In the 21st Century, the world will see an unprecedented migration of people moving from rural to urban areas. With global demand for water projected to outstrip supply in the coming decades, cities will likely face water insecurity as a result of climate change and the various impacts of urbanisation. Traditionally, urban water managers have relied on large-scale, supply-side infrastructural projects to meet increased demands for water; however, these projects are environmentally, economically and politically costly. Urban Water Security argues that cities need to transition from supply-side to demand-side management to achieve urban water security. This book provides readers with a series of in-depth case studies of leading developed cities, of differing climates, incomes and lifestyles from around the world, that have used demand management tools to modify the attitudes and behaviour of water users in an attempt to achieve urban water security.
Urban Water Security will be of particular interest to town and regional planners, water conservation managers and policymakers, international companies and organisations with large water footprints, environmental and water NGOs, researchers, graduate and undergraduate students.
Robert C. Brears is the founder of Mitidaption, Mark and Focus, is Director on the International Board of the Indo Global Chamber of Commerce, Industries and Agriculture, and a Visiting Fellow (non-resident) at the Center for Conflict Studies at MIIS, Monterey, USA.
Auflage
Sprache
Verlagsort
Verlagsgruppe
Produkt-Hinweis
Dateigröße
Schlagworte
ISBN-13
978-1-119-13173-1 (9781119131731)
Schweitzer Klassifikation
Thema Klassifikation
DNB DDC Sachgruppen
Dewey Decimal Classfication (DDC)
BIC 2 Klassifikation
BISAC Klassifikation
Warengruppensystematik 2.0
1 - Title Page [Seite 5]
2 - Copyright Page [Seite 6]
3 - Contents [Seite 7]
4 - Series Editor Foreword - Challenges in Water Management [Seite 19]
5 - Acknowledgements [Seite 21]
6 - Introduction [Seite 23]
7 - Chapter 1 Water 101 [Seite 27]
7.1 - Introduction [Seite 27]
7.2 - 1.1 What is water? [Seite 27]
7.3 - 1.2 Hydrological cycle [Seite 28]
7.3.1 - 1.2.1 Precipitation [Seite 29]
7.3.2 - 1.2.2 Runoff [Seite 30]
7.3.3 - 1.2.3 Evaporation [Seite 31]
7.3.4 - 1.2.4 Groundwater [Seite 31]
7.3.5 - 1.2.5 How old is water? [Seite 33]
7.4 - 1.3 Natural variations to water quantity [Seite 33]
7.4.1 - 1.3.1 Floods [Seite 34]
7.4.2 - 1.3.2 Droughts [Seite 34]
7.5 - 1.4 Natural variations to water quality [Seite 36]
7.5.1 - 1.4.1 Temperature [Seite 36]
7.5.2 - 1.4.2 Dissolved oxygen [Seite 36]
7.5.3 - 1.4.3 pH [Seite 36]
7.5.4 - 1.4.4 Dissolved and suspended solids [Seite 37]
7.5.5 - 1.4.5 Turbidity [Seite 37]
7.5.6 - 1.4.6 Minerals [Seite 38]
7.5.7 - 1.4.7 Salinity [Seite 38]
7.5.8 - 1.4.8 Inorganic and organic chemicals [Seite 38]
7.5.9 - 1.4.9 Nutrients: nitrogen and phosphorus [Seite 38]
7.6 - 1.5 Impacts of urbanisation on water resources [Seite 39]
7.6.1 - 1.5.1 Point source pollution [Seite 39]
7.6.2 - 1.5.2 Non-point source pollution [Seite 40]
7.6.3 - 1.5.3 Damage to aquatic ecosystems [Seite 40]
7.6.4 - 1.5.4 Impervious surfaces modifying hydrological cycles [Seite 41]
7.6.5 - 1.5.5 Impervious surfaces lowering water quality [Seite 41]
7.6.6 - 1.5.6 Impervious surfaces affecting groundwater recharge [Seite 41]
7.7 - 1.6 Water and wastewater treatment processes [Seite 42]
7.7.1 - 1.6.1 Ensuring drinking water safety [Seite 43]
7.8 - Notes [Seite 44]
8 - Chapter 2 What is urban water security? [Seite 47]
8.1 - Introduction [Seite 47]
8.2 - 2.1 Non-climatic challenges to achieving urban water security [Seite 48]
8.2.1 - 2.1.1 Population growth and demographic changes [Seite 49]
8.2.2 - 2.1.2 Rapid urbanisation [Seite 49]
8.2.3 - 2.1.3 Rapid economic growth and rising income levels [Seite 50]
8.2.4 - 2.1.4 Increased demand for energy [Seite 51]
8.2.5 - 2.1.5 Increased demand for food [Seite 51]
8.3 - 2.2 Climatic challenges to achieving urban water security [Seite 52]
8.3.1 - 2.2.1 Impacts of climate change on water quality and quantity [Seite 53]
8.3.2 - 2.2.2 Socioeconomic risks of climate change [Seite 54]
8.4 - 2.3 Reducing non-climatic and climatic risks to urban water security [Seite 54]
8.5 - Notes [Seite 56]
9 - Chapter 3 Managing water sustainably to achieve urban water security [Seite 59]
9.1 - Introduction [Seite 59]
9.2 - 3.1 What is sustainability? [Seite 59]
9.2.1 - 3.1.1 Urban sustainability [Seite 60]
9.2.2 - 3.1.2 Approaches to sustainability [Seite 61]
9.2.3 - 3.1.3 Environmental pillar of strong sustainability [Seite 62]
9.2.4 - 3.1.4 Economic pillar of strong sustainability [Seite 62]
9.2.5 - 3.1.5 Social pillar of strong sustainability [Seite 63]
9.2.6 - 3.1.6 Urban resilience and sustainability [Seite 64]
9.3 - 3.2 What does sustainability mean in urban water management? [Seite 64]
9.3.1 - 3.2.1 Environmental pillar in strong sustainable urban water management [Seite 65]
9.3.2 - 3.2.2 Economic pillar in strong sustainable urban water management [Seite 66]
9.3.3 - 3.2.3 Social pillar in strong sustainable urban water management [Seite 66]
9.4 - 3.3 Sustainable water resources management frameworks [Seite 67]
9.4.1 - 3.3.1 Integrated water resources management [Seite 67]
9.4.2 - 3.3.2 Origins of IWRM principles [Seite 68]
9.4.3 - 3.3.3 Benefits of managing water in an integrated manner [Seite 68]
9.4.4 - 3.3.4 Agenda 21 and IWRM [Seite 69]
9.4.5 - 3.3.5 The role of efficiency in IWRM [Seite 70]
9.4.6 - 3.3.6 Concepts of water efficiency [Seite 70]
9.4.7 - 3.3.7 Management instruments in IWRM [Seite 71]
9.5 - 3.4 Framework for managing urban water sustainably: Integrated urban water management [Seite 71]
9.5.1 - 3.4.1 IUWM maximising pillars of sustainability [Seite 72]
9.5.2 - 3.4.2 IUWM: balancing demand for water with supply [Seite 73]
9.5.3 - 3.4.3 IUWM: introducing demand management [Seite 73]
9.6 - 3.5 Other frameworks for managing urban water sustainably [Seite 74]
9.6.1 - 3.5.1 Water sensitive urban design [Seite 74]
9.6.2 - 3.5.2 Low impact development [Seite 74]
9.6.3 - 3.5.3 Low impact urban design and development [Seite 74]
9.7 - Notes [Seite 75]
10 - Chapter 4 Demand management to achieve urban water security [Seite 82]
10.1 - Introduction [Seite 82]
10.2 - 4.1 Purpose of demand management [Seite 82]
10.2.1 - 4.1.1 Types of demand management strategies and instruments [Seite 84]
10.3 - 4.2 Regulatory and technological demand management instruments [Seite 84]
10.3.1 - 4.2.1 Pricing of water [Seite 84]
10.3.2 - 4.2.2 What is the right price? [Seite 87]
10.3.3 - 4.2.3 Water meters [Seite 88]
10.3.4 - 4.2.4 Reducing unaccounted-for water [Seite 91]
10.3.5 - 4.2.5 Temporary ordinances and regulations [Seite 92]
10.3.6 - 4.2.6 Permanent ordinances and regulations [Seite 93]
10.3.7 - 4.2.7 Source protection [Seite 93]
10.3.8 - 4.2.8 Developing alternative supplies [Seite 94]
10.3.9 - 4.2.9 Subsidies and rebates [Seite 94]
10.3.10 - 4.2.10 Product labelling and retrofits [Seite 95]
10.3.11 - 4.2.11 Service innovation [Seite 96]
10.4 - 4.3 Communication and information demand management instruments [Seite 97]
10.4.1 - 4.3.1 Education and public awareness [Seite 97]
10.4.2 - 4.3.2 Competition between water users [Seite 99]
10.4.3 - 4.3.3 Corporate social responsibility [Seite 99]
10.5 - 4.4 Portfolio of demand management tools [Seite 100]
10.6 - Notes [Seite 101]
11 - Chapter 5 Transitions [Seite 108]
11.1 - Introduction [Seite 108]
11.2 - 5.1 What is a transition? [Seite 108]
11.2.1 - 5.1.1 What types of transitions are there? [Seite 109]
11.2.2 - 5.1.2 Transitions occur over multiple dimensions [Seite 109]
11.2.3 - 5.1.3 The transition process [Seite 111]
11.2.4 - 5.1.4 Multilevel drivers of transitions [Seite 111]
11.2.5 - 5.1.5 Forces in transitions [Seite 113]
11.3 - 5.2 Operationalisation of transitions [Seite 113]
11.3.1 - 5.2.1 Approaches in decision-making [Seite 114]
11.3.2 - 5.2.2 Diffusion strategies [Seite 114]
11.4 - 5.3 Diffusion mechanisms [Seite 115]
11.4.1 - 5.3.1 Direct diffusion mechanisms [Seite 115]
11.4.2 - 5.3.2 Indirect diffusion mechanisms [Seite 116]
11.4.3 - 5.3.3 The diffusion process [Seite 116]
11.4.4 - 5.3.4 Lock-in and barriers to diffusion [Seite 116]
11.5 - 5.4 Transition management [Seite 117]
11.5.1 - 5.4.1 Transition management levels [Seite 117]
11.5.2 - 5.4.2 Coordination of activities across the levels [Seite 118]
11.5.3 - 5.4.3 Transition management cycle [Seite 119]
11.6 - Notes [Seite 119]
12 - Chapter 6 Transitions towards managing natural resources and water [Seite 127]
12.1 - Introduction [Seite 127]
12.2 - 6.1 Transitions in natural resource management [Seite 128]
12.2.1 - 6.1.1 Adaptation towards climate change [Seite 128]
12.2.2 - 6.1.2 Types of adaptations: green and soft [Seite 129]
12.2.3 - 6.1.3 Managing resource scarcity [Seite 129]
12.3 - 6.2 What is a transition in urban water management? [Seite 131]
12.3.1 - 6.2.1 Drivers of transitions in urban water management [Seite 131]
12.3.2 - 6.2.2 Transitioning from supply-side to demand-side management [Seite 132]
12.3.3 - 6.2.3 Types of transitions in third-order scarcity [Seite 134]
12.4 - 6.3 Operationalising transitions in third-order scarcity [Seite 134]
12.4.1 - 6.3.1 Setting the macro-level strategic goal [Seite 134]
12.4.2 - 6.3.2 Micro-level demand management tools [Seite 135]
12.4.3 - 6.3.3 Transition management cycle in third-order scarcity [Seite 137]
12.4.4 - 6.3.4 Analysing transition management cycles: SWOT analysis [Seite 137]
12.5 - 6.4 Barriers to transitions towards urban water security [Seite 137]
12.5.1 - 6.4.1 External barriers [Seite 138]
12.5.2 - 6.4.2 Internal barriers [Seite 140]
12.5.3 - 6.4.3 Psychological barriers [Seite 140]
12.5.4 - 6.4.4 Social barriers [Seite 143]
12.6 - Notes [Seite 143]
13 - Chapter 7 Amsterdam transitioning towards urban water security [Seite 158]
13.1 - Introduction [Seite 158]
13.2 - 7.1 Brief company background [Seite 158]
13.3 - 7.2 Water supply and water consumption [Seite 159]
13.4 - 7.3 Strategic vision: Amsterdam's Definitely Sustainable 2011-2014 [Seite 160]
13.5 - 7.4 Drivers of water security [Seite 160]
13.5.1 - 7.4.1 Corporate rebranding [Seite 160]
13.5.2 - 7.4.2 Protecting good quality raw water and human health [Seite 161]
13.5.3 - 7.4.3 Political and economic [Seite 162]
13.5.4 - 7.4.4 Carbon neutrality [Seite 162]
13.5.5 - 7.4.5 Population growth [Seite 162]
13.5.6 - 7.4.6 Climate change [Seite 162]
13.6 - 7.5 Regulatory and technological demand management tools to achieve urban water security [Seite 163]
13.6.1 - 7.5.1 Drinking water and wastewater tariffs [Seite 163]
13.6.2 - 7.5.2 Metering [Seite 163]
13.6.3 - 7.5.3 Reducing unaccounted-for water [Seite 164]
13.6.4 - 7.5.4 Protecting the quality of source water [Seite 165]
13.6.5 - 7.5.5 Reducing energy costs in wastewater treatment [Seite 165]
13.6.6 - 7.5.6 Alternative water supplies [Seite 166]
13.7 - 7.6 Communication and information demand management tools to achieve urban water security [Seite 166]
13.7.1 - 7.6.1 School programmes: sight visits and education programmes [Seite 166]
13.7.2 - 7.6.2 Public education: determining the message [Seite 167]
13.7.3 - 7.6.3 Promotion of water-efficient devices [Seite 167]
13.7.4 - 7.6.4 Billing inserts [Seite 167]
13.7.5 - 7.6.5 Promoting water-efficient technologies [Seite 167]
13.7.6 - 7.6.6 Non-domestic water efficiency advice [Seite 167]
13.8 - 7.7 Case study SWOT analysis [Seite 168]
13.8.1 - 7.7.1 Strengths [Seite 168]
13.8.2 - 7.7.2 Weaknesses [Seite 168]
13.8.3 - 7.7.3 Opportunities [Seite 169]
13.8.4 - 7.7.4 Threats [Seite 170]
13.9 - 7.8 Transitioning towards urban water security summary [Seite 171]
13.10 - Notes [Seite 172]
14 - Chapter 8 Berlin transitioning towards urban water security [Seite 173]
14.1 - Introduction [Seite 173]
14.2 - 8.1 Brief company background [Seite 173]
14.3 - 8.2 Water supply and water consumption [Seite 174]
14.4 - 8.3 Strategic vision: using water wisely [Seite 175]
14.4.1 - 8.3.1 Berlin Water Act [Seite 175]
14.5 - 8.4 Drivers of water security [Seite 175]
14.5.1 - 8.4.1 Protecting water supply from wastewater contamination [Seite 176]
14.5.2 - 8.4.2 Reducing energy costs and carbon emissions [Seite 176]
14.5.3 - 8.4.3 Climate change impacting water availability [Seite 176]
14.6 - 8.5 Regulatory and technological demand management tools to achieve urban water security [Seite 177]
14.6.1 - 8.5.1 Tariff for drinking water and wastewater [Seite 177]
14.6.2 - 8.5.2 Metering [Seite 178]
14.6.3 - 8.5.3 Reducing unaccounted-for water [Seite 178]
14.6.4 - 8.5.4 Source protection: reducing treatment costs [Seite 179]
14.6.5 - 8.5.5 Alternative water supplies [Seite 180]
14.6.6 - 8.5.6 Reducing energy costs [Seite 180]
14.6.7 - 8.5.7 Reducing treatment costs: separate systems [Seite 181]
14.6.8 - 8.5.8 Water-efficient technologies [Seite 181]
14.7 - 8.6 Communication and information demand management tools to achieve urban water security [Seite 181]
14.7.1 - 8.6.1 Water awareness in the past [Seite 181]
14.7.2 - 8.6.2 Today: using water in the right way and reducing carbon emissions [Seite 182]
14.8 - 8.7 Case study SWOT analysis [Seite 182]
14.8.1 - 8.7.1 Strengths [Seite 182]
14.8.2 - 8.7.2 Weaknesses [Seite 183]
14.8.3 - 8.7.3 Opportunities [Seite 184]
14.8.4 - 8.7.4 Threats [Seite 184]
14.9 - 8.8 Transitioning towards urban water security summary [Seite 185]
14.10 - Notes [Seite 186]
15 - Chapter 9 Copenhagen transitioning towards urban water security [Seite 187]
15.1 - Introduction [Seite 187]
15.2 - 9.1 Brief company background [Seite 187]
15.3 - 9.2 Water supply and water consumption [Seite 188]
15.4 - 9.3 Strategic vision: water supply plan (2012-2016) [Seite 188]
15.5 - 9.4 Drivers of water security [Seite 189]
15.5.1 - 9.4.1 1980s: Quantity of water [Seite 189]
15.5.2 - 9.4.2 1990s: Quality of water [Seite 190]
15.5.3 - 9.4.3 2000s: Political and quality of water [Seite 190]
15.5.4 - 9.4.4 2010 onwards: Quality and quantity of water [Seite 190]
15.6 - 9.5 Regulatory and technological demand management tools to achieve urban water security [Seite 191]
15.6.1 - 9.5.1 Pricing of water and wastewater [Seite 191]
15.6.2 - 9.5.2 Metering [Seite 192]
15.6.3 - 9.5.3 Reducing unaccounted-for water [Seite 192]
15.6.4 - 9.5.4 Source protection: new forests and reducing pesticide use [Seite 193]
15.6.5 - 9.5.5 Developing alternative water supplies [Seite 194]
15.6.6 - 9.5.6 Reducing energy costs and carbon emissions [Seite 195]
15.6.7 - 9.5.7 Subsidies for toilets and water meters [Seite 195]
15.6.8 - 9.5.8 Consultants and water conservation advice [Seite 195]
15.6.9 - 9.5.9 Water-saving devices [Seite 196]
15.7 - 9.6 Communication and information demand management tools to achieve urban water security [Seite 196]
15.7.1 - 9.6.1 Education and awareness in schools [Seite 196]
15.7.2 - 9.6.2 Public education [Seite 196]
15.7.3 - 9.6.3 Challenges of public awareness campaigns [Seite 197]
15.8 - 9.7 Case study SWOT analysis [Seite 197]
15.8.1 - 9.7.1 Strengths [Seite 197]
15.8.2 - 9.7.2 Weaknesses [Seite 198]
15.8.3 - 9.7.3 Opportunities [Seite 198]
15.8.4 - 9.7.4 Threats [Seite 199]
15.9 - 9.8 Transitioning towards urban water security summary [Seite 200]
15.10 - Notes [Seite 201]
16 - Chapter 10 Denver transitioning towards urban water security [Seite 202]
16.1 - Introduction [Seite 202]
16.2 - 10.1 Brief company background [Seite 202]
16.3 - 10.2 Water supply and water consumption [Seite 203]
16.3.1 - 10.2.1 Recycled water [Seite 204]
16.3.2 - 10.2.2 Customer segments [Seite 204]
16.4 - 10.3 Strategic vision: Denver Water's 22 percent water target [Seite 205]
16.4.1 - 10.3.1 Denver Water environmental stewards [Seite 205]
16.5 - 10.4 Drivers of water security [Seite 205]
16.5.1 - 10.4.1 Climate change [Seite 205]
16.5.2 - 10.4.2 Economic demand [Seite 206]
16.5.3 - 10.4.3 Population growth [Seite 206]
16.5.4 - 10.4.4 Political [Seite 206]
16.6 - 10.5 Regulatory and technological demand management tools to achieve urban water security [Seite 207]
16.6.1 - 10.5.1 Treated water fixed charges [Seite 207]
16.6.2 - 10.5.2 Metering [Seite 209]
16.6.3 - 10.5.3 Reducing unaccounted-for water [Seite 209]
16.6.4 - 10.5.4 Protecting the quality of source water [Seite 209]
16.6.5 - 10.5.5 Water restrictions [Seite 210]
16.6.6 - 10.5.6 Restrictions on alternative water supplies [Seite 210]
16.6.7 - 10.5.7 Rebates for promoting WaterSense-labelled products [Seite 210]
16.6.8 - 10.5.8 Water audits [Seite 212]
16.7 - 10.6 Communication and information demand management tools to achieve urban water security [Seite 213]
16.7.1 - 10.6.1 School education [Seite 213]
16.7.2 - 10.6.2 Denver Metro Water Festival [Seite 214]
16.7.3 - 10.6.3 Public education and awareness: use only what you need [Seite 214]
16.7.4 - 10.6.4 Polling customers on water conservation [Seite 214]
16.7.5 - 10.6.5 Cultural change: outdoor water use [Seite 215]
16.7.6 - 10.6.6 Commercial partnerships to achieve cultural change in water usage [Seite 215]
16.7.7 - 10.6.7 Targeted messaging [Seite 215]
16.7.8 - 10.6.8 Billing inserts [Seite 215]
16.7.9 - 10.6.9 Framing water conservation messages [Seite 216]
16.8 - 10.7 Case study SWOT analysis [Seite 216]
16.8.1 - 10.7.1 Strengths [Seite 216]
16.8.2 - 10.7.2 Weaknesses [Seite 217]
16.8.3 - 10.7.3 Opportunities [Seite 217]
16.8.4 - 10.7.4 Threats [Seite 218]
16.9 - 10.8 Transitioning towards urban water security summary [Seite 218]
16.10 - Notes [Seite 220]
17 - Chapter 11 Hamburg transitioning towards urban water security [Seite 221]
17.1 - Introduction [Seite 221]
17.2 - 11.1 Brief company background [Seite 221]
17.3 - 11.2 Water supply and water consumption [Seite 222]
17.4 - 11.3 Strategic vision: the HAMBURG WATER Cycle [Seite 222]
17.5 - 11.4 Drivers of water security [Seite 222]
17.5.1 - 11.4.1 Reducing the volume of imported water [Seite 222]
17.5.2 - 11.4.2 Climate change [Seite 223]
17.5.3 - 11.4.3 Population growth [Seite 223]
17.5.4 - 11.4.4 Rising energy costs [Seite 223]
17.6 - 11.5 Regulatory and technological demand management tools to achieve urban water security [Seite 224]
17.6.1 - 11.5.1 Pricing of water and sewage [Seite 224]
17.6.2 - 11.5.2 Metering [Seite 225]
17.6.3 - 11.5.3 Reducing unaccounted-for water [Seite 225]
17.6.4 - 11.5.4 Drinking water restrictions for public institutions [Seite 225]
17.6.5 - 11.5.5 Developing alternative systems: HAMBURG WATER Cycle [Seite 226]
17.6.6 - 11.5.6 Source protection and reducing energy costs [Seite 226]
17.6.7 - 11.5.7 Developing water-efficient technologies [Seite 227]
17.7 - 11.6 Communication and information demand management tools to achieve urban water security [Seite 228]
17.7.1 - 11.6.1 Education and awareness in schools: AQUA AGENTS [Seite 228]
17.7.2 - 11.6.2 Public education [Seite 229]
17.8 - 11.7 Case study SWOT analysis [Seite 229]
17.8.1 - 11.7.1 Strengths [Seite 229]
17.8.2 - 11.7.2 Weaknesses [Seite 230]
17.8.3 - 11.7.3 Opportunities [Seite 230]
17.8.4 - 11.7.4 Threats [Seite 232]
17.9 - 11.8 Transitioning towards urban water security summary [Seite 232]
17.10 - Note [Seite 232]
18 - Chapter 12 London transitioning towards urban water security [Seite 233]
18.1 - Introduction [Seite 233]
18.2 - 12.1 Brief company background [Seite 233]
18.3 - 12.2 Water supply and water consumption [Seite 234]
18.4 - 12.3 Strategic vision: reducing consumption [Seite 234]
18.5 - 12.4 Drivers of water security [Seite 234]
18.5.1 - 12.4.1 Demand outstripping supply [Seite 234]
18.5.2 - 12.4.2 Population growth [Seite 235]
18.5.3 - 12.4.3 Climate change [Seite 235]
18.5.4 - 12.4.4 Rising energy prices [Seite 235]
18.5.5 - 12.4.5 Reducing carbon emissions [Seite 235]
18.6 - 12.5 Regulatory and technological demand management tools to achieve urban water security [Seite 235]
18.6.1 - 12.5.1 Pricing of water and wastewater [Seite 235]
18.6.2 - 12.5.2 Metering [Seite 236]
18.6.3 - 12.5.3 Reducing unaccounted-for water [Seite 237]
18.6.4 - 12.5.4 Reducing energy costs in wastewater treatment [Seite 237]
18.6.5 - 12.5.5 Partnerships to install water-saving devices [Seite 237]
18.7 - 12.6 Communication and information demand management tools to achieve urban water security [Seite 238]
18.7.1 - 12.6.1 Promoting water-saving devices [Seite 238]
18.7.2 - 12.6.2 Promoting plumber visits [Seite 239]
18.7.3 - 12.6.3 Targeting demographic groups [Seite 239]
18.7.4 - 12.6.4 The future: demographic water conservation campaigns [Seite 240]
18.7.5 - 12.6.5 Save Water Swindon project [Seite 240]
18.7.6 - 12.6.6 Education [Seite 241]
18.7.7 - 12.6.7 Framing of water conservation [Seite 241]
18.7.8 - 12.6.8 Water audits [Seite 242]
18.7.9 - 12.6.9 In-house water efficiency [Seite 242]
18.8 - 12.7 Case study SWOT analysis [Seite 242]
18.8.1 - 12.7.1 Strengths [Seite 242]
18.8.2 - 12.7.2 Weakness [Seite 243]
18.8.3 - 12.7.3 Opportunities [Seite 243]
18.8.4 - 12.7.4 Threats [Seite 245]
18.9 - 12.8 Transitioning towards urban water security summary [Seite 246]
18.10 - Notes [Seite 246]
19 - Chapter 13 Singapore transitioning towards urban water security [Seite 247]
19.1 - Introduction [Seite 247]
19.2 - 13.1 Brief company background [Seite 247]
19.3 - 13.2 Water supply and water consumption [Seite 248]
19.4 - 13.3 Strategic vision: balancing supply with rising demand [Seite 249]
19.5 - 13.4 Drivers of water security [Seite 249]
19.5.1 - 13.4.1 Climate change [Seite 250]
19.5.2 - 13.4.2 Rising energy costs [Seite 250]
19.5.3 - 13.4.3 Rising population and urbanisation [Seite 250]
19.6 - 13.5 Regulatory and technological demand management tools to achieve urban water security [Seite 251]
19.6.1 - 13.5.1 Price of potable and used water [Seite 251]
19.6.2 - 13.5.2 Metering [Seite 252]
19.6.3 - 13.5.3 Reducing unaccounted-for water [Seite 252]
19.6.4 - 13.5.4 Developing alternative water supplies [Seite 254]
19.6.5 - 13.5.5 Water Efficiency Fund [Seite 254]
19.6.6 - 13.5.6 Water Efficiency Labelling Scheme [Seite 255]
19.6.7 - 13.5.7 Water Efficient Building Certification [Seite 255]
19.6.8 - 13.5.8 Water Efficiency Management Plans [Seite 255]
19.6.9 - 13.5.9 Code of Practice [Seite 256]
19.6.10 - 13.5.10 Water Efficient Homes programme [Seite 256]
19.6.11 - 13.5.11 Water efficiency in new towns [Seite 256]
19.7 - 13.6 Communication and information demand management tools to achieve urban water security [Seite 257]
19.7.1 - 13.6.1 School programmes: Time to Save water [Seite 257]
19.7.2 - 13.6.2 Public education: Fostering the emergence of a water-saving culture [Seite 257]
19.7.3 - 13.6.3 Water Volunteer Group programme [Seite 257]
19.7.4 - 13.6.4 Water Conservation Awareness Programme [Seite 258]
19.7.5 - 13.6.5 Ten Percent Challenge for non-domestic customers [Seite 258]
19.7.6 - 13.6.6 Watermark Award [Seite 258]
19.7.7 - 13.6.7 Water efficiency certificates for building owners [Seite 258]
19.8 - 13.7 Case study SWOT analysis [Seite 259]
19.8.1 - 13.7.1 Strengths [Seite 259]
19.8.2 - 13.7.2 Weaknesses [Seite 259]
19.8.3 - 13.7.3 Opportunities [Seite 260]
19.8.4 - 13.7.4 Threats [Seite 262]
19.9 - 13.8 Transitioning towards urban water security summary [Seite 263]
19.10 - Notes [Seite 263]
20 - Chapter 14 Toronto transitioning towards urban water security [Seite 264]
20.1 - Introduction [Seite 264]
20.2 - 14.1 Brief company background [Seite 264]
20.3 - 14.2 Water supply and water consumption [Seite 265]
20.4 - 14.3 Strategic vision: Toronto's Water Efficiency Plan [Seite 266]
20.5 - 14.4 Drivers of water security [Seite 266]
20.5.1 - 14.4.1 Previously: meeting specific water conservation targets [Seite 266]
20.5.2 - 14.4.2 Today: using water efficiently [Seite 266]
20.6 - 14.5 Regulatory and technological demand management tools to achieve urban water security [Seite 267]
20.6.1 - 14.5.1 Water rate for water, stormwater and sewer [Seite 267]
20.6.2 - 14.5.2 Metering [Seite 268]
20.6.3 - 14.5.3 Reducing unaccounted-for water [Seite 269]
20.6.4 - 14.5.4 Capacity Buy Back programme [Seite 270]
20.6.5 - 14.5.5 Industrial Water Rate programme [Seite 271]
20.6.6 - 14.5.6 Sewer Surcharge Rebate programme [Seite 271]
20.6.7 - 14.5.7 Assistance for eligible low-income seniors and disabled persons [Seite 271]
20.6.8 - 14.5.8 Partnering with retailers to sell water-efficient technologies and devices [Seite 271]
20.6.9 - 14.5.9 Toronto's own water-labelling scheme [Seite 272]
20.6.10 - 14.5.10 Distributing water-saving kits [Seite 272]
20.7 - 14.6 Communication and information demand management tools to achieve urban water security [Seite 272]
20.7.1 - 14.6.1 School education and public awareness in the past [Seite 272]
20.7.2 - 14.6.2 Education and awareness today [Seite 273]
20.7.3 - 14.6.3 Promoting tap water: water trailers [Seite 273]
20.7.4 - 14.6.4 Billing inserts [Seite 273]
20.7.5 - 14.6.5 Internet and social media [Seite 273]
20.7.6 - 14.6.6 Sharing lessons with other water utilities [Seite 274]
20.8 - 14.7 Case study SWOT analysis [Seite 274]
20.8.1 - 14.7.1 Strengths [Seite 274]
20.8.2 - 14.7.2 Weaknesses [Seite 275]
20.8.3 - 14.7.3 Opportunities [Seite 275]
20.8.4 - 14.7.4 Threats [Seite 276]
20.9 - 14.8 Transitioning towards urban water security summary [Seite 278]
20.10 - Notes [Seite 278]
21 - Chapter 15 Vancouver transitioning towards urban water security [Seite 279]
21.1 - Introduction [Seite 279]
21.2 - 15.1 Brief company background [Seite 279]
21.3 - 15.2 Water supply and water consumption [Seite 280]
21.4 - 15.3 Strategic vision: clean water and lower consumption [Seite 281]
21.5 - 15.4 Drivers of water security [Seite 282]
21.5.1 - 15.4.1 Population growth [Seite 282]
21.5.2 - 15.4.2 Infrastructure: lack of storage [Seite 282]
21.5.3 - 15.4.3 Climate change [Seite 283]
21.6 - 15.5 Regulatory and technological demand management tools to achieve urban water security [Seite 283]
21.6.1 - 15.5.1 Price of water [Seite 283]
21.6.2 - 15.5.2 Metering [Seite 283]
21.6.3 - 15.5.3 Reducing unaccounted-for water [Seite 285]
21.6.4 - 15.5.4 Alternative water sources [Seite 286]
21.6.5 - 15.5.5 Water restrictions on residential lawn sprinkling [Seite 286]
21.6.6 - 15.5.6 Rebates for laundry machines [Seite 287]
21.6.7 - 15.5.7 Subsidised indoor water-saving kits [Seite 287]
21.6.8 - 15.5.8 Installing water- and energy-efficient fixtures in restaurants [Seite 287]
21.6.9 - 15.5.9 Pilot toilet retrofit project [Seite 288]
21.6.10 - 15.5.10 Water audits for ICI customers [Seite 288]
21.7 - 15.6 Communication and information demand management tools to achieve urban water security [Seite 288]
21.7.1 - 15.6.1 School programmes: H2 Whoa! [Seite 288]
21.7.2 - 15.6.2 Public education: promoting 'water-wise' gardening practices [Seite 288]
21.8 - 15.7 Case study SWOT analysis [Seite 289]
21.8.1 - 15.7.1 Strengths [Seite 289]
21.8.2 - 15.7.2 Weaknesses [Seite 290]
21.8.3 - 15.7.3 Opportunities [Seite 290]
21.8.4 - 15.7.4 Threats [Seite 291]
21.9 - 15.8 Transitioning towards urban water security summary [Seite 293]
21.10 - Notes [Seite 293]
22 - Chapter 16 Sharing the journey: Best practices and lessons learnt [Seite 294]
22.1 - Introduction [Seite 294]
22.2 - 16.1 Best practices [Seite 294]
22.2.1 - 16.1.1 Pricing water to promote conservation while ensuring revenue stability [Seite 294]
22.2.2 - 16.1.2 Universal metering key to water conservation [Seite 295]
22.2.3 - 16.1.3 Investments in the water distribution system key to lowering UFW [Seite 295]
22.2.4 - 16.1.4 Reducing energy and carbon emissions [Seite 295]
22.2.5 - 16.1.5 Source protection: reducing treatment costs [Seite 296]
22.2.6 - 16.1.6 Targeted subsidies [Seite 296]
22.2.7 - 16.1.7 Promoting water efficiency [Seite 297]
22.2.8 - 16.1.8 Water conservation becoming a way of life [Seite 297]
22.2.9 - 16.1.9 Demographic-targeted messaging [Seite 297]
22.2.10 - 16.1.10 Nondomestic water-saving plans [Seite 298]
22.2.11 - 16.1.11 Recognising water savings [Seite 298]
22.3 - 16.2 Lessons learnt [Seite 298]
22.3.1 - 16.2.1 Pricing water too cheaply [Seite 298]
22.3.2 - 16.2.2 Lack of universal metering [Seite 299]
22.3.3 - 16.2.3 Inability to develop alternative sources [Seite 300]
22.3.4 - 16.2.4 Not fully utilising subsidies [Seite 300]
22.3.5 - 16.2.5 Limited education and public awareness [Seite 300]
22.3.6 - 16.2.6 Lack of funding [Seite 301]
22.3.7 - 16.2.7 Lack of online presence [Seite 301]
22.3.8 - 16.2.8 Unsuitable infrastructure [Seite 301]
22.3.9 - 16.2.9 Lack of political will [Seite 302]
22.4 - 16.3 Moving forwards [Seite 302]
22.4.1 - 16.3.1 Manipulation of utility calculations [Seite 302]
22.4.2 - 16.3.2 Legal and physical coercion [Seite 303]
22.4.3 - 16.3.3 Socialisation [Seite 303]
22.4.4 - 16.3.4 Persuasion [Seite 304]
22.4.5 - 16.3.5 Competition/emulation/mimicry [Seite 304]
23 - Conclusions [Seite 306]
24 - Index [Seite 314]
25 - EULA [Seite 322]
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