Handbook of Measurement in Science and Engineering, Volume 3

Myer Kutz(Herausgeber*in)

Wiley (Verlag)

Erschienen am 17. Juni 2016

832 Seiten

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A multidisciplinary reference of engineering measurement tools, techniques, and applications
"When you can measure what you are speaking about, and express it in numbers, you know something about it; but when you cannot measure it, when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is of a meager and unsatisfactory kind; it may be the beginning of knowledge, but you have scarcely in your thoughts advanced to the stage of science." -- Lord Kelvin
Measurement is at the heart of any engineering and scientific discipline and job function. Whether engineers and scientists are attempting to state requirements quantitatively and demonstrate compliance; to track progress and predict results; or to analyze costs and benefits, they must use the right tools and techniques to produce meaningful data.
The Handbook of Measurement in Science and Engineering is the most comprehensive, up-to-date reference set on engineering and scientific measurements--beyond anything on the market today. Encyclopedic in scope, Volume 3 covers measurements in physics, electrical engineering and chemistry:
* Laser Measurement Techniques
* Magnetic Force Images using Capacitive Coupling Effect
* Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
* Measurement of Light and Color
* The Detection and Measurement of Ionizing Radiation
* Measuring Time and Comparing Clocks
* Laboratory-Based Gravity Measurement
* Cryogenic Measurements
* Temperature-Dependent Fluorescence Measurements
* Voltage and Current Transducers for Power Systems
* Electric Power and Energy Measurement
* Chemometrics for the Engineering and Measurement Sciences
* Liquid Chromatography
* Mass Spectroscopy Measurements of Nitrotyrosine-Containing Proteins
* Fluorescence Spectroscopy
* X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy
* Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
* Near Infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy
* Nanomaterials Properties
* Chemical Sensing
Vital for engineers, scientists, and technical managers in industry and government, Handbook of Measurement in Science and Engineering will also prove ideal for academics and researchers at universities and laboratories.

Auflage

1. Auflage

Sprache

Englisch

Verlagsort

Newark

USA

Verlagsgruppe

John Wiley & Sons

Produkt-Hinweis

Reflowable

Dateigröße

36,03 MB

ISBN-13

978-1-119-24473-8 (9781119244738)

Schlagworte

Colorimetry Scanning tunneling microscopy chemistry photometry PHYSICS Physik Chemie Naturwissenschaften Ingenieurwissenschaften Messen Mathematics & Statistics for Chemistry Mathematik u. Statistik i. d. Chemie p&gt &lt Laser Measurement Magnetic Force Imaging Measurement of Ionizing Radiation Laboratory-Based Gravity Measurement Cryogenic Measurements Floures

Schweitzer Klassifikation

Physik / Astronomie

Allgemein

Technik / Architektur

Thema Klassifikation

Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften

Physik

DNB DDC Sachgruppen

Naturwissenschaften

Physik

BISAC Klassifikation

Science

Physics / General

Technology & Engineering

Measurement

Warengruppensystematik 2.0

Naturwissenschaften, Medizin, Informatik, Technik

Physik, Astronomie

Allgemeines, Lexika

Intro
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Contributors
Preface
PART VII PHYSICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Chapter 54 LASER MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
54.1 INTRODUCTION
54.1.1 History and Development of the MASER
54.1.2 Basic Laser Physics
54.1.3 Laser Beam Characteristics
54.1.4 Example: CO2 Laser Pumped Far-Infrared Gas Laser Systems
54.1.5 Heterodyned Detection
54.1.6 Transformation of Multimode Laser Beams from THz Quantum Cascade Lasers
54.1.7 Suggested Reading
54.2 LASER MEASUREMENTS: LASER-BASED INVERSE SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR SYSTEMS
54.2.1 ISAR Theory
54.2.2 DFT in Radar Imaging
54.2.3 Signal Processing Considerations: Sampling Theory
54.2.4 Measurement Calibration
54.2.5 Example Terahertz Compact Radar Range
54.2.6 Suggested Reading
54.3 LASER IMAGING TECHNIQUES
54.3.1 Imaging System Measurement Parameters
54.3.2 Terahertz Polarized Reflection Imaging of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers
54.3.3 Confocal Imaging
54.3.4 Optical Coherence Tomography
54.3.5 Femtosecond Laser Imaging
54.3.6 Laser Raman Spectroscopy
54.3.7 Suggested Reading
REFERENCES
Chapter 55 MAGNETIC FORCE IMAGES USING CAPACITIVE COUPLING EFFECT
55.1 INTRODUCTION
55.2 EXPERIMENT
55.2.1 Principle
55.2.2 Instrumentation
55.2.3 Approach
55.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
55.3.1 Separation of Topographic Features from Magnetic Force Images Using Capacitive Coupling Effect
55.3.2 Effects of Long-Range Tip-Sample Interaction on Magnetic Force Imaging: A Comparative Study Between Bimorph-Driven System and Electrostatic Force Modulation
55.4 CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Chapter 56 SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPY
56.1 INTRODUCTION
56.2 THEORY OF OPERATION
56.3 MEASUREMENT OF THE TUNNEL CURRENT
56.4 THE SCANNER
56.5 OPERATING MODE
56.6 COARSE APPROACH MECHANISM
56.7 SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Chapter 57 MEASUREMENT OF LIGHT AND COLOR
57.1 INTRODUCTION
57.2 LIGHTING TERMINOLOGY
57.2.1 Fundamental Light and Color Terms
57.2.2 Terms Describing the Amount and Distribution of Light
57.2.3 Terms Describing Lighting Technologies and Performance
57.2.4 Common Quantities Used in Lighting Specification
57.3 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PHOTOMETRY AND COLORIMETRY
57.3.1 Photometry
57.3.2 Colorimetry
57.4 INSTRUMENTATION
57.4.1 Illuminance Meters
57.4.2 Luminance Meters
57.4.3 Spectroradiometers
REFERENCES
Chapter 58 THE DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT OF IONIZING RADIATION
58.1 INTRODUCTION
58.2 COMMON INTERACTIONS OF IONIZING RADIATION
58.2.1 Radiation Interactions
58.3 THE MEASUREMENT OF CHARGE
58.3.1 Counting Statistics
58.3.2 The Two Measurement Modalities
58.4 MAJOR TYPES OF DETECTORS
58.4.1 Gas Detectors
58.4.2 Ionization Chambers
58.4.3 Proportional Counters
58.4.4 GM Detectors
58.4.5 Scintillators
58.4.6 Readout of Scintillation Light
58.4.7 Semiconductors
58.5 NEUTRON DETECTION
58.5.1 Thermal Neutron Detection
58.5.2 Fast Neutron Detection
58.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS
REFERENCES
Chapter 59 MEASURING TIME AND COMPARING CLOCKS
59.1 INTRODUCTION
59.2 A GENERIC CLOCK
59.3 CHARACTERIZING THE STABILITY OF CLOCKS AND OSCILLATORS
59.3.1 Worst-Case Analysis
59.3.2 Statistical Analysis and the Allan Variance
59.3.3 Limitations of the Statistics
59.4 CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF OSCILLATORS
59.5 COMPARING CLOCKS AND OSCILLATORS
59.6 NOISE MODELS
59.6.1 White Phase Noise
59.6.2 White Frequency Noise
59.6.3 Long-Period Effects: Frequency Aging
59.6.4 Flicker Noise
59.7 MEASURING TOOLS AND METHODS
59.8 MEASUREMENT STRATEGIES
59.9 THE KALMAN ESTIMATOR
59.10 TRANSMITTING TIME AND FREQUENCY INFORMATION
59.10.1 Modeling the Delay
59.10.2 The Common-View Method
59.10.3 The "Melting-Pot" Version of Common View
59.10.4 Two-Way Methods
59.10.5 The Two-Color Method
59.11 EXAMPLES OF THE MEASUREMENT STRATEGIES
59.11.1 The Navigation Satellites of the GPS
59.11.2 The One-Way Method of Time Transfer: Modeling the Delay
59.11.3 The Common-View Method
59.11.4 Two-Way Time Protocols
59.12 THE POLLING INTERVAL: HOW OFTEN SHOULD I CALIBRATE A CLOCK?
59.13 ERROR DETECTION
59.14 COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS
59.15 THE NATIONAL TIME SCALE
59.16 TRACEABILITY
59.17 SUMMARY
59.18 BIBLIOGRAPHY
REFERENCES
Chapter 60 LABORATORY-BASED GRAVITY MEASUREMENT
60.1 INTRODUCTION
60.2 MOTIVATION FOR LABORATORY-SCALE TESTS OF GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS
60.3 PARAMETERIZATION
60.4 CURRENT STATUS OF LABORATORY-SCALE GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS
60.4.1 Tests of the ISL
60.4.2 WEP Tests
60.4.3 Measurements of G
60.5 TORSION PENDULUM EXPERIMENTS
60.5.1 General Principles and Sensitivity
60.5.2 Fundamental Limitations
60.5.3 ISL Experiments
60.5.4 Future ISL Tests
60.5.5 WEP Tests
60.5.6 Measurements of G
60.6 MICROOSCILLATORS AND SUBMICRON TESTS OF GRAVITY
60.6.1 Microcantilevers
60.6.2 Very Short-Range ISL Tests
60.7 ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS TECHNIQUES
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 61 CRYOGENIC MEASUREMENTS
61.1 INTRODUCTION
61.2 TEMPERATURE
61.2.1 ITS-90 Temperature Scale and Primary Standards
61.2.2 Commercial Thermometers
61.2.3 Thermometer Use and Comparisons
61.2.4 Dynamic Temperature Measurements
61.3 STRAIN
61.3.1 Metal Alloy Strain Gages
61.3.2 Temperature Effects
61.3.3 Magnetic Field Effects
61.3.4 Measurement System
61.3.5 Dynamic Measurements
61.4 PRESSURE
61.4.1 Capacitance Pressure Sensors
61.4.2 Variable Reluctance Pressure Sensors
61.4.3 Piezoresistive Pressure Sensors
61.4.4 Piezoelectric Pressure Sensors
61.5 FLOW
61.5.1 Positive Displacement Flowmeter (Volume Flow)
61.5.2 Angular Momentum Flowmeter (Mass Flow)
61.5.3 Turbine Flowmeter (Volume Flow)
61.5.4 Differential Pressure Flowmeter
61.5.5 Thermal or Calorimetric (Mass Flow)
61.5.6 Hot-Wire Anemometer (Mass Flow)
61.6 LIQUID LEVEL
61.7 MAGNETIC FIELD
61.8 CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Chapter 62 TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT FLUORESCENCE MEASUREMENTS
62.1 INTRODUCTION
62.2 ADVANTAGES OF PHOSPHOR THERMOMETRY
62.3 THEORY AND BACKGROUND
62.4 LABORATORY CALIBRATION OF TP SYSTEMS
62.5 HISTORY OF PHOSPHOR THERMOMETRY
62.6 REPRESENTATIVE MEASUREMENT APPLICATIONS
62.6.1 Permanent Magnet Rotor Measurement
62.6.2 Turbine Engine Component Measurement
62.7 TWO-DIMENSIONAL AND TIME-DEPENDENT TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
62.8 CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Chapter 63 VOLTAGE AND CURRENT TRANSDUCERS FOR POWER SYSTEMS
63.1 INTRODUCTION
63.2 CHARACTERIZATION OF VOLTAGE AND CURRENT TRANSDUCERS
63.3 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS
63.3.1 Theoretical Fundamentals and Characteristics
63.3.2 Instrument Transformers for Protective Purposes
63.3.3 Instrument Transformers under Nonsinusoidal Conditions
63.3.4 Capacitive Voltage Transformer
63.4 TRANSDUCERS BASED ON PASSIVE COMPONENTS
63.4.1 Shunts
63.4.2 Voltage Dividers
63.4.3 Isolation Amplifiers
63.5 HALL-EFFECT AND ZERO-FLUX TRANSDUCERS
63.5.1 The Hall Effect
63.5.2 Open-Loop Hall-Effect Transducers
63.5.3 Closed-Loop Hall-Effect Transducers
63.5.4 Zero-Flux Transducers
63.6 AIR-CORE CURRENT TRANSDUCERS: ROGOWSKI COILS
63.7 OPTICAL CURRENT AND VOLTAGE TRANSDUCERS
63.7.1 Optical Current Transducers
63.7.2 Optical Voltage Transducer
63.7.3 Applications of OCTs and OVTs
REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
Journal and Conference Papers
Application Notes and Technical Brochures
International Standards
Chapter 64 ELECTRIC POWER AND ENERGY MEASUREMENT
64.1 INTRODUCTION
64.2 POWER AND ENERGY IN ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
64.2.1 DC Circuits
64.2.2 AC Circuits
64.3 MEASUREMENT METHODS
64.3.1 DC Conditions
64.3.2 AC Conditions
64.4 WATTMETERS
64.4.1 Architecture
64.4.2 Signal Processing
64.5 TRANSDUCERS
64.5.1 Current Transformers
64.5.2 Hall-Effect Sensors
64.5.3 Rogowski Coils
64.5.4 Voltage Transformers
64.5.5 Electronic Transformers
64.6 POWER QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
REFERENCES
PART VIII Chemistry
Chapter 65 AN OVERVIEW OF CHEMOMETRICS FOR THE ENGINEERING AND MEASUREMENT SCIENCES
65.1 INTRODUCTION: THE PAST AND PRESENT OF CHEMOMETRICS
65.2 REPRESENTATIVE DATA
65.2.1 A Suggested Workflow for Developing Chemometric Models
65.2.2 Accuracy and Precision
65.2.3 Summary of Representative Data Principles
65.3 EXPLORATORY DATA ANALYSIS
65.3.1 Univariate and Multivariate Analysis
65.3.2 Cluster Analysis
65.3.3 Principal Component Analysis
65.4 MULTIVARIATE REGRESSION
65.4.1 General Principles of Univariate and Multivariate Regression
65.4.2 Multiple Linear Regression
65.4.3 Principal Component Regression
65.4.4 Partial Least Squares Regression
65.5 MULTIVARIATE CLASSIFICATION
65.5.1 Linear Discriminant Analysis
65.5.2 Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy
65.5.3 Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis
65.5.4 Support Vector Machine Classification
65.6 TECHNIQUES FOR VALIDATING CHEMOMETRIC MODELS
65.6.1 Test Set Validation
65.6.2 Cross Validation
65.7 AN INTRODUCTION TO MSPC
65.7.1 Multivariate Projection
65.7.2 Hotelling's T2 Control Chart
65.7.3 Q-Residuals
65.7.4 Influence Plot
65.7.5 Continuous versus Batch Monitoring
65.7.6 Implementing MSPC in Practice
65.8 TERMINOLOGY
65.9 CHAPTER SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Chapter 66 LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
66.1 INTRODUCTION
66.2 SUPPORT MATERIALS IN LC
66.3 ROLE OF THE MOBILE PHASE IN LC
66.4 ADSORPTION CHROMATOGRAPHY
66.5 PARTITION CHROMATOGRAPHY
66.6 ION-EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
66.7 SIZE-EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY
66.8 AFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHY
66.9 DETECTORS FOR LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
66.10 OTHER COMPONENTS OF LC SYSTEMS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 67 MASS SPECTROSCOPY MEASUREMENTS OF NITROTYROSINE-CONTAINING PROTEINS
67.1 INTRODUCTION
67.1.1 Formation, Chemical Properties, and Related Nomenclature of Tyrosine Nitration
67.1.2 Biological Roles of Tyrosine Nitration in a Protein
67.1.3 Challenge and Strategies to Identify a Nitroprotein with Mass Spectrometry
67.1.4 Biological Significance Measurement of Nitroproteins
67.2 MASS SPECTROMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF NITROPEPTIDES
67.2.1 MALDI-MS Spectral Characteristics of a Nitropeptide
67.2.2 ESI-MS Spectral Characteristics of a Nitropeptide
67.2.3 Optimum Collision Energy for Ion Fragmentation and Detection Sensitivity for a Nitropeptide
67.2.4 MS/MS Spectral Characteristics of a Nitropeptide under Different Ion-Fragmentation Models
67.3 MS MEASUREMENT OF IN VITRO SYNTHETIC NITROPROTEINS
67.3.1 Importance of Measurement of In Vitro Synthetic Nitroproteins
67.3.2 Commonly Used In Vitro Nitroproteins and Their Preparation
67.3.3 Methods Used to Measure In Vitro Synthetic Nitroproteins
67.4 MS MEASUREMENT OF IN VIVO NITROPROTEINS
67.4.1 Importance of Isolation and Enrichment of In Vivo Nitroprotein/Nitropeptide Prior to MS Analysis
67.4.2 Methods Used to Isolate and Enrich In Vivo Nitroproteins/Nitropeptides
67.5 MS MEASUREMENT OF IN VIVO NITROPROTEINS IN DIFFERENT PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
67.6 BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION MEASUREMENT OF NITROPROTEINS
67.6.1 Literature Data-Based Rationalization of Biological Functions
67.6.2 Protein Domain and Motif Analyses
67.6.3 Systems Pathway Analysis
67.6.4 Structural Biology Analysis
67.7 PITFALLS OF NITROPROTEIN MEASUREMENT
67.8 CONCLUSIONS
NOMENCLATURE
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 68 FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY
68.1 OBSERVABLES MEASURED IN FLUORESCENCE
68.2 THE PERRIN-JABLON´SKI DIAGRAM
68.3 INSTRUMENTATION
68.3.1 Light Source
68.3.2 Monochromator
68.3.3 Light Detectors
68.3.4 Instrumentation for Steady-State Fluorescence: Analog and Photon Counting
68.3.5 The Measurement of Decay Times: Frequency-Domain and Time-Domain Techniques
68.4 FLUOROPHORES
68.5 MEASUREMENTS
68.5.1 Excitation Spectrum
68.5.2 Emission Spectrum
68.5.3 Decay Times of Fluorescence
68.5.4 Quantum Yield
68.5.5 Anisotropy and Polarization
68.6 CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
Chapter 69 X-RAY ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY
69.1 INTRODUCTION
69.2 BASIC PHYSICS OF X-RAYS
69.2.1 Units
69.2.2 X-Ray Photons and Their Properties
69.2.3 X-Ray Scattering and Diffraction
69.2.4 X-Ray Absorption
69.2.5 Cross Sections and Absorption Edges
69.3 EXPERIMENTAL REQUIREMENTS
69.4 MEASUREMENT MODES
69.5 SOURCES
69.5.1 Laboratory Sources
69.5.2 Synchrotron Radiation Sources
69.5.3 Bend Magnet Radiation
69.5.4 Insertion Devices: Wigglers and Undulators
69.6 BEAMLINES
69.6.1 Instrument Control and Scanning Modes
69.6.2 Double-Crystal Monochromators
69.6.3 Focusing Conditions
69.6.4 X-Ray Lenses and Mirrors
69.6.5 Harmonics
69.7 DETECTORS
69.7.1 Ionization Chambers and PIN Diodes
69.7.2 Solid-State Detectors, SDDs, and APDs
69.8 SAMPLE PREPARATION AND DETECTION MODES
69.8.1 Transmission Mode
69.8.2 Fluorescence Mode
69.8.3 HALO
69.8.4 Sample Geometry and Background Rejection
69.8.5 Oriented Samples
69.9 ABSOLUTE MEASUREMENTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 70 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE (NMR) SPECTROSCOPY
70.1 INTRODUCTION
70.2 HISTORICAL REVIEW
70.3 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SPIN MAGNETIZATION
70.4 EXCITING THE NMR SIGNAL
70.5 DETECTING THE NMR SIGNAL
70.6 COMPUTING THE NMR SPECTRUM
70.7 NMR INSTRUMENTATION
70.8 THE BASIC PULSED FTNMR EXPERIMENT
70.9 CHARACTERISTICS OF NMR SPECTRA
70.9.1 The Chemical Shift
70.9.2 Spin-Spin Coupling
70.10 NMR RELAXATION EFFECTS
70.10.1 Spin-Lattice Relaxation
70.10.2 Spin-Spin Relaxation
70.10.3 Quantitative Analysis by NMR
70.11 DYNAMIC PHENOMENA IN NMR
70.12 MULTIDIMENSIONAL NMR
70.13 CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Chapter 71 NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY AND ITS ROLE IN SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS
71.1 INTRODUCTION TO NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
71.1.1 A Brief Overview of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Its Usage
71.1.2 A Short History of NIR
71.2 THE THEORY BEHIND NIR SPECTROSCOPY
71.2.1 IR Radiation
71.2.2 The Mechanism of Interaction of NIR Radiation with Matter
71.2.3 Absorbance Spectra
71.3 INSTRUMENTATION FOR NIR SPECTROSCOPY
71.3.1 General Configuration of Instrumentation
71.3.2 Filter-Based Instruments
71.3.3 Holographic Grating-Based Instruments
71.3.4 Stationary Spectrographic Instruments
71.3.5 Fourier Transform Instruments
71.3.6 Acoustooptical Tunable Filter Instruments
71.3.7 Microelectromechanical Spectrometers
71.3.8 Linear Variable Filter Instruments
71.3.9 A Brief Overview of Detectors Used for NIR Spectroscopy
71.3.10 Summary
71.4 MODES OF SPECTRAL COLLECTION AND SAMPLE PREPARATION IN NIR SPECTROSCOPY
71.4.1 Transmission Mode
71.4.2 Diffuse Reflectance
71.4.3 Sample Preparation
71.4.4 Fiber Optic Probes
71.4.5 Summary of Sampling Methods
71.5 PREPROCESSING OF NIR SPECTRA FOR CHEMOMETRIC ANALYSIS
71.5.1 Preprocessing of NIR Spectra
71.5.2 Minimizing Additive Effects
71.5.3 Minimizing Multiplicative Effects
71.5.4 Preprocessing Summary
71.6 A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF APPLICATIONS OF NIR SPECTROSCOPY
71.6.1 Agricultural Applications
71.6.2 Pharmaceutical/Biopharmaceutical Applications
71.6.3 Applications in the Petrochemical and Refining Sectors
71.6.4 Applications in the Food and Beverage Industries
71.7 SUMMARY AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
71.8 TERMINOLOGY
REFERENCES
Chapter 72 NANOMATERIALS PROPERTIES
72.1 INTRODUCTION
72.2 THE RISE OF NANOMATERIALS
72.3 NANOMATERIAL PROPERTIES RESULTING FROM HIGH SURFACE-AREA-TO-VOLUME RATIO
72.3.1 The Importance of Surfaces in Nanomaterials
72.3.2 Electrostatic and Van der Waals Forces
72.3.3 Color
72.3.4 Melting Point
72.3.5 Magnetism
72.3.6 Hydrophobicity and Surface Energetics
72.3.7 Nanofluidics
72.3.8 Nanoporosity
72.3.9 Nanomembranes
72.3.10 Nanocatalysis
72.3.11 Further Increasing the SAV Ratio
72.3.12 Nanopillars
72.3.13 Nanomaterial Functionalization
72.3.14 Other Applications for High SAV Ratio Nanomaterials
72.4 NANOMATERIAL PROPERTIES RESULTING FROM QUANTUM CONFINEMENT
72.4.1 Quantum Well Nanostructures
72.4.2 Quantum Wire Nanostructures
72.4.3 Quantum Dot Nanostructures
72.5 CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Chapter 73 CHEMICAL SENSING
73.1 INTRODUCTION
73.2 ELECTRICAL METHODS
73.2.1 Potentiometry
73.2.2 Voltammetry
73.2.3 Chemiresistors
73.2.4 Field Effect Transistors
73.3 OPTICAL METHODS
73.3.1 In situ Optical Measurements
73.3.2 Raman Spectroscopy
73.3.3 Indicator-Based Optical Sensors
73.4 MASS SENSORS
73.5 SENSOR ARRAYS (ELECTRONIC NOSE)
REFERENCES
Index
EULA

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Handbook of Measurement in Science and Engineering, Volume 3