Twort's Water Supply

Malcolm J. Brandt (Autor)

Butterworth-Heinemann (Verlag)

7. Auflage
|
erschienen am 3. September 2016
|
932 Seiten

E-Book	\|	ePUB mit Adobe DRM	\|	Systemvoraussetzungen
E-Book	\|	PDF mit Adobe DRM	\|	Systemvoraussetzungen

978-0-08-100043-4 (ISBN)

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Systemvoraussetzungen

Twort's Water Supply, Seventh Edition, has been expanded to provide the latest tools and techniques to meet engineering challenges over dwindling natural resources. Approximately 1.1 billion people in rural and peri-urban communities of developing countries do not have access to safe drinking water. The mortality from diarrhea-related diseases amounts to 2.2 million people each year from the consumption of unsafe water.

This update reflects the latest WHO, European, UK, and US standards, including the European Water Framework Directive. The book also includes an expansion of waste and sludge disposal, including energy and sustainability, and new chapters on intakes, chemical storage, handling, and sampling. Written for both professionals and students, this book is essential reading for anyone working in water engineering.

Features expanded coverage of waste and sludge disposal to include energy use and sustainability
Includes a new chapter on intakes
Includes a new chapter on chemical storage and handling

Civil engineer specialising in water supply planning and distribution system management; responsibilities include research in the UK and overseas as well as project execution in Europe, Asia, Middle East and North and South America.

Reihe:	Butterworth-Heinemann
Sprache:	Englisch
Verlagsort:	Woburn \| Großbritannien
Verlagsgruppe:	Elsevier Science
Dateigröße:	25,77 MB
Schlagworte:	water treatment \| Hydrology \| hydraulics \| water supply \| Dam \| Pipeline \| Water storage \| reservior \| public water \| water meter \| water pumping
ISBN-13:	978-0-08-100043-4 (9780081000434)
ISBN-10:	008100043X (008100043X)

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Front Cover
Twort's Water Supply
Copyright Page
Contents
Authors' Biographic Details
Foreword
Preface
Abbreviations for Organizations
Contributing Authors, Reviewers and Advisors
Contributing Authors
Reviewers and Advisors
Attribution of Illustrations
1 The Demand for Potable Water
1.1 Categories of Consumption
1.2 Levels of Total Consumption
1.3 Domestic Demand
Components of Domestic In-House Consumption
Outdoor Domestic Use for Garden Irrigation and Bathing Pools
1.4 Standpipe Demand
1.5 Suggested Domestic Design Allowances
1.6 Non-Domestic Demand
1.7 Public and Miscellaneous Use of Water
1.8 Water Losses
1.9 Real Losses (Leakage) From 24-Hour Supply Systems
1.10 Supply Pipe Leakage and Consumer Wastage
1.11 Minimum Night Flow as Indicator of Leakage and Wastage
1.12 Variations in Demand (Peaking Factors)
Maximum and Minimum Hourly Rate of Consumption
Seasonal Variations
1.13 Growth Trends of Consumption and Forecasting Future Demand
1.14 Water Conservation and Demand Management
1.15 The Question of Metering Domestic Supplies in the UK
1.16 Effect of Price on Water Demand
1.17 Assessing Future Demand in Developing Countries
1.18 Consumption Surveys
1.19 Test-Metering In-House Domestic Consumption
References
2 Water Supply Regulation, Protection, Organization and Financing
Development, Regulation and Protection
2.1 Control of Public Water Supplies
2.2 Control of Abstractions
2.3 Public Water Supplies in the USA
The US Environmental Protection Agency
2.4 Public Water Supplies in Mainland Europe
The European Water Framework Directive
2.5 Public Water Supplies in the England and Wales
The Privatization of Water in England and Wales and Ofwat
Environmental Protection and Pollution Control
2.6 Public Water Supplies in Scotland and Northern Ireland
Organization
2.7 Organization of a Water Utility
2.8 Staffing Levels
Project Appraisal and Financing of Capital Works
2.9 Appraisal Requirements
2.10 Comparison of Proposed Capital Projects
2.11 Comments on the Use of Discounting
2.12 Sustainability, Resilience and Engineering Choices
2.13 Financing of Capital Works
2.14 Depreciation and Asset Management Planning
2.15 Private Sector Participation in Water Supply
2.16 Private Sector Operation Agreements
2.17 Charging for Public Water Supplies
2.18 Comparison of Charges for Water and Other Data
References
3 Hydrology and Surface Supplies
Part I Hydrological Considerations
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Catchment Areas
3.3 Data Collection
3.4 Streamflow Measurement
3.5 Rainfall Measurement
Measurement of Catchment Rainfall
3.6 Evaporation and Transpiration Measurement
3.7 Soil Moisture Measurement
3.8 Catchment Losses
3.9 Streamflow Naturalization
3.10 Long-Term Average Catchment Run-Off
3.11 Minimum Rainfalls
3.12 Minimum Rates of Run-Off
3.13 Maximum Rainfalls
3.14 Maximum Run-Offs
Part II Yield of Surface Sources
3.15 Introduction, Definitions and Concepts
3.16 History of Yield Estimation in the UK
3.17 Methods of Yield Estimation - General
3.18 River Intake Yields
3.19 Yield of Direct Supply Impounding Reservoirs
3.20 Yield of a Pumped Storage Reservoir
3.21 Yield of Regulating Reservoirs
3.22 Yield of Catchwaters
3.23 Compensation Water
3.24 Yield of Water Resources Systems
3.25 Conjunctive Use and Operation Rules
3.26 Rainwater Collection Systems
3.27 The Likely Effects of Climate Change
References
4 Groundwater Supplies
4.1 Groundwater, Aquifers and Their Management
4.2 Yield Uncertainties and Types of Abstraction Works
Need for Hydrogeological Survey
Types of Abstraction Works
4.3 Potential Yield of an Aquifer
4.4 Assessment of Aquifer Characteristics
4.5 Groundwater Modelling
Data Requirements
Model Calibration
4.6 Test Pumping of Boreholes and Wells
Test Pumping Regimes
Use of Observation Wells and Monitoring
4.7 Geophysical and Other Investigation Methods
4.8 Borehole Linings, Screens and Gravel Packs
4.9 Construction of Boreholes and Wells
4.10 Development and Refurbishing Boreholes and Wells
4.11 Pollution Protective Measures: Monitoring and Sampling
4.12 River Flow Augmentation by Groundwater Pumping
4.13 Artificial Recharge and Aquifer Storage Recharge
4.14 Groundwater Mining
4.15 Island Water Supplies
4.16 Collector Wells and Other Underground Water Developments
4.17 Borehole and Well Layouts
4.18 Choice of Pumping Plant for Wells and Boreholes
4.19 Environmental Impact Assessments
References
5 Dams and Reservoirs
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Essential Reservoir Conditions
5.3 Watertightness
5.4 Strength and Durability of a Dam
5.5 Types of Dam
Embankment Dams
5.6 Types of Design
5.7 Pore Pressure and Instrumentation in Earth Dams
5.8 Stability Analysis in Dam Design
5.9 Drainage Requirements for an Earth Dam
5.10 Surface Protection of Earth Dams
5.11 Rockfill and Composite Dams
Concrete and Masonry Dams
5.12 Gravity Dam Design
5.13 Gravity Dam Construction
5.14 Roller-Compacted Concrete Dams
5.15 Arch Dam Design
5.16 Buttress or Multiple Arch Dams
Flood and Discharge Provision
5.17 Design Flood Estimation
Unit Hydrograph Approach
5.18 Spillway Flood Routing
5.19 Diversion During Construction
5.20 Flood Spillways
Integral Spillway
Chute Spillway
Bellmouth Spillway
Emergency Spillways
5.21 Draw-Off Arrangements
5.22 Seismic Considerations
Dam Regulation, Supervision and Inspection
5.23 Statutory Control Over Dam Safety in the UK
5.24 Dam Deterioration Signs
5.25 Reservoir Sedimentation
5.26 Environmental Considerations and Fish Passes
5.27 Statutory Consents and Requirements
5.28 Dam Incidents
References
6 Intakes
6.1 Intake Function, Types and Main Considerations
General Considerations
6.2 Intake Capacity
6.3 Hydrology, Bathymetry and Hydraulics
6.4 Water Quality and Protection From Pollution
6.5 Abstraction Restrictions
6.6 Trash and Coarse Screens
6.7 Ice
6.8 Environmental Issues
6.9 Fish Behaviour
6.10 Fish Exclusion
6.11 Fish Protection Systems
6.12 Screening - Passive
6.13 Screening - Active
6.14 Biological Fouling of Screens and Intake Conduits
6.15 Headloss Through Screens
6.16 Coping With Water Level Variations
6.17 Interference With Other Users
6.18 Stability and Construction
6.19 Access for Operation and Maintenance
6.20 Intake Location and Siting
Intakes on Streams and Rivers
6.21 Sediment Transport
6.22 Sediment Exclusion and Removal
6.23 Flood Passage
6.24 Upland Intakes
6.25 Barrages and Weirs
6.26 Bankside Intakes
6.27 Radial Well Intakes
Intakes for Open Water
6.28 Shoreline Intakes
6.29 Intakes on Jetties or Pontoons
6.30 Tower Intakes
6.31 Offshore Intakes
References
7 Chemistry, Microbiology and Biology of Water
7.1 Introduction
Part I Significant Chemical and Physico-Chemical Parameters in Water
7.2 Acidity
7.3 Acrylamide
7.4 Algal Toxins
7.5 Alkalinity
7.6 Aluminium
7.7 Ammoniacal Compounds
7.8 Arsenic
7.9 Asbestos
7.10 Boron
7.11 Bromide and Iodide
7.12 Cadmium
7.13 Calcium
7.14 Carbon Dioxide
7.15 Chloride
7.16 Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
7.17 Chlorine Residual
7.18 Chromium
7.19 Colour
7.20 Copper
7.21 Corrosive Quality
7.22 Cyanide
7.23 Detergents
7.24 Disinfection By-Products (DBPs)
7.25 Electrical Conductivity and Dissolved Solids
7.26 Endocrine Disrupting Substances
7.27 Epichlorohydrin
7.28 Fluoride
7.29 Hardness
7.30 Hydrocarbons
7.31 Iron
7.32 Lead
7.33 Manganese
7.34 Nickel
7.35 Nitrate and Nitrite
Nitrate
Nitrite
7.36 Organic Matter, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Organic Micropollutants
7.37 Pesticides
7.38 pH Value or Hydrogen Ion
7.39 Phenols
7.40 Phosphates
7.41 Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
7.42 Radioactive Substances
7.43 Selenium
7.44 Silica
7.45 Silver
7.46 Sodium
7.47 Sulphates
7.48 Suspended Solids
7.49 Taste and Odour
7.50 Turbidity
7.51 Zinc
Part II Water Quality Guidelines and Standards for Chemical and Physical Parameters
7.52 Drinking Water Guidelines or Standards (Chemical and Physical)
The WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality (WHO, 2011a)
The European Commission Directive on the Quality of Water Intended for Human Consumption (CEU, 1998a)
The UK Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations
The US EPA National Primary Drinking Water Regulations
7.53 Comment on the Application of Health-Related Standards
7.54 Sampling for Physical and Chemical Parameters
Sampling Frequencies to WHO, EC, UK and US EPA Requirements
Minimum Sampling Requirements Where No Regulations Apply
Sampling Techniques for Physical and Chemical Parameters
On-Site Testing and Field Analysis
7.55 Raw Water Quality
Classification
Monitoring Raw Water Quality
Catchment Assessment (See Also Part VI) and Catchment Management
7.56 Basic Priorities in Water Quality Control
New Sources
Simple Checks at Source Works
Water Quality in the Distribution System
7.57 Monitoring at Water Treatment Works
On-Line Monitoring
7.58 Methods of Chemical Analysis
7.59 Quality Assurance of Water Treatment Chemicals and Materials in Contact With Drinking Water
Part III Water Microbiology
7.60 Diseases in Man That May Be Caused by Waterborne Bacteria and Other Organisms
7.61 Bacterial Diseases
7.62 Other Bacteria
7.63 Protozoal Diseases
7.64 Viral Diseases
7.65 Microbiological Standards for Drinking Water
7.66 Use of Coliforms as an Indicator of Microbiological Pollution
7.67 Frequency of Sampling for Microbiological Parameters
Raw Water Sampling
7.68 Sampling for Routine Microbiological Parameters
Method of Sampling
7.69 Routine Tests for Bacterial Contamination of Water
Investigation of a Microbiological Failure
7.70 Methodology for Microbiological Examination
7.71 Protozoal Examination
7.72 Virological Examination
7.73 Other Problem Organisms
Part IV Water Biology
7.74 Introduction
7.75 Source Waters and Storage Reservoirs
7.76 Transfer Stages
7.77 Treatment Stages
7.78 Service Reservoirs and Distribution Systems
Part V New and Emerging Issues
7.79 Introduction
7.80 Chemical Issues
7.81 Microbiological Issues
Part VI Water Safety Plans
7.82 Introduction
7.83 Structure of a Water Safety Plan
Catchment
Treatment
Piped Distribution Systems
Non-Piped, Community and Household Systems
7.84 Development of a Water Safety Plan
References
8 Storage, Clarification and Chemical Treatment
8.1 Raw Water Storage
Potential Problems in Raw Water Storage
8.2 General Considerations for Water Treatment Plants
8.3 Microstrainers
Sedimentation and Settling Tanks
8.4 General Design Considerations
8.5 Plain Settling
8.6 Theory of Design of Tanks
8.7 Grit Tanks
Chemically Assisted Sedimentation or Clarification
8.8 Chemically Assisted Sedimentation
8.9 Chemical Mixing
8.10 Chemical Coagulation and Flocculation
8.11 Types of Flocculators
8.12 Factors Affecting Coagulation and Flocculation
8.13 Effect of Organic Content and Algae
Clarifiers
8.14 Horizontal Flow Clarifiers
8.15 Design Criteria
8.16 Sludge Blanket or Solids Contact Clarifiers
8.17 High Rate Clarifiers
Tube or Plate Settlers
Lamella Clarifiers
Other High Rate Clarifiers
8.18 Dissolved Air Flotation
8.19 Sludge Removal From Clarifiers
Coagulants and Coagulant Aids
8.20 Aluminium Coagulants
8.21 Iron Coagulants
8.22 Coagulant Aids and Polyelectrolytes
8.23 Rainwater Harvesting
References
9 Water Filtration
Granular Media Filtration
9.1 Rapid Filtration - Introduction
9.2 Rapid Filtration - Mechanisms
9.3 Design and Construction of Rapid Gravity Filters
Filter Media
Underdrain Systems
Filter Configuration
Filtration Rates
Headloss, Air Binding and Negative Head
Solids Retention
Flow Control
9.4 Backwashing
9.5 Operation of Filters
9.6 Construction and Operation of Pressure Filters
Multi-Layer and Other Methods of Filtration
9.7 Use of Anthracite Media
9.8 Use of Anthracite to Uprate Filters
9.9 Use of Granular Activated Carbon
9.10 Upward Flow Filtration
9.11 Direct Filtration
9.12 Filter Problems
Slow Sand Filtration
9.13 Introduction and History
9.14 Mode of Action of Slow Sand Filters
9.15 Construction and Cleaning of Slow Sand Filters
9.16 Use of Pre-Treatment With Slow Sand Filters
9.17 Limitations and Advantages of Slow Sand Filters
Membrane and Miscellaneous Filters
9.18 MF and UF Membrane Filtration
9.19 Miscellaneous Filters
Cryptosporidium Oocysts and Giardia Cysts Removal
9.20 Cryptosporidium
9.21 Giardia Cysts
References
10 Specialized and Advanced Water Treatment Processes
Softening of Water
10.1 Hardness Compounds
10.2 Principal Methods of Softening
10.3 The Lime-Soda Process of Softening
10.4 Softening Plant
10.5 Water Softening by Crystallization
10.6 Stabilization After Softening
10.7 Base Exchange Softening
10.8 Plant for Ion Exchange (IX) Softening
10.9 Hardness and Alkalinity Removal by Ion Exchange
10.10 Demineralization of Water by Ion Exchange
Removal of Iron, Manganese and Other Metals
10.11 Iron and Manganese - General
10.12 Removal of Iron and Manganese From Underground Waters
10.13 Removal of Iron and Manganese From River and Reservoir Waters
10.14 Removal of Other Metals
Arsenic
Lead
Aluminium
Chromium
10.15 Removal of Radionuclides
Defluoridation and Fluoridation
10.16 Defluoridation
10.17 Fluoridation
Aeration
10.18 Purpose
10.19 Cascade Aerators
10.20 Packed Tower Aerators
10.21 Spray Aerators
10.22 Injection Aerators
10.23 Other Types of Aerators
Nitrate Removal
10.24 General
10.25 Ion Exchange (IX) Process for Nitrate Removal
10.26 Biological Process for Nitrate Removal
Removal of Ammonia
10.27 Chemical and Physical Methods
10.28 Biological Methods
Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds From Groundwater
10.29 General
10.30 Packed Tower Aerators
10.31 Adsorption and Chemical Oxidation
Taste and Odour Removal
10.32 Causes of Tastes and Odours
10.33 Methods of Removal of Tastes and Odours
Hydrogen Sulphide Removal
Natural Organic Matter and Micropollutants Removal
10.34 General
10.35 Advanced Treatment Processes
Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) Adsorbers
Biological Activated Carbon Reactors
Magnetic Ion Exchange Process
10.36 Advanced Oxidation Processes
10.37 Colour Removal
Corrosion Causes and Prevention
10.38 Physical and Electrochemical Corrosion
10.39 Bacterial Corrosion
10.40 Corrosion Caused by Adverse Water Quality
10.41 Corrosiveness of Various Waters
10.42 Dezincification
Desalination
10.43 Introduction
10.44 Ion Exchange
10.45 Electrodialysis
10.46 Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration
10.47 RO and NF Plant Design
10.48 Thermal Processes
10.49 Post Treatment
10.50 Effluent Disposal
10.51 The Costs of Desalination
References
11 Disinfection of Water
11.1 Disinfectants Available
Disinfection Using Chlorine and Chloramines
11.2 Action of Chlorine
11.3 Chlorine Compounds Produced
11.4 Factors Relating to the Disinfection Efficiency of Chlorine
11.5 Chlorine Residual Concentration and Contact Time
11.6 Efficiency of Chlorine in Relation to Bacteria, Enteric Viruses and Protozoa
11.7 Chlorination and the Production of DBPs
11.8 The Ammonia-Chlorine or Chloramination Process
11.9 Breakpoint Chlorination
11.10 Superchlorination
11.11 Typical Chlorine Dose
11.12 Dechlorination
11.13 Use of Ammonia
11.14 Hypochlorite Production on Site by Electrolysis
11.15 Testing for Chlorine
11.16 Use of Chlorine Dioxide
11.17 Sodium Hypochlorite Solution
11.18 Calcium Hypochlorite
Disinfection Using Ozone
11.19 Action of Ozone
11.20 Production of Ozone
11.21 Ozone Dissolution and Contact
11.22 Ozone Safety
Disinfection Using Ultraviolet Radiation
11.23 UV Disinfection
11.24 UV Equipment
11.25 UV Dose and Process Design Considerations
11.26 UV Reactor Validation
11.27 Emerging UV Issues
11.28 Boiling Water
Disinfection of Waterworks Facilities
11.29 Disinfection of Water Mains and Tanks
11.30 Control of Aftergrowth (Regrowths) in Distribution Mains
11.31 Disinfestation of Distribution Mains, Wells and Boreholes
References
12 Chemical Storage, Dosing and Control
12.1 Chemicals Used in Water Treatment
12.2 Chemical Dosing Equipment
12.3 Chemical Dosing
Coagulants and Coagulant Aids
12.4 Coagulants
12.5 Coagulant Aids and Polyelectrolytes
pH Adjustment and Water Conditioning Chemicals
12.6 pH Adjustment
12.7 Sulphuric Acid
12.8 Hydrochloric Acid
12.9 Carbon Dioxide
12.10 Hydrated Lime
12.11 Sodium Hydroxide
12.12 Sodium Carbonate
Chlorine-Based Chemicals
12.13 Chlorine
Safety Precautions
12.14 Sodium Hypochlorite
12.15 Sodium Hypochlorite Production by Electrolysis
12.16 Calcium Hypochlorite
12.17 Chlorine Dioxide
Dechlorination Chemicals
12.18 Sulphur Dioxide
Safety Precautions
12.19 Other Dechlorinating Chemicals
Chloramination Chemicals
12.20 Ammonia
Oxidation Chemicals
12.21 Potassium Permanganate
12.22 Hydrogen Peroxide
Organics Removal
12.23 Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)
Plumbosolvency Control
12.24 Phosphate Dosing
Caries Control
12.25 Fluoridation
Control Techniques
12.26 Chemical Dose Control
12.27 Flow Proportional Control
12.28 Feedback Control
12.29 Cascade Control
12.30 Feed Forward Control
12.31 PID Control
Sampling and On-Line Analysis
12.32 Sampling
12.33 Water Quality Monitors
12.34 pH Monitors
12.35 Chlorine Analysers
12.36 Turbidity Monitors
References
13 Energy Use, Sustainability and Waste Treatment
Part I Energy and Sustainability
13.1 Energy Use
13.2 Energy Efficiency
Pumping
Potable Water Treatment
Building Services
13.3 Water Conservation and Demand Management
13.4 Recovery of Energy and Chemicals
13.5 Carbon Accounting and Embedded Carbon
13.6 Sustainability and the Future
Part II Waterworks Waste and Sludge Disposal
13.7 Types of Waste
13.8 Types and Quantities of Sludge
Quantities
13.9 Filter, Ion Exchange and Radionuclide Waste Disposal
13.10 Sludge Thickening and Disposal
13.11 Sludge Dewatering
Lagoons and Drying Beds
Plate Presses
Thermal Processes
Centrifuges
Belt, Drum and Screw Presses
Other Processes
13.12 Beneficial Uses of Sludge
References
14 Hydraulics
14.1 The Energy Equation of Fluid Flow
14.2 Boundary Layers
14.3 Pipe Flow
Units Used
14.4 Headlosses in Pipes (1) - The Colebrook-White Formula
Darcy-Weisbach Formula
Colebrook-White Formula
14.5 Headlosses in Pipes (2) - Empirical Formulae
14.6 Local Headlosses at Fittings
14.7 Open-Channel Flow
14.8 Critical Depth of Flow
14.9 Froude Numbers
14.10 Headlosses in Channels
14.11 Hydraulic Jump
14.12 Non-Uniform, Gradually Varied Flow
14.13 Weirs, Flumes and Gates
Weirs
Flumes
Gates
14.14 Measurement Weirs
Broad-Crested Weir
Sharp-Crested or Thin-Plate Weirs
Crump Weirs
14.15 Measurement Flumes
Rectangular-Throated Flume
Other Standard Flumes
14.16 Venturi and Orifice Flow Meters
14.17 Other Flow Meters
14.18 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
References
15 System Design and Analysis
15.1 Introduction
15.2 System Layouts
15.3 Pipeline and System Planning
15.4 Distribution System Characteristics
15.5 Designing Trunk Mains
15.6 Designing Distribution Pipework
15.7 Hydraulic Design of Pipelines
15.8 System Curves
15.9 Longitudinal Profile
15.10 Air in Pipes
15.11 Transient Pressures: Water Hammer and Surge
15.12 Cavitation
15.13 Sizing a Pumping Main
15.14 Design of a Gravity Main
15.15 Pipeline Design Techniques
15.16 Water Quality Modelling
15.17 Updating of Network Models
15.18 Software Developments
References
16 Distribution Practice
16.1 Condition and Performance of Network Assets
16.2 Service Levels
16.3 Distribution Network Management
Organization
Managing Activities in the Network
Distribution Network Configurations
Intermittent Supply Conditions
Distribution Network Extensions
16.4 Firefighting Requirements
16.5 Service Pipes
Installing a Service Pipe
Service Pipe Materials
Flow Requirements
Service Pipe Sizing
16.6 Waterworks Byelaws
16.7 Distribution System Maintenance
16.8 The Importance of Controlling Water Losses
16.9 Active Leakage Control
16.10 District Metering
16.11 Pressure Management
16.12 Waste Metering and Step-Testing
16.13 Locating and Repairing Leaks
Locating Leaks by Sound
Other Technologies Deployed for Leak Location
Repairing Leaks
16.14 Mains Rehabilitation
Mains Rehabilitation and Cleaning
Pipe Cleaning Methods
16.15 Pipe Lining Methods
16.16 Pipe Replacement
16.17 Improvement of Distribution Systems in Disrepair
Reference Standards
References
17 Pipeline Design and Construction
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Pipe Development
17.3 Materials and Potable Water
17.4 Abbreviations and Definitions
Pipeline Alignment and Material Selection
17.5 Alignment
17.6 Changes in Direction
17.7 Selection of Pipe Material
Pipeline Structural Design
17.8 Behaviour of Buried Pipes
17.9 Longitudinal Stresses in Buried Pipes
17.10 Buried Flexible Pipes
17.11 Above Ground Pipelines and Piping
17.12 Buried Pipework in Plants
Iron Pipes
17.13 Cast or 'Grey' Iron Pipes
17.14 Ductile Iron Pipes
17.15 External Coatings and Internal Linings
17.16 Joints for Iron Pipes
Steel Pipes
17.17 Steel Pipe Manufacture and Materials
17.18 Steel Pipe Wall Thickness
17.19 Factory-Made Bends and Other Steel Fittings
17.20 External and Internal Protection of Steel Pipe
External Protection
Internal Protection
17.21 Mortar and Concrete Linings
17.22 Joints for Steel Pipes
17.23 Lining and Coating Continuity at Field Joints
17.24 Cathodic Protection (CP)
Plastic Pipes
17.25 Polyethylene (PE) Pipes
17.26 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipes
17.27 Glass Reinforced Plastics (GRP) Pipes
Concrete and Fibre Cement Pipes
17.28 Prestressed Concrete Pressure Pipes
17.29 Reinforced Concrete Cylinder Pipes
17.30 Reinforced Concrete Pressure Pipes
17.31 Fibre and Asbestos Cement (AC) Pipes
17.32 Polymer Concrete Pipes
Resistance to Internal Forces
17.33 Forces Due to Pressure and Velocity
17.34 Pipe Restraint and Thrust Blocks
Pipeline and Pipe System Construction
17.35 Choice of Pipes
17.36 Pipe Laying and Installation
17.37 Changes in Direction (Bends) in the Field
17.38 Testing of Pipelines
17.39 Making Connections
17.40 Underwater Pipelines
Reference Standards
References
18 Valves and Meters
Part I Valves
18.1 Valve Development
18.2 Valve Functions
18.3 Isolation
18.4 Regulation
18.5 Control
18.6 Valve Selection and Specification
18.7 Gate Valves
18.8 Butterfly Valves
18.9 Globe Valves
18.10 Screwdown Valves
18.11 Ball Valves
18.12 Plug Valves
18.13 Diaphragm Valves
18.14 Pinch Valves
18.15 Needle Valves
18.16 Sleeve Valves
18.17 Hollow-Jet Discharge Valves
18.18 Non-Return (or Check) Valves
18.19 Flap Valves
18.20 Cavitation at Valves
18.21 Valve Operating Equipment
18.22 Valve Closure Speed
18.23 Washouts
18.24 Air Valves
18.25 Valve Chambers
Part II Measurement of Flow and Consumption
18.26 Purposes of Flow Measurement
18.27 Types of Flow Meter
18.28 Volumetric Flow Meters
18.29 Permanent Flow Meter Installations
18.30 Temporary Flow Measurement Devices
18.31 Supply (Revenue) Meters
18.32 The Accuracy of Water Meters
18.33 Future Trends in Metering
References
19 Pumping, Electrical Plant, Control and Instrumentation
Part I Pumps
19.1 Pumping Plant
19.2 Centrifugal Pumps
19.3 Types of Centrifugal Pump
Submersible Pumps
19.4 Characteristics of Centrifugal Pumps
Affinity Laws
Net Positive Suction Head
Specific Speed
19.5 Axial Flow and Mixed Flow Pumps
19.6 Reciprocating Pumps
19.7 Selection of Pumps for Water Supply
19.8 Pump Body and Impeller Selection
19.9 Standby Pumping Plant
19.10 Boosting
Addition of Fixed Extra Flow or Pressure
Maintenance of a Given Pressure
19.11 Increasing Pumping Station Output
19.12 Station Arrangement and Plant Layout
Wet Wells
Station Arrangement
19.13 Pump Suction Design
19.14 Thermodynamic Pump Performance Monitoring
19.15 Cavitation Damage
19.16 Corrosion Protection
19.17 Transient Pressures: Water Hammer and Surge
19.18 Efficiencies and Fuel Consumptions
19.19 Pump Drives
Part II Electrical Plant
19.20 Electric Motors for Pump Drives
19.21 The Induction Motor
Rated Output, Starting Torque and Start Frequency
19.22 Induction Motor Starting Methods
19.23 Induction Motor Protection
19.24 Speed Control of Induction Motors
19.25 Harmonic Filters
19.26 Effect of Electricity Tariffs
19.27 Electrical Power Supplies
19.28 Standby and Site Power Generation
19.29 Transformers
19.30 HV and LV Switchboards
19.31 Motor Control Centres
19.32 Electrical Cabling
19.33 Heating and Ventilation
Part III Control and Instrumentation (C&I)
19.34 Introduction
19.35 Control
Control Level
Automatic Control of Chemical Dosing
19.36 Automation
19.37 Control System Definition
19.38 Instrumentation
Level
Pressure
Water Quality
19.39 Systems
19.40 Communications
19.41 Hardware
19.42 Ancillary Equipment
19.43 Automation and Operation and Maintenance
References
20 Treated Water Storage
20.1 Functions of Treated Water Storage
20.2 Storage Capacity Required
Minimum Storage to Even Out Hourly Demand
Contingency Storage
Volume not Available for Balancing or Non-Fire Contingencies
20.3 Ground or Elevated Storage
20.4 Statutory Consents and Requirements
20.5 Water Quality Considerations
20.6 Sampling and Water Testing
20.7 Instrumentation
20.8 Overflow and Drain Down Design
20.9 Ventilation
20.10 Loadings on Water Storage Reservoirs and Tanks
20.11 Water Retaining Concrete Design
20.12 Prestressed Concrete Circular Tank Design
20.13 Welded Steel Plate Design
Service Reservoirs
20.14 Reservoir Shape and Depth
20.15 Covering and Protecting Reservoirs
20.16 Service Reservoir Structures
20.17 Rectangular Jointed Concrete Reservoirs
20.18 Monolithic Concrete Reservoirs
20.19 Circular Reinforced Concrete Reservoirs
20.20 Cast In-Situ Prestressed Concrete Reservoirs
20.21 Precast Concrete Panel Reservoirs
20.22 Steel Plate Reservoirs
20.23 Panel or Sectional Tanks
20.24 Drainage and Waterproofing Concrete Service Reservoirs
20.25 Access to Service Reservoirs
20.26 Service Reservoir Pipework
Inlet Pipework
Outlet Pipework
Overflow and Drain Down Arrangements
Valves
20.27 Valve Houses for Service Reservoirs
20.28 Baffles in Service Reservoirs
Water Towers
20.29 Use of Water Towers
20.30 Concrete Water Towers
20.31 Welded Steel Water Towers
20.32 Segmental Plate Tanks
20.33 Pipework and Access for Water Towers
Testing Service Reservoirs and Tanks
20.34 Testing Procedure
20.35 Searching for Leaks
20.36 Cleaning and Disinfection
20.37 Inspection and Repair of Service Reservoirs
Reference Standards
References
Conversion Factors
Index
Colour Plates
Back Cover

Schweitzer Klassifikation

Newbooks Subjects

DNB DDC Sachgruppen

Dewey Decimal Classfication (DDC)

BIC Classifikation

- Technology, engineering, agriculture
- Civil engineering, surveying & building

BISAC Classifikation

- Nature
- Natural Resources

Warengruppensystematik 2.0

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