Human Neuroanatomy, 2nd Edition is a comprehensive overview of the anatomy of the human brain and spinal cord. The book is written at a level to be of use as a text for advanced students and a foundational reference for researchers, clinicians in the field. Building on the foundations of first edition, this revision looks to increase user-friendliness and clinical applicability through improved figures and the addition of illustrative case studies.
Written by James R. Augustine, with decades of experience teaching and researching in the field, Human Neuroanatomy, authoritatively covers this fundamental area of study within the neurosciences.
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Verlagsort
Verlagsgruppe
Produkt-Hinweis
Dateigröße
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ISBN-13
978-1-119-07400-7 (9781119074007)
Schweitzer Klassifikation
Thema Klassifikation
DNB DDC Sachgruppen
BIC 2 Klassifikation
BISAC Klassifikation
Warengruppensystematik 2.0
James R. Augustine is Professor Emeritus in the School of Medicine at University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA.
- Intro
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Contents
- Preface
- About the companion website
- Chapter 1 Introduction to the Nervous System
- 1.1 NEURONS
- 1.1.1 Neuronal cell body (soma)
- 1.1.2 Axon hillock
- 1.1.3 Neuronal processes - axons and dendrites
- 1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS
- 1.2.1 Neuronal classification by function
- 1.2.2 Neuronal classification by number of processes
- 1.3 THE SYNAPSE
- 1.3.1 Components of a synapse
- 1.3.2 Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators
- 1.3.3 Neuronal plasticity
- 1.3.4 The neuropil
- 1.4 NEUROGLIAL CELLS
- 1.4.1 Neuroglial cells differ from neurons
- 1.4.2 Identification of neuroglia
- 1.4.3 Neuroglial function
- 1.4.4 Neuroglial cells and aging
- 1.4.5 Neuroglial cells and brain tumors
- 1.5 AXONAL TRANSPORT
- 1.5.1 Functions of axonal transport
- 1.5.2 Defective axonal transport
- 1.6 DEGENERATION AND REGENERATION
- 1.6.1 Axon or retrograde reaction
- 1.6.2 Anterograde degeneration
- 1.6.3 Retrograde degeneration
- 1.6.4 Regeneration of peripheral nerves
- 1.6.5 Regeneration and neurotrophic factors
- 1.6.6 Regeneration in the central nervous system
- 1.7 NEURAL TRANSPLANTATION
- FURTHER READING
- Chapter 2 Development of the Nervous System
- 2.1 FIRST WEEK
- 2.1.1 Fertilization
- 2.1.2 From two cells to the free blastocyst
- 2.2 SECOND WEEK
- 2.2.1 Implantation and two distinct layers of cells
- 2.2.2 Primitive streak and a third layer of cells
- 2.3 THIRD WEEK
- 2.3.1 Primitive node and notochordal process
- 2.3.2 Neural plate, groove, folds, and neuromeres
- 2.3.3 Three main divisions of the brain
- 2.3.4 Mesencephalic flexure appears
- 2.4 FOURTH WEEK
- 2.4.1 Formation of the neural tube
- 2.4.2 Rostral and caudal neuropores open
- 2.4.3 Neural crest cells emerge
- 2.4.4 Neural canal - the future ventricular system
- 2.4.5 Neuropores close and neural tube forms
- 2.4.6 Cervical flexure present
- 2.5 FIFTH WEEK
- 2.5.1 Simple tube, complex transformation
- 2.5.2 Five subdivisions of the brain appear
- 2.5.3 Brain vesicles versus brain regions
- 2.6 VULNERABILITY OF THE DEVELOPING NERVOUS SYSTEM
- 2.7 CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
- 2.7.1 Spinal dysraphism
- 2.7.2 Anencephaly
- 2.7.3 Microcephaly
- FURTHER READING
- Chapter 3 The Spinal Cord
- 3.1 EMBRYOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS
- 3.1.1 Layers of the developing spinal cord
- 3.1.2 Formation of ventral gray columns and ventral roots
- 3.1.3 Formation of dorsal gray columns
- 3.1.4 Dorsal and ventral horns versus dorsal and ventral gray columns
- 3.1.5 Development of neural crest cells
- 3.1.6 Framework of the adult cord is present at birth
- 3.2 GROSS ANATOMY
- 3.2.1 Spinal cord weight and length
- 3.2.2 Spinal segments, regions, and enlargements
- 3.2.3 Spinal segments in each region are of unequal length
- 3.2.4 Conus medullaris, filum terminale, and cauda equina
- 3.2.5 Termination of the adult spinal cord
- 3.2.6 Differential rate of growth: vertebral column versus the spinal cord
- 3.2.7 Relationship between spinal segments and vertebrae
- 3.3 NUCLEAR GROUPS - GRAY MATTER
- 3.3.1 General arrangement of spinal cord gray matter
- 3.3.2 Gray matter at enlargement levels
- 3.3.3 Spinal laminae
- 3.3.4 Dorsal horn
- 3.3.5 Intermediate zone
- 3.3.6 Ventral horn
- 3.4 FUNCTIONAL CLASSES OF NEURONS
- 3.4.1 Four classes of neurons in the spinal cord
- 3.4.2 Somatic afferent versus visceral afferent neurons
- 3.4.3 Somatic efferent versus visceral efferent neurons
- 3.4.4 Some ventral root axons are sensory
- 3.5 FUNICULI/FASCICULI/TRACTS - WHITE MATTER
- 3.6 SPINAL REFLEXES
- 3.7 SPINAL MENINGES AND RELATED SPACES
- 3.7.1 Spinal dura mater
- 3.7.2 Spinal arachnoid
- 3.7.3 Spinal pia mater
- 3.8 SPINAL CORD INJURY
- 3.8.1 Hemisection of the spinal cord
- 3.8.2 Syringomyelia
- 3.9 BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE SPINAL CORD
- FURTHER READING
- Chapter 4 The Brain Stem
- 4.1 EXTERNAL FEATURES
- 4.1.1 Medulla oblongata
- 4.1.2 Pons
- 4.1.3 Midbrain
- 4.2 CEREBELLUM AND FOURTH VENTRICLE
- 4.2.1 Cerebellum
- 4.2.2 Fourth ventricle
- 4.3 ORGANIZATION OF BRAIN STEM NEURONAL COLUMNS
- 4.3.1 Functional components of the cranial nerves
- 4.3.2 Efferent columns
- 4.3.3 Afferent columns
- 4.4 INTERNAL FEATURES
- 4.4.1 Endogenous substances
- 4.4.2 Medulla oblongata
- 4.4.3 Pons
- 4.4.4 Midbrain
- FURTHER READING
- Chapter 5 The Forebrain
- 5.1 TELENCEPHALON
- 5.1.1 Telencephalon medium
- 5.1.2 Cerebral hemispheres
- 5.1.3 Basal ganglia (basal nuclei)
- 5.1.4 Rhinencephalon
- 5.2 DIENCEPHALON
- 5.2.1 Epithalamus
- 5.2.2 Thalamus
- 5.2.3 Subthalamus
- 5.2.4 Hypothalamus
- 5.3 CEREBRAL WHITE MATTER
- FURTHER READING
- Chapter 6 Introduction to Ascending Sensory Paths
- 6.1 RECEPTORS
- 6.2 CLASSIFICATION OF RECEPTORS BY MODALITY
- 6.2.1 Mechanoreceptors
- 6.2.2 Thermoreceptors
- 6.2.3 Nociceptors
- 6.2.4 Chemoreceptors
- 6.2.5 Photoreceptors
- 6.2.6 Osmoreceptors
- 6.3 CLASSIFICATION OF RECEPTORS BY DISTRIBUTION AND FUNCTION
- 6.3.1 Exteroceptors
- 6.3.2 Interoceptors
- 6.3.3 Proprioceptors
- 6.4 STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF RECEPTORS
- 6.4.1 Free nerve endings
- 6.4.2 Endings in hair follicles
- 6.4.3 Terminal endings of nerves
- 6.4.4 Neurotendinous spindles
- 6.4.5 Neuromuscular spindles
- 6.5 REFLEX CIRCUITS
- 6.5.1 The monosynaptic reflex
- 6.5.2 Complex reflexes
- 6.6 GENERAL SENSORY PATHS
- 6.6.1 Classification of sensory paths by function
- 6.7 ORGANIZATION OF GENERAL SENSORY PATHS
- 6.7.1 Receptors
- 6.7.2 Primary neurons
- 6.7.3 Secondary neurons
- 6.7.4 Thalamic neurons
- 6.7.5 Cortical neurons
- 6.7.6 Modulation of sensory paths
- FURTHER READING
- Chapter 7 Paths for Pain and Temperature
- 7.1 PATH FOR SUPERFICIAL PAIN AND TEMPERATURE FROM THE BODY
- 7.1.1 Modalities
- 7.1.2 Receptors
- 7.1.3 Primary neurons
- 7.1.4 Secondary neurons
- 7.1.5 Position of the LST in the brain stem
- 7.1.6 Thalamic neurons
- 7.1.7 Cortical neurons
- 7.1.8 Modulation of painful and thermal impulses
- 7.2 PATH FOR VISCERAL PAIN FROM THE BODY
- 7.2.1 Modalities and receptors
- 7.2.2 Primary neurons
- 7.2.3 Secondary neurons
- 7.2.4 Thalamic neurons
- 7.2.5 Cortical neurons
- 7.2.6 Suffering accompanying pain
- 7.2.7 Visceral pain as referred pain
- 7.2.8 Transection of fiber bundles to relieve intractable pain
- 7.3 THE TRIGEMINAL NUCLEAR COMPLEX
- 7.3.1 Organization of the trigeminal nuclear complex
- 7.3.2 Organization of entering trigeminal sensory fibers
- 7.4 PATH FOR SUPERFICIAL PAIN AND THERMAL EXTREMES FROM THE HEAD
- 7.4.1 Modalities and receptors
- 7.4.2 Primary neurons
- 7.4.3 Secondary neurons
- 7.4.4 Thalamic neurons
- 7.5 PATH FOR THERMAL DISCRIMINATION FROM THE HEAD
- 7.5.1 Modality and receptors
- 7.5.2 Primary neurons
- 7.5.3 Secondary neurons
- 7.5.4 Thalamic neurons
- 7.5.5 Cortical neurons
- 7.6 SOMATIC AFFERENT COMPONENTS OF VII, IX, AND X
- 7.7 TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA
- 7.7.1 Causes of trigeminal neuralgia
- 7.7.2 Methods of treatment for trigeminal neuralgia
- 7.8 GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NEURALGIA
- FURTHER READING
- Chapter 8 Paths for Touch, Pressure, Proprioception, and Vibration
- 8.1 PATH FOR GENERAL TACTILE SENSATION FROM THE BODY
- 8.1.1 Modalities and receptors
- 8.1.2 Primary neurons
- 8.1.3 Secondary neurons
- 8.1.4 Thalamic neurons
- 8.2 PATH FOR TACTILE DISCRIMINATION, PRESSURE, PROPRIOCEPTION, AND VIBRATION FROM THE BODY
- 8.2.1 Modalities and receptors
- 8.2.2 Primary neurons
- 8.2.3 Secondary neurons
- 8.2.4 Thalamic neurons
- 8.2.5 Cortical neurons
- 8.2.6 Spinal cord stimulation for the relief of pain
- 8.3 PATH FOR TACTILE DISCRIMINATION FROM THE HEAD
- 8.3.1 Modalities and receptors
- 8.3.2 Primary neurons
- 8.3.3 Secondary neurons
- 8.3.4 Thalamic neurons
- 8.3.5 Cortical neurons
- 8.4 PATH FOR GENERAL TACTILE SENSATION FROM THE HEAD
- 8.4.1 Modalities and receptors
- 8.4.2 Primary neurons
- 8.4.3 Secondary neurons
- 8.4.4 Thalamic neurons
- 8.4.5 Cortical neurons
- 8.5 PATH FOR PROPRIOCEPTION, PRESSURE, AND VIBRATION FROM THE HEAD
- 8.5.1 Modalities and receptors
- 8.5.2 Primary neurons
- 8.5.3 Secondary neurons
- 8.5.4 Thalamic neurons
- 8.5.5 Cortical neurons
- 8.6 TRIGEMINAL MOTOR COMPONENT
- 8.7 CERTAIN TRIGEMINAL REFLEXES
- 8.7.1 "Jaw-closing" reflex
- 8.7.2 Corneal reflex
- FURTHER READING
- Chapter 9 The Reticular Formation
- 9.1 STRUCTURAL ASPECTS
- 9.1.1 Reticular nuclei in the medulla
- 9.1.2 Reticular nuclei in the pons
- 9.1.3 Reticular nuclei in the midbrain
- 9.2 ASCENDING RETICULAR SYSTEM
- 9.3 DESCENDING RETICULAR SYSTEM
- 9.4 FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF THE RETICULAR FORMATION
- 9.4.1 Consciousness
- 9.4.2 Homeostatic regulation
- 9.4.3 Visceral reflexes
- 9.4.4 Motor function
- FURTHER READING
- Chapter 10 The Auditory System
- 10.1 GROSS ANATOMY
- 10.1.1 External ear
- 10.1.2 Middle ear
- 10.1.3 Internal ear
- 10.2 THE ASCENDING AUDITORY PATH
- 10.2.1 Modality and receptors
- 10.2.2 Primary neurons
- 10.2.3 Secondary neurons
- 10.2.4 Tertiary neurons
- 10.2.5 Inferior collicular neurons
- 10.2.6 Thalamic neurons
- 10.2.7 Cortical neurons
- 10.2.8 Comments
- 10.3 DESCENDING AUDITORY CONNECTIONS
- 10.3.1 Electrical stimulation of cochlear efferents
- 10.3.2 Autonomic fibers to the cochlea
- 10.4 INJURY TO THE AUDITORY PATH
- 10.4.1 Congenital loss of hearing
- 10.4.2 Decoupling of stereocilia
- 10.4.3 Tinnitus
- 10.4.4 Noise-induced loss of hearing
- 10.4.5 Aging and the loss of hearing
- 10.4.6 Unilateral loss of hearing
- 10.4.7 Injury to the inferior colliculi
- 10.4.8 Unilateral injury to the medial geniculate body or auditory cortex
- 10.4.9 Bilateral injury to the primary auditory cortex
- 10.4.10 Auditory seizures - audenes
- 10.5 COCHLEAR IMPLANTS
- 10.6 AUDITORY BRAIN STEM IMPLANTS
- FURTHER READING
- Chapter 11 The Vestibular System
- 11.1 GROSS ANATOMY
- 11.1.1 Internal ear
- 11.2 THE ASCENDING VESTIBULAR PATH
- 11.2.1 Modalities and receptors
- 11.2.2 Primary neurons
- 11.2.3 Secondary neurons
- 11.2.4 Thalamic neurons
- 11.2.5 Cortical neurons
- 11.3 OTHER VESTIBULAR CONNECTIONS
- 11.3.1 Primary vestibulocerebellar fibers
- 11.3.2 Vestibular nuclear projections to the spinal cord
- 11.3.3 Vestibular nuclear projections to nuclei of the extraocular muscles
- 11.3.4 Vestibular nuclear projections to the reticular formation
- 11.3.5 Vestibular projections to the contralateral vestibular nuclei
- 11.4 THE EFFERENT COMPONENT OF THE VESTIBULAR SYSTEM
- 11.5 AFFERENT PROJECTIONS TO THE VESTIBULAR NUCLEI
- 11.6 VERTIGO
- 11.6.1 Physiological vertigo
- 11.6.2 Pathological vertigo
- FURTHER READING
- Chapter 12 The Visual System
- 12.1 RETINA
- 12.1.1 Pigmented layer1
- 12.1.2 Neural layer
- 12.1.3 Other retinal elements
- 12.1.4 Special retinal regions
- 12.1.5 Retinal areas
- 12.1.6 Visual fields
- 12.2 VISUAL PATH
- 12.2.1 Receptors
- 12.2.2 Primary retinal neurons
- 12.2.3 Secondary retinal neurons
- 12.2.4 Optic nerve [II]
- 12.2.5 Optic chiasm
- 12.2.6 Optic tract
- 12.2.7 Thalamic neurons
- 12.2.8 Optic radiations
- 12.2.9 Cortical neurons
- 12.3 INJURIES TO THE VISUAL SYSTEM
- 12.3.1 Retinal injuries
- 12.3.2 Injury to the optic nerve
- 12.3.3 Injuries to the optic chiasm
- 12.3.4 Injuries to the optic tract
- 12.3.5 Injury to the lateral geniculate body
- 12.3.6 Injuries to the optic radiations
- 12.3.7 Injuries to the visual cortex
- FURTHER READING
- Chapter 13 Ocular Movements and Visual Reflexes
- 13.1 OCULAR MOVEMENTS
- 13.1.1 Primary position of the eyes
- 13.2 CONJUGATE OCULAR MOVEMENTS
- 13.2.1 Miniature ocular movements
- 13.2.2 Saccades
- 13.2.3 Smooth pursuit movements
- 13.2.4 Vestibular movements
- 13.3 EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES
- 13.4 INNERVATION OF THE EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES
- 13.4.1 Abducent nucleus and nerve
- 13.4.2 Trochlear nucleus and nerve
- 13.4.3 Oculomotor nucleus and nerve
- 13.5 ANATOMICAL BASIS OF CONJUGATE OCULAR MOVEMENTS
- 13.6 MEDIAL LONGITUDINAL FASCICULUS
- 13.7 VESTIBULAR CONNECTIONS and OCULAR MOVEMENTS
- 13.7.1 Horizontal ocular movements
- 13.7.2 Doll's ocular movements
- 13.7.3 Vertical ocular movements
- 13.8 INJURY TO THE MEDIAL LONGITUDINAL FASCICULUS
- 13.9 VESTIBULAR NYSTAGMUS
- 13.10 THE RETICULAR FORMATION AND OCULAR MOVEMENTS
- 13.11 CONGENITAL NYSTAGMUS
- 13.12 OCULAR BOBBING
- 13.13 EXAMINATION OF THE VESTIBULAR SYSTEM
- 13.14 VISUAL REFLEXES
- 13.14.1 The light reflex
- 13.14.2 The near reflex
- 13.14.3 Pupillary dilatation
- 13.14.4 The lateral tectotegmentospinal tract
- 13.14.5 The spinotectal tract
- 13.14.6 The afferent pupillary defect
- FURTHER READING
- Chapter 14 The Thalamus
- 14.1 INTRODUCTION
- 14.2 NUCLEAR GROUPS OF THE THALAMUS
- 14.2.1 Anterior nuclei and the lateral dorsal nucleus
- 14.2.2 Intralaminar nuclei
- 14.2.3 Medial nuclei
- 14.2.4 Median nuclei
- 14.2.5 Metathalamic body and nuclei
- 14.2.6 Posterior nuclear complex
- 14.2.7 Pulvinar nuclei and lateral posterior nucleus
- 14.2.8 Reticular nucleus
- 14.2.9 Ventral nuclei
- 14.3 INJURIES TO THE THALAMUS
- 14.4 MAPPING THE HUMAN THALAMUS
- 14.5 STIMULATION OF THE HUMAN THALAMUS
- 14.6 THE THALAMUS AS A NEUROSURGICAL TARGET
- FURTHER READING
- Chapter 15 Lower Motor Neurons and the Pyramidal System
- 15.1 REGIONS INVOLVED IN MOTOR ACTIVITY
- 15.2 LOWER MOTOR NEURONS
- 15.2.1 Terms related to motor activity
- 15.2.2 Lower motor neurons in the spinal cord
- 15.2.3 Activation of motor neurons
- 15.2.4 Lower motor neurons in the brain stem
- 15.2.5 Injury to lower motor neurons
- 15.2.6 Example of a lower motor neuron disorder
- 15.3 PYRAMIDAL SYSTEM
- 15.3.1 Corticospinal component
- 15.3.2 Corticobulbar component
- 15.3.3 Clinical neuroanatomical correlation
- FURTHER READING
- Chapter 16 The Extrapyramidal System and Cerebellum
- 16.1 EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYSTEM
- 16.1.1 Extrapyramidal motor areas
- 16.1.2 Basal ganglia (basal nuclei)
- 16.1.3 Afferents to the basal ganglia
- 16.1.4 Cortical-striatal-pallidal-thalamo-cortical circuits
- 16.1.5 Multisynaptic descending paths
- 16.1.6 Common discharge paths
- 16.1.7 Somatotopic organization of the basal ganglia
- 16.2 CEREBELLUM
- 16.2.1 External features of the cerebellum
- 16.2.2 Cerebellar cortex
- 16.2.3 Deep cerebellar nuclei
- 16.2.4 Cerebellar white matter
- 16.3 INPUT TO THE CEREBELLUM THROUGH THE PEDUNCLES
- 16.3.1 Inferior cerebellar peduncle (ICP)
- 16.3.2 Middle cerebellar peduncle (MCP)
- 16.3.3 Superior cerebellar peduncle (SCP)
- 16.4 INPUT TO THE CEREBELLUM
- 16.4.1 Incoming Fibers to the Cerebellum
- 16.5 CEREBELLAR OUTPUT
- 16.5.1 From the fastigial nuclei
- 16.5.2 From the globose and emboliform nuclei
- 16.5.3 From the dentate nuclei
- 16.6 CEREBELLAR CIRCUITRY
- 16.7 COMMON DISCHARGE PATHS
- 16.8 CEREBELLAR FUNCTIONS
- 16.8.1 Motor functions
- 16.8.2 Nonmotor functions
- 16.8.3 Studies involving the human cerebellum
- 16.8.4 Localization in the cerebellum
- 16.9 MANIFESTATIONS OF INJURIES TO THE MOTOR SYSTEM
- 16.9.1 Injury to the premotor cortex
- 16.9.2 Injury to the basal ganglia
- 16.9.3 Injury to, or deep brain stimulation of, the subthalamic nucleus
- 16.9.4 Injury to the cerebellum
- 16.9.5 Localization of cerebellar damage
- 16.10 DECORTICATE VERSUS DECEREBRATE RIGIDITY
- 16.10.1 Decerebrate rigidity
- 16.10.2 Decorticate rigidity
- 16.11 EPILOGUE
- FURTHER READING
- Chapter 17 The Olfactory and Gustatory Systems
- 17.1 THE OLFACTORY SYSTEM
- 17.1.1 Receptors
- 17.1.2 Primary neurons
- 17.1.3 Olfactory fila and the olfactory nerve
- 17.1.4 Olfactory bulb - secondary neurons
- 17.1.5 Olfactory tract
- 17.1.6 Medial stria
- 17.1.7 Lateral stria
- 17.1.8 Thalamic neurons
- 17.1.9 Cortical neurons
- 17.1.10 Efferent olfactory connections
- 17.1.11 Injuries to the olfactory system
- 17.2 THE GUSTATORY SYSTEM
- 17.2.1 Receptors
- 17.2.2 Primary neurons
- 17.2.3 Secondary neurons
- 17.2.4 The ascending gustatory path
- 17.2.5 Thalamic neurons
- 17.2.6 Cortical neurons
- 17.2.7 Injuries to the gustatory system
- FURTHER READING
- Chapter 18 The Limbic System
- 18.1 HISTORICAL ASPECTS
- 18.2 ANATOMY OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM
- 18.2.1 Olfactory system
- 18.2.2 Septal area
- 18.2.3 Mamillary bodies of the hypothalamus
- 18.2.4 Anterior nuclei of the thalamus
- 18.2.5 Hippocampal formation
- 18.2.6 Amygdaloid complex
- 18.2.7 Cingulate gyrus and cingulum
- 18.2.8 Cortical areas
- 18.3 CYCLIC PATHS OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM
- 18.4 THE HUMAN LIMBIC SYSTEM: A CASE STUDY
- 18.5 DESCENDING LIMBIC PATHS
- 18.6 FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF THE HUMAN LIMBIC SYSTEM
- 18.6.1 Emotion
- 18.6.2 Memory
- 18.7 LIMBIC SYSTEM DISORDERS
- 18.8 INJURIES TO LIMBIC CONSTITUENTS
- 18.8.1 Septal area
- 18.8.2 Hippocampal formation
- 18.8.3 Amygdaloid complex
- 18.8.4 Seizures involving the limbic system
- 18.9 PSYCHOSURGERY OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM
- 18.9.1 Drug-resistant epilepsy
- 18.9.2 Violent, aggressive, or restless behaviors
- 18.9.3 Schizophrenia
- 18.9.4 Intractable pain
- 18.9.5 Psychiatric disorders and abnormal behavior
- FURTHER READING
- Chapter 19 The Hypothalamus
- 19.1 HYPOTHALAMIC ZONES (MEDIAL TO LATERAL)
- 19.2 HYPOTHALAMIC REGIONS (ANTERIOR TO POSTERIOR)
- 19.3 HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEI
- 19.3.1 Chiasmal region
- 19.3.2 Tuberal region
- 19.3.3 Mamillary region
- 19.4 FIBER CONNECTIONS
- 19.4.1 Medial forebrain bundle
- 19.4.2 Stria terminalis
- 19.4.3 Fornix
- 19.4.4 Diencephalic periventricular system
- 19.4.5 Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
- 19.4.6 Anterior and posterior hypothalamotegmental tracts
- 19.4.7 Pallidohypothalamic tract
- 19.4.8 Mamillothalamic tract
- 19.4.9 Vascular connections
- 19.5 FUNCTIONS OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS
- 19.5.1 Water balance - water intake and loss
- 19.5.2 Eating - food intake
- 19.5.3 Temperature regulation
- 19.5.4 Autonomic regulation
- 19.5.5 Emotional expression
- 19.5.6 Wakefulness and sleep - biological rhythms
- 19.5.7 Control of the endocrine system
- 19.5.8 Reproduction
- FURTHER READING
- Chapter 20 The Autonomic Nervous System
- 20.1 HISTORICAL ASPECTS
- 20.2 STRUCTURAL ASPECTS
- 20.2.1 Location of autonomic neurons of origin
- 20.2.2 Manner of distribution of autonomic fibers
- 20.2.3 Termination of autonomic fibers
- 20.3 SOMATIC EFFERENTS VERSUS VISCERAL EFFERENTS
- 20.4 VISCERAL AFFERENTS
- 20.5 REGULATION OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
- 20.6 DISORDERS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
- FURTHER READING
- Chapter 21 The Cerebral Hemispheres
- 21.1 FACTS AND FIGURES
- 21.2 CORTICAL NEURONS
- 21.3 CORTICAL LAYERS
- 21.4 CORTICAL COLUMNS (MICROARCHITECTURE)
- 21.5 FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX
- 21.6 CEREBRAL DOMINANCE, LATERALIZATION, AND ASYMMETRY
- 21.7 FRONTAL LOBE
- 21.7.1 Primary motor cortex
- 21.7.2 Premotor cortex
- 21.7.3 Supplementary motor area (SMA)
- 21.7.4 Cingulate motor areas
- 21.7.5 Frontal eye fields
- 21.7.6 Broca's area
- 21.7.7 Prefrontal cortex
- 21.8 PARIETAL LOBE
- 21.8.1 Primary somatosensory cortex (SI)
- 21.8.2 Secondary somatosensory cortex (SII)
- 21.8.3 Superior parietal lobule
- 21.8.4 Inferior parietal lobule
- 21.8.5 Parietal vestibular cortex (2v)
- 21.8.6 Mirror representation of others' actions
- 21.8.7 Preoccipital areas
- 21.9 OCCIPITAL LOBE
- 21.9.1 Primary visual cortex (V1)
- 21.9.2 Secondary visual cortex
- 21.10 TEMPORAL LOBE
- 21.10.1 Primary auditory cortex (AI)
- 21.10.2 Wernicke's area
- 21.10.3 Temporal vestibular cortex
- 21.10.4 Midtemporal areas related to memory
- 21.10.5 Anomia
- 21.10.6 Prosopagnosia
- 21.10.7 Psychomotor seizures
- 21.11 INSULA
- 21.12 APHASIA
- 21.12.1 Broca's aphasia
- 21.12.2 Wernicke's aphasia
- 21.12.3 Conductive aphasia
- 21.12.4 Global aphasia
- 21.13 ALEXIA
- 21.14 APRAXIA
- 21.15 GERSTMANN'S SYNDROME
- 21.16 AGNOSIA
- 21.17 DYSLEXIA
- FURTHER READING
- Chapter 22 Blood Supply to the Central Nervous System
- 22.1 CEREBRAL CIRCULATION
- 22.2 AORTIC ARCH, BRACHIOCEPHALIC TRUNK, AND SUBCLAVIAN VESSELS
- 22.3 VERTEBRAL-BASILAR ARTERIAL SYSTEM
- 22.3.1 Branches of the vertebral arteries
- 22.4 BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE SPINAL CORD
- 22.4.1 Extramedullary vessels
- 22.4.2 Intramedullary vessels
- 22.4.3 Spinal veins
- 22.5 BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE BRAIN STEM AND CEREBELLUM
- 22.5.1 Extrinsic or superficial branches
- 22.5.2 Branches of the basilar arteries
- 22.5.3 Intrinsic or penetrating branches
- 22.5.4 Classical brain stem syndromes
- 22.6 COMMON CAROTID ARTERY
- 22.6.1 External carotid artery
- 22.6.2 Internal carotid artery: cervical, petrous, and cavernous parts
- 22.7 BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES
- 22.7.1 Internal carotid artery: cerebral part
- 22.7.2 Branches of the internal carotid artery
- 22.7.3 Posterior cerebral artery
- 22.8 CEREBRAL ARTERIAL CIRCLE
- 22.8.1 Types of arteries supplying the brain
- 22.9 EMBRYOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS
- 22.10 VASCULAR INJURIES
- 22.10.1 Brain stem vascular injuries
- 22.10.2 Visualization of brain vessels
- FURTHER READING
- Chapter 23 The Meninges, Ventricular System, and Cerebrospinal Fluid
- 23.1 THE CRANIAL MENINGES AND RELATED SPACES
- 23.1.1 Cranial dura mater
- 23.1.2 Cranial arachnoid
- 23.1.3 Cranial pia mater
- 23.1.4 Dural projections
- 23.1.5 Intracranial herniations
- 23.2 VENTRICULAR SYSTEM
- 23.2.1 Introduction
- 23.2.2 Lateral ventricles
- 23.2.3 Third ventricle
- 23.2.4 Aqueduct
- 23.2.5 Fourth ventricle
- 23.3 CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
- FURTHER READING
- Figure and Table References
- Index
- EULA
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