Attention and Arousal

1 Introduction.- 2 Theories of Attention.- 2.1 Early Theories.- 2.2 Posner and Snyder: Automatic Activation and Conscious Attention.- 2.3 Shiffrin and Schneider: Controlled and Automatic Processes.- 2.4 Treisman and Gelade: Features and Objects.- 2.5 Summary.- 3 Theories of Processing Resources.- 3.1 Baddeley and Hitch: Working Memory.- 3.2 Norman and Bobrow: Data-Limited and Resource-Limited Processes.- 3.3 Johnston and Heinz: Multi-Mode Theory.- 3.4 Navon and Gopher: Multiple Resources.- 3.5 Conclusions.- 4 Theories of Arousal and Performance.- 4.1 The Yerkes-Dodson Law.- 4.2 Easterbrook's Hypothesis.- 4.3 Broadbent: Decision and Stress.- 4.4 Näätänen's Theory.- 4.5 Kahneman: Attention and Effort.- 4.6 Thayer: Self-Reported Arousal.- 4.7 Hasher and Zacks: Automatic and Effortful Processes.- 4.8 Summary and Conclusions.- 5 Incentives and Motivation.- 5.1 Reinforcement and Incentives.- 5.2 Learning and Memory: Atkinson and Wickens (1971).- 5.3 Short-Term Memory: Weiner.- 5.4 Task Characteristics.- 5.5 Performance Efficiency.- 5.6 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation.- 5.7 A Theoretical Overview.- 6 Anxiety and Performance.- 6.1 Worry and Emotionality.- 6.2 Working Memory Capacity.- 6.3 Spence and Spence (1966): Task Difficulty.- 6.4 Anxiety and Motivation.- 6.5 Failure and Shock.- 6.6 Failure and Success: A Cognitive Approach.- 6.7 Depth and Elaboration of Processing.- 6.8 Theoretical Positions.- 7 Endogenous Determinants of Arousal.- 7.1 Introversion - Extraversion.- 7.2 Time of Day.- 7.3 Sleep Deprivation.- 8 Exogenous Determinants of Arousal: Noise.- 8.1 Vigilance Task Performance.- 8.2 Continuous Tasks: Serial Reaction and Tracking.- 8.3 Learning and Memory.- 8.4 Attentional Selectivity.- 8.5 Theoretical Formulation.- 8.6 Summary.- 9 Conclusions andSpeculations.- 9.1 The Yerkes-Dodson Law.- 9.2 Stages of Processing.- 9.3 Two Arousal Systems.- 10 References.- 11 Author Index.- 12 Subject Index.