The Use of Nuclear Weapons and the Protection of the Environment during International Armed Conflict

I Nuclear Weapons in Historical Perspective
1 Introduction
2 Nuclear Physics
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Nuclear Energy
2.2.1 Introduction
2.2.2 Nuclear Fission
2.2.3 Difficulties
3 The Manhattan Project
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Fissionable Materials
3.3 Bomb Design
3.4 Test Explosion
3.5 Hiroshima and Nagasaki
4 The Hydrogen Bomb
5 Developments Outside the United States
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The United Kingdom
5.3 Germany
5.4 Japan
5.5 The Soviet Union
5.6 Further Proliferation
II Nuclear Weapons and Their Effects
1 Introduction
2 Nuclear Weapon Systems
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Delivery Vehicles
2.2.1 Introduction
2.2.2 Strategic Delivery Vehicles
2.2.3 Non-Strategic Delivery Vehicles
2.3 Warhead
3 Nuclear Explosions
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Types of Nuclear Explosions
3.2.1 Introduction
3.2.2 Air Burst
3.2.3 Surface Burst
3.2.4 Sub-surface Burst
4 The Effects of Nuclear Explosions
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Direct Effects
4.2.1 Introduction
4.2.2 Blast
4.2.3 Thermal Radiation
4.2.4 Electromagnetic Pulse
4.2.5 Nuclear Radiation
4.3 Indirect Effects
Part II
III The Protection of the Environment During International Armed Conflict Under Ius in Bello
1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Historical Development
1.3 Foundations of Ius in Bello
1.4 Principles of Ius in Bello
1.5 Terminology
1.6 Format
2 Direct Protection
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Treaty Law
2.2.1 Introduction
2.2.2 The Environmental Modification Convention
2.2.3 Additional Protocol I
2.2.4 The Certain Conventional Weapons Convention
2.2.5 The Statute of the International Criminal Court
2.3 Customary International Law
2.3.1 Introduction
2.3.2 Customary Status Treaty Provisions
2.3.3 Other Customary Rules Directly Protecting the Environment
3 Indirect protection
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Protection of Civilian Objects
3.2.1 Introduction
3.2.2 Protection of Civilian Objects before 1977
3.2.3 Protection of Civilian Objects after 1977
3.2.4 Legal Appraisal
3.3 The Law of Neutrality
IV The Protection of the Environment During International Armed Conflict Under Ius ad Bellum
1 Introduction
2 Security Council Resolution 687
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Scope of Iraq's Liability
2.3 The United Nations Compensation Commission
3 The Relationship between Ius ad Bellum and Ius in Bello
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Distinction Between Ius ad Bellum and Ius in Bello
3.3 The Financial Settlement of War Damages
3.4 Converging Responsibilities under Ius ad Bellum and Ius in Bello
V The Protection of the Environment During International Armed Conflict Under Ius Pacis
1 Introduction
2 The Relationship between Ius Pacis and Ius in Bello
2.1 General
2.2 The Relationship between Human Rights Law and Ius in Bello
2.3 The Relationship between International Environmental Law and Ius in Bello
2.3.1 Introduction
2.3.2 Belligerent vs Belligerent
2.3.3 Belligerent vs Non-Belligerent
Appraisal and Conclusions
1 Introduction
2 Appraisal
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Applicability
2.3 Assessment
2.3.2 Protection under Ius in Bello
2.3.3 Protection under Ius ad Bellum
2.3.4 Protection under Ius Pacis
3 Conclusions