Deep Brain Stimulation and Epilepsy

Historical Overview: Brain Stimulation and Epilepsy. Pathogenesis of Brain Stimulation: Animal Studies. The Basal Ganglia: Overview. Anatomy and Neurophysiology of the Subthalamic Nucleus (STN). Electrical Stimulus Characteristics. Electrically Excitable Nerve-elements. Epileptiform Activity Disrupted by Electrical Stimulation. The Nigral Control of Epilepsy (NCE) System. Effect of Repetitive Cortical Stimulation in Animals. Pathogenesis of Brain Stimulation: Human Studies. Cortico-cortical Evoked Potentials in Humans. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Humans. High Frequency STN Stimulation. Cortical Evoked Potentials to STN Stimulation. Recording of EEG from STN in Patients with Epilepsy. Recording of EEG from the ATN in Patients with Epilepsy.Effect of Brain Stimulation on Epileptic Seizures: Animal Experiments. Absence Seizures in the GAERS Model (STN Stimulation). Focal Limbic Seizures Induced by Kainic Acid (STN stimulation). Focal Cortical Dysplasia Model (STN Stimulation). Amygdaloid Kindled Model (STN). Penthyleneterazol Model (ATN Stimulation). Effect of Brain Stimulation on Epileptic Seizures: Human Studies. Vagal Nerve Stimulation. Mechanisms of Action. Surgical Technique. Effect on Seizures. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Cortical Electrical Stimulation. Hippocampal Stimulation. AT Stimulation. Surgical Procedure. Study Protocol. STN Stimulation. Surgical Procedure. Preliminary Results: Grenoble Experience. Preliminary Results: Cleveland Experience. Future Developments.