunctional

Nanomaterials <i>481</i>

18.3 Diagnostic

Application <i>483</i>

18.4 Therapeutic

Application <i>485</i>

18.5 External

Stimuli-responsive

Nanoparticles for Medicinal Applications <i>487</i>

18.6 Regulatory

Issues <i>498</i>

18.7 Conclusion

and Future Perspectives <i>498</i>

References <i>499</i>

<b>19 Antimicrobial Applications of Nanoparticles </b><i>517</i>

19.1 Introduction

<i>517</i>

19.2 Antimicrobial

Properties of Nanoparticles <i>518</i>

19.3 Antimicrobial

Applications of Nanoparticles <i>525</i>

19.4 Conclusions

<i>539</i>

References <i>540</i>

<b>Index </b><i>000</i>