TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1. Introduction: Race and Representative Bureaucracy in American Policing1.1 Introduction 51.2 Summary of Remaining Chapters 10
Chapter 2. Unpacking the Foundations of Representative Bureaucracy Theory and American Policing 2.1 History of Unrepresentativeness: Race and American Policing 172.2 African Americans and Policing in America 182.3 Blacks and American Policing in the Post-Civil Rights Era 202.4 Hispanics and Policing in America 252.5 Contemporary Efforts at Minority Representation 302.6 The Origins of Representative Bureaucracy Theory 282.7 Empirical Research on Representative Bureaucracy 33 2.7.1 Assumptions of Active Representation 35 2.7.2 Translation Methods of Passive to Active Representation 362.8 Representative Bureaucracy Research and American Policing 37 2.8.1 Passive Representation and American Policing 382.8.2 Potential Trade-Offs Between Minority Groups 412.9 Active Representation in American Policing 422.10 Conclusion 45
Chapter 3. Passive Representation in American Policing: Trends and Changes, 1993-20133.1 Introduction 523.2 Passive Representation: Data and Measurement 533.3 Variation in Passive Representation 55 3.3.1 U.S. Counties, 1993-2007 56 3.3.2 Large U.S. Urban Areas, 1993-2013 593.4 Changes in the Size of the Population in the top U.S. Cities, 1993-2013 613.5 Conclusion 65
Chapter 4. Causes of Passive Representation in American Policing: Politics and Officer Selection4.1 Introduction 684.2 Influence by Political Leaders 694.3 Residency Requirements and Passive Representation 724.4 Origins of Residency Requirements for Police Officers 734.4.1 Jurisprudence Surrounding Residency Requirements 73 4.4.2 Illustrative Case Studies 764.4.2.1 Case Study: Denver, CO 764.4.2.2 Case Study: Cleveland, OH 784.5 Quantitative Tests of the Effects of Residency Requirements 794.6 Passive Representation and Union Membership 824.7 Testing Mayor's Influence, Residency Requirements, and Union Presence 844.8 Conclusion 85Chapter 5. Active Representation in American Policing5.1 Introduction 895.2 Representation and Officer Behavior: Psychology, Preference Alteration, and Behavior Modification 905.3 Racial Representation and Agency Procedures 935.4 Racial Representation and Excessive Force Complaints 965.5 Racial Representation and Officer-Involved Fatalities 101 5.5.1 Measuring Police Use of Deadly Force 1015.6 Conclusion 113
Chapter 6. Conclusions and Lessons for Reform6.1 Representative Bureaucracy and American Policing: Lessons for Scholars 1186.2 Representative Bureaucracy and American Policing: Lessons for Practitioners and Policymakers 1206.3 Concluding Thoughts 127
